英译汉
推荐书目《英语难句全攻略》，张满胜、夏崎荣主编。北京：新华出版社，2007。5 定价：28元
翻译的三个层次
理解：准确、充分地把握作者的原意：
转写：把所理解的意思用通顺的中文忠实地加以转述；
翻译：不但要求忠实、通顺，还要求译文有文采和艺术性，形神兼备。
由于时间有限，而且对于大多数应试者来说翻译不是必备专业技能，一般考试翻译达到转写的层次就可以了。
考博翻译的主要难点
长难句的理解和翻译/选用恰当的词汇/实质是调整结构和选择用词，前者相对容易，而后者需要时间和修炼！
结构层面
定语从句/同位语从句/部分状语从句/被动变主动/It作形式主语的句子
基本手法是前挪后移
词汇层面
增加/删除/改变（包括指代词it，them的翻译）/副词的翻译
分析长句，理解短句
长句是由短句变来的（废话！但废话有废话的道理）
英语中任何一个长句，都是在五个基本句型基础之上通过并列和从属的手段变得越来越长的！！！
抓住主谓，分清层次，是理解长句的唯一策略。
长句的翻译总策略：长句分短！
短句变长的路线图
Britain must face the problem.
Britain must seriously face the problem of building upwards.
Britain must seriously face the problem of building upwards, that is to say, of accommodating……
Britain almost more than any other country in the world must seriously face the problem of building upwards, that is to say, of accommodating a considerable proportion of its population in high blocks of flats.
分析长句
Those who oppose the building of flats base their case primarily on the assumption that everyone prefers an individual home and garden and on the high cost per unit of accommodation.
Recycling also stimulates the local economy by creating jobs and trims the pollution control and energy costs of industries that make recycled products by giving them a more refined raw material.
定语从句的翻译
译一译：
Space and oceans are the new world which scientists ate trying to explore.
太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。
His laughter, which was infectious, broke the silence.
他那具有感染力的笑声打破了沉寂。
We wish to express our satisfaction at this to the Special Committee, whose activities deserve to be encouraged.
我们对特别委员会表示满意，特别委员会的工作应该受到鼓励。
Glass, which breaks at blow, is capable of withstanding great pressure.
尽管玻璃一打就碎，仍然能承受很大压力。
定语从句的翻译
An employee posted abroad who speaks the county’s principal language has an opportunity to fast-forward certain negotiations, and can have the cultural insight to know when it is better to move slowly.
Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain than allow it to act more effectively in cognitively in cognitive areas such as attention and memory.
Experts know that portable devices emit radiation which affects those wavelengths which aircraft use for navigation and communication.
For the population as a whole, we must be more concerned with the delayed effects absorbing small amounts of the pesticides that invisibly pollute our world.
I’m usually fairly skeptical about any research that concludes that people ate either happier or unhappier or more or less certain of themselves than they were 50 years ago.
One of the most important reasons so many people from all over the world come to live in the United Stats is the dream of a better job.
Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there ate many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will esperience greater intellectual development.
行为主义者的看法是，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里成长，而这些刺激物又有利于其适当反应能力的发展，那么，这个儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。
Actually, it isn’t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world dose not have.
事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。
He showed on further wish for conversation with Mrs.Smith，who was now more than usually insolent and disagreeable.
他似乎不愿再和史密斯太太讲话，因为她现在异常无理，令人厌烦。
Mathematicians who have tried to use computers to copy the way the brain works have found that even using the latest electronic equipment they would have to build a computer which weighed over 1000kilos
数学家们在试图利用计算机复制人脑活动方式时发现，即使运用先进的电子设备，他们也需要建造一台重一千公斤以上的计算机才行。
The same thing, which happened in the old society, would amount to disaster.
这种同样的事情，要是发生在旧社会，就等于是灾难（条件表示）
There is a girl downstairs who wants to see you. 楼下有人要见你。
There are many people who are interested in the new invention.很多人对这项发明感兴趣。
同位语从句
译一译 ：
The rumor that he releases the news is groundless.他泄露消息的谣传是毫无根据的。
We were most impressed by the fact that even those patients who were not told of their serious illness were quite aware of its potential outcome.
