1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.
因为英语是个杀手。正是英语造成了康瑞克、康尼施、诺恩、曼科斯等语言的消亡。在其中一部分岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。英语对现存的凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，它们的未来岌岌可危。
2. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguisticism (a condition parallel to racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have (by design or default) encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.
同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧视、性别歧视的情况类似）的偏见密切相关。在菲利普森看来，在以白人英语为主导的世界，最重要的机构和个人（有意或无意地）鼓励或者至少是容忍了（肯定没有反对）英语霸权主义式的传播。这种传播始于三个世纪之前的经济及殖民扩张。
3. By and large, we now view them as more or less benign, and often talk with admiration and appreciation about the cultures associated with them and what they have given to the world. And it is fairly safe to do this, because none of them now poses much of a threat.
总的来说，我们现在或多或少地把这些语言看作有利的语言。在谈到与之相关的文化及其为世界所做的贡献时，我们常怀有崇敬与赞赏，而且这样做也没有太大的风险，因为这些语言现在已不会构成什么威胁。
4. Yet many people see English as a blessing. Let me leave aside here the obvious advantages possessed by any world language, such as a large communicative network, a strong literary and media complex, and a powerful cultural and educational apparatus.
然而，许多人把英语看成是一件幸事。在此，我暂且不谈任何世界语言所具有的明显优势，例如广泛的通信网，强大的文化传媒体系，及强有力的文化教育机构。
5. English-speaking South Africans of British descent were not particularly strong in opposing the apartheid regime, and the black opposition, whose members had many languages, was at first weak and disorganized.
讲英语的南非英国后裔并不强烈反对种族隔离政权，而黑人反对力量，其成员讲多种语言，在初期软弱无力且缺乏组织。
6. Such symbolism suggests that the users of the world's lingua franca should seek to benefit as fully as possible from the blessing and as far as possible avoid invoking the curse.
这一象征表明这种世界通用语的使用者应充分发掘这一幸事为我们带来的好处,同时尽能避免招来灾难。
1. Early 2002, President Bush signed the mammoth No Child Left Behind Act, vowing to free "children trapped in schools that will not change and will not teach". Now, students in 8, 652 chronically Low-performing schools announced by the U. S. Department of Education July 1, 2002 must weigh whether to jump ship in the next few days—while school districts scramble to accommodate thousands of students eligible to seize that option.
2002年初布什总统签署了一项《不让一个孩子落后》的重大法案，誓言要把“困在那些教学质量不佳又不进行改革的学校里的孩子”解救出来。2002年7月1日美国教育部宣布有8,652所学校被列为“长期教学质量低下”的学校，现在这些学校中的学生必须在今后的几天内考虑决定他们是否要转学,同时各个学区也在忙着为符合转学条件的学生提供帮助和服务以抓住选择的机会。
2. But the immediate impact for many principals, teachers, and students struggling in the educational trenches is bewilderment—and turmoil. The law, they contend, sets lofty standards without telling school districts how to reach them.
对于那些在教学改革旋涡中挣扎的学校的校长、老师和学生来说，这一法案的直接后果则是迷惑与混乱。他们认为该法案制订的教学改革标准太高而又没有说明各学区如何达到这些标准。
3. We need to be accountable to our public, but we need to look at all the measurements.
“我们要对公众负责，但是我们也需要看看该法案提出的方法是否切实可行。”
4. Schools are deemed deficient if they fail to show "adequate yearly improvement" on state proficiency tests for two years in a row. But there's no federal master list of poor performers that parents can consult. Instead, the government requires states to identify individual laggards and break out scores by race and income. Few have stampeded to publish user-friendly rosters, something the new law also mandates.
一所学校连续两年在州水平考试中没有表现出“足够的年度改进”就会被认为是不合格的学校，但是联邦教育部并没有提供一个具有权威性的不合格学校的名单让学生家长作为参考，而是要求各州各自确定不合格学校的名单，并且要求他们把学生的考试成绩按照学生的种族和家庭收入进行分类。新法案还规定各州要公布便于学生和家长查找的不合格学校的名单，但是没有几个州能很快拿出来。
5. "Implementation is going to be messy," acknowledges Under Secretary of Education Eugene Hickok, the former Pennsylvania school chief, adding that states shouldn't profess surprise. Education Secretary Rod Paige has briefed superintendents and spoken nationwide about the reforms. And even if there's not "a whole lot of room for a whole lot of choice" yet in cities like New York or Chicago, says Hickok, "the law's the law."
教育部次长，前宾夕法尼亚州学校总监Eugene Hickok也承认“该法案的实施可能会引起一些混乱”，但是他又说各州也不应为此而大惊小怪。教育部长Rod Paige已经向各学区主管人士就有关改革事宜做了扼要指示并通报了全国。他说,即使在如纽约和芝加哥这样的大城市“接收择校生比较困难”，但“法律就是法律”。
6. "It's easy to bail out and hop on someone else's bandwagon," says Wooten. "But we have the potential to be great, just like everyone else in this nation. Why don't we create our own bandwagon?"
