不定式和动名词的区别

不定式和动名词的区别和联系

1） 动名词与不定式的区别：
动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的

不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的
不定式与动名词都可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,但用法不尽相同。

一、作主语

一般情况下,不定式与动名词作主语可以互换,也常常可以用it充当形式主语,而把不定式和动名词放在句子的后半部分。但二者也有区别,不定式常常指某次具体的、将要发生的行为;而动名词则表示一般的、抽象的行为。例如:

To save money now is not easy. 现在攒钱不容易。

Saving money is a good habit. 攒钱是个好习惯。

[真题回放]

1. ________ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin.

A. Exposed B. Having exposed

C. Being exposed D. After being exposed

二、作宾语

有些动词后只能跟不定式作宾语,不能跟动名词作宾语;有些动词后常跟动名词作宾语,不能跟不定式作宾语;有些动词后跟不定式和动名词作宾语皆可,但意思不同，另外还要熟记下面几点:

1)下列短语中的to是介词,其后跟动名词,不跟不定式。

be(get) used to习惯于;look forward to盼望;pay attention to注意;get down to开始认真做;lead to通向、导致;prefer doing ... to doing ...宁愿做……而不愿做……;stick to坚持;devote one’s life(time, oneself) to献身于、致力于;object to反对;in addition to ...除……之外;on the way to ...在去……的路上、正要成为……;等等。

2)不定式除可用在except, but, besides等后作宾语之外,一般不用作介词宾语。此时,不定式能否省略to,取决于其前是否有行为动词do或其相应形式。有则省略,无则不能省略。例如:

She did nothing but wash some clothes that day. 那天她除了洗一些衣服之外什么也没做。

We had no choice except to walk home. 除了走着回家我们别无选择。

3) 动名词除了其一般式doing,还有完成式having done以及一般式的被动形式being done和完成式的被动形式having been done;动名词前可以加上逻辑主语,构成动名词的复合结构:sb.’s doing。例如:

I’m sorry for not having kept my promise.非常抱歉,我没能遵守诺言。(not having kept my promise发生在am sorry之前)

Do you mind Mary being left alone at home?你介意玛丽被单独一个人留在家里吗?

4) 不定式的完成式to have done表示在谓语动词之前已经发生的动作,而不定式的一般式to do表示动作将要发生。不定式还有其被动形式:to be done(表示将来的被动动作)和to have been done(表示过去的被动动作)。

三、作表语

不定式与动名词作表语时的区别与作主语时相同。例如:

My job is teaching English. 我的工作是教英语。(泛指,多次性抽象行为)

Your task is to go and help the farmers.你的工作是去帮助那些农民。(特指,一次性具体行为)

四、作定语

不定式多为后置定语,动名词多为前置定语;不定式多表示将来的动作,动名词只能表示事物的属性、用途等。例如:

He is looking for a room to live in.他正在找一间房子去住。

Take these sleeping pills and you’ll sleep better. 吃了这种安眠药,你会睡得更好。

注意:不定式作定语时通常与其前的名词(代词)构成动宾关系。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词,其后通常要加上相应的介词。例如:

Please give me a knife with which to cut.

2)在下列情况下，一般要用不定式：
①hate, like, love前有would(should)时，如：I'd like to have a cup of coffee.
②当谓语动词begin, continue, start等是进行式时，如：The students are starting to work on the difficult math’s problem.
③begin, continue, start与know, understand等状态动词连用时，如：I soon began to understand what was happening.
⒋advise, allow, encourage, forbid, permit等动词后接动名词作宾语，或带不定式作宾语补足语。如：
Our teachers don't permit our/us swimming in the lake.
Our teachers don't permit us to swim in the lake.
3） 部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选择使用。
①forget, remember, regret后接不定式，表示现在或未来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经发生。如：
Don't forget to post the letter for me.
Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport?
Remember to close the windows before you leave.
I remember writing him a letter a year ago.
We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting.
They regretted ordering these books from abroad.
动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组：
1 forget doing/to do
forget to do 忘记要去做某事。 (未做)
forget doing 忘记做过某事。 (已做)
The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.
办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)
He forgot turning the light off.
他忘记他已经关了灯了。 ( 已做过关灯的动作)
Don't forget to come tomorrow.
别忘了明天来。 (to come动作未做)
典型例题
---- The light in the office is still on.
---- Oh，I forgot___.

A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.
而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意
2 stop doing/to do
stop to do 停止，中断原来做的事，开始做另外一件事
stop doing 停止正在做的事
They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来，抽了根烟。
I must stop smoking.. 我必须戒烟了。
典型例题
She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.
A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest
答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择"stop to do sth.
停下来去做另一件事"。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。
3 remember doing/to do
remember to do 记得去做某事 (未做)
remember doing 记得做过某事 (已做)
Remember to go to the post office after school.
记着放学后去趟邮局。
Don't you remember seeing the man before?
你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
4 regret doing/to do
regret to do 对要做的事遗憾。 (未做)
regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。 (已做)
I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.
我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。
I don't regret telling her what I thought.
我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。
典型例题
---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
---Well, now I regret ___ that.
A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D.having done
答案：D。regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth.
对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。
5 cease doing/to do
cease to do 长时间，甚至永远停做某事。
cease doing 短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。
That department has ceased to exist forever.
那个部门已不复存在。
The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.
姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。
6 try doing/to do
try to do 努力，企图做某事。
try doing 试验，试着做某事。
You must try to be more careful.
你可要多加小心。
I tried gardening but didn't succeed.
我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。
7 go on doing/to do
go on to do 做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。
go on doing 继续做原来做的事。
After he had finished his math，he went on to do his physics.
做完数学后，他接着去做物理。
Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.
作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习
8 be afraid doing/to do
be afraid to do 不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为"怕"；
be afraid of doing 担心出现doing的状况、结果。 doing 是客观上造成的，意为"生怕，恐怕"。
She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being
bitten by a snake.
她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。
She was afraid to wake her husband.
她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。
She was afraid of waking her husband.
她生怕吵醒她丈夫。
.9 be interested doing/to do
interested to do 对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。
interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。
I shall be interested to know what happens.
我很想知道发生了什么事。 (想了解)
I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that?
我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗? (一种想法)
10 mean to doing/to do
mean to do 打算、想要做某事
mean doing 意味着要有一个结果
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.
我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.
赠加工资意味着增加购买力。
11 begin(start) doing/to do
begin / start to do sth
begin / start doing sth.
1)谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing.
How old were you when you first started playing the piano?
你几岁时开始弹钢琴？
2)begin, start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to do
I was beginning to get angry。
我开始生起气来。
3)在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时，常用不定式to
do。
I begin to understand the truth。
我开始明白真相。
4)物作主语时，常使用不定式to do。
It began to melt.