给我们留下极深印象的事实是：即使那些没有被告知严重病情的病人，对其疾病的潜在后果也是非常清楚的。
The statement that most people are for this proposal is confirmed by a survey conducted recently.
大多数人支持这项提议，这种说法从最近做的一项调查中得到证实。
This is a universally accepted principle of international law that the territory sovereignty doesn’t admit of infringement.一个国家的领土不容侵犯，这是国际法中尽人皆知的准则.
Despite the face that comets ate probably the most numerous astronomical bodies in the solar system aside from small meteor fragments and the asteroids, they are largely a mystery.在太阳系中除小片流星和小行星外，彗星大概是数量最多的天体了，尽管如此，它们仍旧基本上是神秘莫测的。
But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory.
但是穷人在没有政府救济的情况下，生活照样过的很好，对很多人来说，这一事实本身就是一个巨大的胜利。
This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishments cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府的得出结论：政府要向科研机构提出什么样的具体要求，通常是无法详尽预见的。
状语从句
I had a wallet stolen when I was on my way home from work.
We simply do not know yet how men are going to get on when they spend weeks and months outside the protection of the atmosphere, wording in a space laboratory.
比较状语从句
People with a history of thinking more rather than less will go into old age more cognitively sound than those who have not had an active mind.
A majority of people think they are more intelligent, more fair-minded and more skilled behind the wheel of an automobile than the average person.
In a time of long work hours and demanding family schedules, busy hosts insist, rightly, that it’s better to share a takeout pizza on paper plates in the family room than to wait for the perfect moment or a “real” dinner party.
What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity(身份) than to step out of uniform?
被动变主动
Students might be helped by a course that considers the computer’s impact on society.
The positive side of Henry Ford’s statement can be seen in the prosperity that business has brought to U.S.life.
The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are being developed and perfected now.
It 作形式主语的翻译
一、 固定译
It is well known that…
It is said/reported that……
It is self-evident that……
It is true that…..,but it doesn’t follow that……
二、颠倒译
It is important to learn English well
It is advisable to write a career objective at the start of your resume.
三、加词译
It is believed that……
It is argued that……
It is generally thought that……
It seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental.
While it’s true that we all need a career, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge in fields far removed from our own and that we are better for our understanding of these other contributions—be they scientific or artistic.
词汇改、增、删
选用不同的中文
Raise a hand\Raise a child\Raise a question\Raise speed
Develop economy\ Develop software\ Develop cancer\ Develop a good habit
词汇改、增、删
1、名词变动词
New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the past time.
必须找到新能源，这需要时间：但是，过去我们感到的新能源又廉价又充足的情况不大可能再出现了。
Further ahead, the construction of a vast, man created world in space, home to thousands millions of people, will be within our power.
动词变名词
如：western people think differently from Chinese People.西方人与中国人的思维方式不同。
Over the years, I have written extensively about animal intelligence experiments and the controversy that surrounds them.
词汇的改、增、删的目的是为了在汉语中表达更通顺。
指代词的翻译
Stress can be physical, emotional, or psychological and research has indicated that it can lead to burnout.
There was a heavy film of moisture on Hitler’s eye, They seemed to be looking far away, beyond the walls of bunker.
Nevertheless, such methods can be extremely useful when they are properly applied.
[原意]尽管如此，当它们应用合理，这类方法可以是极其有用的。
[改译]尽管如此，这类方法只要应用适当是非常有用的。
副词的翻译
Theoretically, if one business tries to take unfair advantage of its customers, it will lose to competing business which treats its customers more fairly.
Surprisingly, since modern PR was largely an American invention, the U.S. leadership in public relations is being threatened by PR efforts in other countries,
Individually they shape a person in very different ways.
Sport is not only physically challenging, but it can also be mentally challenging.
Governments should also protect this resource by providing water in more economically and environmentally sound ways.
Historically, most physical-fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and endurance, not for health-related reasons, but primarily because such fitness components have been related to performance in athletics.
Not surprising in these hard times, the student’s major objective is to be financially well off, Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life.
Overseas assignments are becoming increasingly important to advancement within executive ranks.
本文来源：https://www.2haoxitong.net/k/doc/e043ac794b35eefdc8d333eb.html
文档为doc格式