Wooten说：“人很容易放弃自我,而去赶别人的潮流，但正如其他的美国人一样，我们都有成功的机会。我们为什么不开创自己的潮流呢？”
1. The frequency of cohabitation, whether as a prelude to or as a substitute for a ceremony with legal force, has further undermined the concept of wedlock as a discrete and distinctive state. All of these challenges, however, were or are predicated upon a relationship that is heterosexual, fashioned upon the Adam-and-Eve template.
无论作为法定婚姻的前奏还是其替代品，同居现象的频繁出现都进一步弱化了婚姻区别于其他结合形式的独立特征。不管怎样，所有这些打破传统的结合方式一直以来都是建立在亚当一夏娃模式的异性恋基础之上的。
2 While the reports of individual abductions here on Earth for the purpose of reproductive experiments may rightly or wrongly be dismissed as delusional, the intent of the people of Earth to explore the universe in search of extraterrestrial life is a practical reality.
有报告说曾发生过外星人为了做繁衍后代实验而绑架地球人的事件，但不论这些报道是否只是人们的幻觉，地球人探索宇宙寻找外星人却是事实。
3. As evidence, pet cemeteries exist where the last remains of loyal and loving pets have been interred with a measure of dignity and respect equal to that accorded to human relatives and friends.
证据是，有人为宠物修建墓地，埋藏他们忠实的、亲爱的宠物的遗骨，这些宠物就和人的亲友们一样获得尊严和敬意。
4. Why then, one might ask should not an individual choose to affirm the emotional attachment he or she feels for a pet with the formality of a documented ceremony in which the human particular promises to love and honor the animal companion?
尽管忠实于主人的宠物不能用言语表达愿意结成这种关系，但它们的誓言可以从见证宠物与主人间关爱和亲密联系的旁观者那里获得。
5. Though the devoted pet would be unable to verbally acknowledge its willingness to enter into such a relationship, affidavits could be obtained from witnesses attesting to the caring and affectionate bond between pet and owner.
提出异种间婚姻的可能性实际上意味着只要双方因明确的关爱之情和一生不渝的忠诚而休戚相关，那么婚姻作为从社会角度和心理角度被认可的关系就不一定仅仅限于人与人之间。
6. Rather, it is meant to suggest that the concept of marriage as a socially and spiritually sanctioned partnership need not be restricted to humans alone if the partners to the arrangement are bound by a clear sense of loving and lifelong commitment.
毕竟，这种结合不会给无生命物体带来多少法律收益。无论它能给我们增加任何收益，我们都已经拥有了这些物质财产。
7. Few legal benefits, after all, would accrue to inanimate objects from such an arrangement. And whatever benefits would accrue to us, we already have.
实际上，有朝一日，婚姻原本的概念也可能会成为失落的世界中语义学上的一个古董而己。
8. Someday, in fact, the original notion of marriage may seem a semantic artifact of a lost world.
1. The technological advances of the 1990s ushered in what appeared to be a social and economic revolution that would rival the Industrial Revolution two centuries earlier, creating a new society of technologically connected citizens with a world of digitized information, commerce, and communication at its fingertips.
20 世纪90 年代的技术进步似乎带来了一场其意义堪与200 媲美的社会与经济方面的革命，它创造了一个崭新的社会年以前的工业革命相在这个社会里人们由技术相互连接，数字化的信息、商业以及通讯都在弹指一挥间。
2. New advances in science and technology seemed to promise eventual solutions to problems ranging from eliminating toxic waste to grocery shopping—genetic engineers developed microbes that would eat industrial sludge and researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's (MIT) Media Lab worked to devise a refrigerator that could sense when it was out of milk and use the Internet to order more.
科技的新发展似乎向人们承诺提供从消除有毒废料到食品采买一系列问题的最终解决方案― 遗传科技人员培养出了能够吞食工业残渣的微生物，麻省理工学院媒体实验室的研究人员设计出了能够觉察箱内牛奶告罄并可上网定购的电冰箱。
3. The cloning of an animal in 1997 suggested that human cloning had become viable as well, raising concerns—no longer quite theoretical—that humanity might be moving toward a "brave new world" of genetically engineered people.
1997 年克隆动物的成功表明了克隆人也已不成问题，人们担心人类可能会朝着一个由基因制造的人组成的“美丽新世界”方向发展（这己不再是单纯的理论问题了）。
4. While most Americans agreed that children should not be exposed to such material, attempts to regulate the content of individual Web pages and newsgroups conflicted with the idea of the Internet as an open, decentralized mass medium, where even the most absurd or repellant ideas could receive a hearing.