1. The teacher told them ________ make so much noise.

A. don’t B. not C. will not D. not to

2. Our master often told us _______ things for granted.

A. not to have B. not to take C. didn’t take D. not to make

3. Tell him _______ the window.

A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut

4. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ______.

A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to

5. Mrs Smith warned her daughter ________ after drinking.

A. never to drive B. to never drive

C. never driving D. never drive

6. The patient was warned _______ oily food after the operation.

A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating

7. The workers want us ________ together with them.

A. work B. working C. to work D. worked

8. They would not allow him ________ across the enemy line.

A. to risk going B. risking to go C. for risk to go D. risk going

9. I saw him _______ out of the room.

A. go B. had gone C. has gone D. goes

10. They knew her very well. They had seen her _______ up from childhood.

A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow

11. I’ve heard him _______ about you often.

A. spoke B. speaks C. speak

12. Though he had often made his little sister _____, today he was made _____by his little sister.

A. cry；to cry B. crying；crying C. cry；cry D. to cry；cry

13. This company was the first ____ portable radios as well as cassette tape recorders in the world.

A. producing B. to produce C. having produced D. produced

14. The purpose of new technology is to make life easier, ____it more difficult.

A .not making B. not make C .not to make D. nor to make

15. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only ______the film stars had left.

A .to tell B .to be told C .telling D .told

16. There’re so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can’t make up my mind _____ to buy.

A. what B. which C. how D. where

17. There isn’t any difference between the two. I really don’t know _________.

A. where to choose B. which to choose

C. to choose what D. to choose which

18. “ Have you decided when ________?” “ Yes, tomorrow morning.”

A. to leave B. to be leaving C. will you leave D. are you leaving

19. Last summer I took a course on ________.

A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be made

C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made

20. He doesn’t know ______ to stay or not.

A. whether B. if C. either D. if he will

21. She pretended _______ me when I passed by.

A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen

22. --- The light in the office is still on. --- Oh, I forgot _______.

A. turning it off B. turn it off

C. to turn it off D. having turned it off

23. We agreed _________ here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.

A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met

24You were silly not _______your car.

A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked

25. The teacher asked us ______so much noise.

A .don’t make B. not make C. not making D .not to make

1. Helen had to shout ____ above the sound of the music.

A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear

C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard

2. Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures ___ in your mind instead of before your eyes.

A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed

3. The man insisted ___ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby.

A. find B. to find C. on finding D. in finding

4. The old man, ____ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland.

A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked

5. You were silly not ___ your car.

A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked

6. Don’t leave the water ___ while you brush your teeth.

A. run B. running C. being run D. to run

7. When flint (电石) ___ to the market, these products enjoyed great success.

A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced

8. “We can’t go out in this weather,” said Bob, ____ out of the window.

A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked

9. My advisor encouraged ___ a summer course to improve my writing skills. A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take

10. ____ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.

A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited

11. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, ________ as 3M.

A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known

12. Sarah, hurry up. I’m afraid you can’t have time to ____ before the party.

A. get changed* B. get change C. get changing D. get to change

13. ____ by the beauty of nature, the girl from London decided to stay another two days off the farm.

A. Attracting B. Attracted C. To be attracted D. Having attracted

14. I don’t know whether you happen ____ that I’m going to study in the U. S. A. this September.

A. to be heard B. to be hearing C. to hear D. to have heard

15. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only___ the film stars had left.

A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told

16. Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time _____ the exam.

A. pass B. to pass C. passed D. passing
17. ____ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean doesn’t seem big at all.

A. Compare B. When comparing C. Comparing D. When compared

18. ____ the program, they have to stay there for another two weeks.

A. Not completing B. Not completed C. Not having completed D. Having not completed

19. If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better ___ it—you’ve got some big bills coming.

A. forget B. forgot C. forgetting D. to forget

20. According to a recent U. S. survey, children spend up to 25 hours a week ___ TV.

A. to watch B. to watching C. watching D. watch

21. The flu is believed ____ by viruses（病毒）that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.

A. cause B. being caused C. to be caused D. to have caused

22. The flowers____ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.

A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt

23. The disc, digitally ____ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night.

A. recorded * B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded

24. Having been attacked by terrorists, ____ .

A. doctors came to their rescue B. the tall building collapsed

C. an emergency measure was taken D. warnings were given to tourists

25. Robert is said ________ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in.

A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying

26. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ________ the next year.

A. carried out B. carrying out C. carry out D. to carry out

27. I’ve worked with child before, so I know what ________ in my new job. A. expected B. to expect* C. to be expecting D. expect

28. ________ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.

A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered

29. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _____ whether they will enjoy it.

A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen

30. The research is so designed that once ________ nothing can be done to change it.

A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun

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