（从属） 连词

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第十六章 连词

一、连词概述

　　连词是连接词、短语、从句或句子的词。如：and, or,but, while, so, nor, if, for, etc. 连词是虚词, 在句中不重读，也不能在句中单独作句子成分。例如：

　I could not move my head, and it was hurting all over.

　The veteran worker is old but strong.

　Will they arrive in the morning or in the afternoon?

　Nothing is hard in this world if you dare to scale the height.

Note:

在英语里连词要比在汉语里用的多， 汉语里往往不需用连词，但在英语中要用，如汉语说“我们拿着书到阅览室去。” 译成英语是：We took our books and went to the reading-room.

二、连词种类

　　从连词本身的含义及其所连接的成分的性质来看，可分为等立连词和从属连词两类：

1）等立连词（co-ordinative conjunction） 连接彼此是并列关系的词、短语、从句或句子的连词，叫做等立连词。如and, or, but, for, therefore, not only...but also, either...or, neither...nor等。

2）从属连词（subordinative conjunction） 引导从句的连词，叫做从属连词。从属连词又可分：

　　A）引导名词性从句（即主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句）的有 ：that if, whether等。

　　B）引导状语从句的有：when, although, though, if, because, so that等。

　　从连词本身的形式来看，又可分为：

1）简单连词（simple conjunction） 如：but, since, after等。

2）关连连词（correlative conjunction） 常常成对运用，如：both...and, not only...but also, as...as等。

3）分词连词（participial conjunction）由动词的分词转变成为连词，如：supposing, provided, considering等。

4）短语连词（phrasal conjunction）如：as if, as soon as, in order that等。

三、常用连词举例

after　　在……之后

After we had listened to the report, we held a discussion on it.

I arrived at the station after the train had left.

although 虽然（=though）

Although there was a severe drought, the team got a bumper crop.

Although he was in poor health, he worked just as hard as everyone else.

Though feeling ill, she went to work.

and 和，并且

My uncle lives and works in Taiyuan.

John joined the army, and soon he became a lieutenant.

and yet 然而，可是（较yet 口语化）

The worker hunted for jobs in New York for months, and yet he could not find any.

as

1)如 ……一样（表示比较）

Just as Marx and Engels were founders of the First International, Lenin was the founder of the Third International.

Do not make the same mistake as I did.

2)当， 随着（表示时间）

As a child he lived on a farm.

As I was coming here, I met your sister.

As it became more common for women to work outside the house,men began to share the housework.

We took notes as we listened to the lecture.

3）由于（表示原因）

As he was not feeling well, we all told him to stay at home.

As his family was unable to pay, Mike was forced to give up his studies in university.

4）按照，正如（表示方式）

Do as your mother says.

5）虽然，尽管（=although，但as必须在主语之前，表语或谓语动词之后）

Small as they are, atoms are made of still smaller units.

as…as 和……一样

This reservoir is as big as that one.

Little Kitty is as beautiful as her mother.

as far as 就

As far as we know, we shall visit the White House on Tuesday.

As far as I am concerned, I know nothing about it.

as if 宛如（=as though）

It looks as if it is going to rain.

He spoke as if he had been here before.

as long as 有…之久（表示时间）

You may keep the book as long as you like.

Stay as long as you like.

as soon as 一…就…

Will you tell him as soon as he gets back?

as well as 和，同

In Canada today, women enjoy equal rights with men in career life as well as in family life.

because 因为

Grady is making rapid progress because he knows why he is studying here.

before 在…之前

It will not be long before you can go back to your hometown.

It grew dark before we finished our work.

besides 此外

It is late; besides I am too tired to go out.

both…and… 和，不但…而且…

Both teachers and students will work on the farm tomorrow.

but 但是，可是，而

This tool is not made of iron but of steel.

The sentence may be correct grammatically, but it is not good English.

I'm sorry to trouble you, but can you show me the way to the Capital Street?

by the time 到…时候

By the time we got there, the show had begun.

either…or 或…或…

Either you come to the office now, or wait for me at home.

Everything around us is either solid, liquid or gas.

even if (=even though) 即使，纵然

It won't matter even if he doesn't come; he has handed in his opinion in writing.

Even if there are difficulties we must do the job well.

even though （=even if） 即使，纵然

Even though half the beds in the hospital were empty, the white racists would not take in any black patients.

every time 每当

Every time we had difficulties, the old lady would come to help.

for 因为

She felt no fear, for she was a brave girl.

It took us some time to get there, for it was a long way to go.

hence 所以

The present perfect tense is always connected with present time, hence it is not used with expressions of past time like "yesterday," "last year," etc..

however 然而，可是，无论如何

We decided not to wait for him. He came back, however, before we left.

if

1) 是否（=whether连接宾语从句）

I wonder if we'll have chemistry lab this afternoon.

I wonder if you would mind giving me a hand for a few minutes.

2)假如（连接条件状语从句）

He will come if you ask him.

in case 以防，以免，因恐

The doctor went with us to the worksite in case there was any accident.

in order that 为了，以便

We all got up early in order that we might start at seven.

in the meantime 当…之时，同时

He will be back in ten minutes,in the meantime let's wait outside.

lest 因恐、以免

Take care lest you catch influenza.

Remind me of it lest I (should) forget.

Take your umbrella with you lest it should rain.

neither…nor 既不…亦不，…都不

I am for the slogan "Fear neither illness nor death".

A gas has neither fixed size nor shape.

nevertheless 然而，但是

He met with difficulties; nevertheless he went on working.

The worker was busy; nevertheless he spent much time helping us.

no matter 不论（后接疑问词）

It is wrong, no matter who says it.

No matter how difficult the task may be, we must fulfill it this week.

nor 也不

Without the workers' help, you can't do it. Nor can we.

He is not from the south. Nor am I.

no sooner…than 一…就…

No sooner did they get to the field than they started to work.

not only…but also不但…而且

The old worker not only gave us a lot of advice, but also helped us to do the job.

now / now that 现在既然

Now you are here, you'd better stay.

Now that the professor is here, we can ask him to give us a talk.

Now that I come to think of it, I promised to call him up at 2 o'clock.

on the contrary 恰恰相反

The book is not easy. On the contrary, it's rather difficult.

once　　一旦

The line is the key link; once it is grasped, everything falls into place.

Once you know the rules of swimming, you will be able to swim well.

only　　只是，不过

"You can leave the hospital now, only don't do heavy work," said the doctor.

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