英语中常见的倒装句

英语中常见的倒装句

江苏省沛县湖西中学 鹿俊先 邮编：221611

英语的正常语序是主语在前，谓语动词在后。如果将谓语动词或谓语动词的一部分移至主语之前，就会形成倒装句。

英语的倒装句按结构可分为两种：一、将谓语动词移至主语之前（简称：倒装I）；二、谓语动词（或词组中的第一个）如是特殊动词（见注），则将特殊动词移至主语之前，如不是特殊动词，则在主语之前加do、does或did,原谓语动词恢复为原形形式（简称：倒装II）。下面分别探讨这两种倒装句的构成方式。

一、倒装I。该倒装句要求主语不为人称代词，否则谓语动词应位于主语之后。

１、地点状语+侧重存在意义的动词+主语

这类倒装句型的谓语动词往往动作意义很弱，仅侧重于以某种姿势“存在”之义，如：Be, exist, lie, sit, stand, hang, grow, live, flow, 等.。当地点状语成为已知信息时，交际者为了表达人、事物（即主语）的存在这一未知信息而把表示“存在”地点的状语前移至句子开头的位置，这就形成了“地点状语+侧重存在意义的动词+主语”的倒装句型。由于人称代词通常代表已知的人、物，为已知信息，故不用于该倒装句型。人们通常把表示存在句型“there + 侧重存在意义的动词”看作倒装句型，而笔者不赞同这一看法，因为there在结构上充当该句型的主语，这一点在其疑问句、简略回答句及带逻辑主语的非谓语动词形式中表现的很清楚。而上述“倒装I”句型则可以看作因地点状语前移而省略“there” 的变化形式。例如：

There is / hangs a map of the world on the back wall. →

On the back wall (there) is / hangs a map of the world.

There is / lies a large factory to the north of the hill. →

To the north of the hill (there) is / lies a large factory.

常见的这类倒装句型例句如下：

On the stairs was sitting a small dark-haired girl.（对照：The girl was sitting on the stairs. ）

On the bed lay a beautiful young girl.（对照：the girl lay on the bed. ）

Here is a letter for you. (对照：Here it is. / It is here.)

Below the tower flows a little, clean steam.（对照：the steam flows blow the tower. ）

On a hill in front of them stood a great castle.（对照：The great castle stood on a hill in front of them.）

2 、方向、时间……+表示位置转移意义的动词+主语

该倒装句的谓语动词往往表示其主语于某时或某地从“无”到“有”的变化，因而大部分属于位置转移意义的动词，如：Come, go, run, rush, walk, appear, 等。

常见这类倒装句型例句如下：

Here comes Freddy.（对照：Here he comes. / He comes here.）

The door opened and in came Mr. Smith, the English teacher.（对照：The door opened and Mr. Smith came in. ）

Round the corner walked a large policeman.（对照：The policeman walked round the corner. ）

Away went the car like a whirlwind.（对照： The car went away like a whirlwind.）

Through the open window came the noise of a plane.（对照：The noise of a plane came through the open window.）

Now comes your turn.（对照：Your turn comes now.）

3 、直接引语+“说”、“问”之类的动词，如：Say, tell, explain, admit, cry, ask, add, shout, suggest, demand, reply, 等+主语（尤其主语较长或带有修饰语时。）

常见这类倒装句型例句如下：

"In any case" said the mother, "even if she is twenty-one, it is only polite to ask the parents."

"What do you mean?" asked Henry.（对照："What do you mean?" he asked / Henry asked.）

"Who is paying?" shouted the fat man in the corner.

二 、倒装II。

1、 疑问句中（疑问词用作主语或修饰主语及陈述式疑问句除外）。例如：

Is there anything interesting in today's newspaper?

Did you see Mary yesterday?

How can I get to the nearest post office?

2、否定意义的单词或短语（注3）如：Never, little, hardly, seldom, rarely, scarcely, no sooner, at no time, under no circumstances, on no account, not only… not until… not a single…等移至主语之前，（如不前移则不用倒装）。

常见这类倒装句型例句如下：

Not until all the fish died in the river, did the village realize how serious the pollution was. (对照：The village didn't realize how serious the pollution was until all the fish died in the river.)

I finally got the job I dreamed about. Never in my life had I felt so happy.（对照：I had never felt so happy in my life.）

Not a single song did she sing at yesterday's party.（对照：She didn't sing a single song at yesterday's party.）

Not only is the teacher himself interested in football but all his students are beginning to show an interest in it.（对照：Not only the teacher but also his students are interested in football.）

Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to losing our lives.（对照：We not only lost all our money, also but came close to losing our lives.）

At no time shall I give up.（对照：I shall not give up at any time.）

Hardly had I arrived at the station when the train started.（对照I had hardly arrived at the station when the train started.）

No sooner was he back at home than she realized his mistake.（对照：He was no sooner back home than she realized his mistake.）

3、only引起的状语移至主语之前，（如only引起的状语不前移则不用倒装）。例如：

Only in this way can you hope to make improvement in the operating system.（对照：You can hope to make improvement only in this way.）

Only when your identity has been checked, will you be allowed in.（对照：You will be allowed in only when your identity has been checked.）

Only later did they realized what a terrible thing had happened.（对照：They realized what a terrible thing had happened only later.）

4、so, neither / nor / no more等表示“也……”及“也不……”时。例如：

The little passage was empty, and so was the kitchen.（对照："It was careless of you to have left your clothes outside all night." "My God! So I did".）

----David has made great progress recently.

----So he has, and so have you.

He isn't fond of maths, nor / and neither does he like English.

John hasn't left. Nor / Neither has Mary.

He knew nothing about it. No more did his wife.

5、so… / such…表示“如此……”之意义并移至主语之前。例如：

So shallow is the lake that no fish can live in it.（对照：The lake is so shallow that no fish can live in it.）

So absurd did he look that everyone stared at him.（对照：He looked so absurd that everyone stared at him.）

Such a lovely girl / So lovely a girl is she that everybody likes her.（对照：She is such a lovely girl / so lovely a girl that everybody likes her.）

Such / So great was the change that I could hardly recognize the place.（对照：The change was such / so great that I could hardly recognized the place.）

6、含有特殊动词的虚拟条件从句不用if时。例如：

Had I known what was going to happen, I would never have left her alone. (对照：If I had known what was going to happen, I would never have left her alone.)

Should you like it, I will send you a copy. (对照：If you should like it, I will send you a copy.)

What should we do were this to happen? (对照：What should we do if this were to happen?).

注释：

特殊动词指具有如下功能的动词：1）后加not构成否定句；2）移至主语之前构成疑问； 3）用于简咯回答或附和，代替上文中的谓语部分。一般认为，英语中有24个特殊动词：am, is, are, was, were, can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, ought (to), used (to), dare(d)（用作情态动词）, need（用作情态动词）; have, has, had（用作助动词或在英国英语中表示状态意义）; do, does, did (当谓语部分不含上述特殊动词时用作助动词)。

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