尽管大多数美国人赞成小孩不应接触这些内容，但试图规范个人网页和新闻组内容的努力还是同互联网应是公开、非集权的大众媒体的理念发生了冲突，在这种媒体中，即使最荒唐、最令人讨厌的东西也可以发表。
5. Still, some critics wondered if all of the money spent on space research might not be better used to fund new discoveries here on Earth, almost as if the diversion of space was no longer as necessary when there were so many new and interesting projects going on right here.
但是一些批评人士提出质疑说，把花在太空上的钱用来资助地球上的新发现是不是更好呢？似乎地球上正进行着这么多有趣的新项目，太空研究不再那么必要了。
1. There was one storekeeper I remember above all others in my youth, when I was spending a good portion of my time with a motley group of varied ethnic ancestry. We contended with one another to deride the customs of the old country. On our Saturday forays into neighborhoods beyond our own, to prove we were really Americans, we ate hot dogs and drank Cokes. If a boy didn't have ten cents for this repast he went hungry, for he dared not bring a sandwich from home made of the spiced meats our families ate.
我常和一帮来自各国的移民子弟一起玩。这一时期给我记忆最深的就是一位杂货店的老板。当时我们争相嘲笑原来国家的风俗习惯。星期六到别的居民区进行冒险时,为了证明自己是真正的美国人，我们吃热狗，喝可口可乐。如果谁没带10美分，他这顿饭就得饿着，因为他不敢带自己家里吃的那种加了香料的夹肉三明治。
2. One of our untamed games was to seek out the owner of a pushcart or a store, unmistakably an immigrant, and bedevil him with a chorus of insults and jeers. To prove allegiance to the gang it was necessary no reserve our fiercest malevolence for a storekeeper or peddler belonging to our own ethnic background.
我们的野蛮游戏之一就是找一个推车的小贩或是一个店主，毫无疑问都是移民，然后齐声骂他或嘲笑戏弄他。为了证明对团伙的忠诚，我们必须找一个自己民族的移民小店主或是小贩，以最恶毒的方式捉弄他。
3. You are a bonehead. You don't understand that a whole nation and a people are in this store.
“你真愚蠢。你不知道我这个小店里装着我们整个的国家和民族（包含整个希腊国家与民族的历史与文化）。”
4. Achilles carried black olives to Troy and after a day of savage battle leading his Myrmidons, he'd rest and eat cheese and ripe black olives such as these right here.
阿喀琉斯就是带着黑橄榄前往特洛伊城的，而且在带领他的密耳弥多涅勇士们激战一天后，他会休息，吃些奶酪和熟透的黑橄榄，就是店里的这种黑橄榄。
5. The men of Marathon carried small packets of these spices into battle, and the scents reminded them of their homes, their families, and their children.
马拉松城的人们带着这些香料去参战，香味能使他们想起自己的家乡、家人和孩子。
6. Do you know what a Greek salad really is? A meal in itself, an experience, an emotional involvement. It is created deftly and with grace. The story goes that Zeus himself created the recipe and assembled and mixed the ingredients on Mount Olympus one night when he had invited some of the other gods to dinner.
你知道希腊色拉到底是什么吗？它本身是一顿饭，也是一次经历，一种情感。它的制作是一个娴熟而高雅的过程。希腊神话中说：一天晚上宙斯请众神来奥林匹亚山赴宴时，他亲自创造了希腊色拉的调制法，并亲手把山里的各种原料收集混拌在了一起。
7. I looked back once and saw him standing in the doorway, watching me, the swirling tendrils of food curling like mist about his head.
我回头望了一下，他还在门廊下看着我，那些希腊食物的余味像薄雾一样，在他的头顶萦绕盘旋。
1. Every war has had its songs that whipped up patriotic fervor or, in the case of the Vietnam War that encouraged protest against it.
每场战争都有自己的歌曲来唤起人们的爱国热情或者如在越南战争中鼓励人们反战。
2. The idea is to take a song that people like or that has particular meaning or emotional association for them and use it with new words, hoping that some of the liking, meaning, or emotional associations will transfer to the new ideas being communicated. And it often works.
改词是把一首人们喜爱或者对他们具有特殊意义或感情色彩的歌曲填上新词，希望把这种喜爱、意义或感情色彩带到正在传播的新观念中。通常这种方法很奏效。
3 As a result, a number of community and national groups have applied pressure on stations to keep these songs and performers off the air. These charges also stimulated investigations by the Federal Communications Commission, the regulatory agency charged with overseeing broadcast practices.
结果一些社团和全国性团体向电台或电视台施加压力让他们禁播这些演员的节目。这些 指控也促使负责广播业的监管机构联邦通讯委员会开始进行调查。
4. Does it mean a station should permit no language or ideas in a song that it would not permit on the news or in a sports program? Or does it mean the station should recognize that different forms of communication or entertainment, or programs designed for different kinds of audiences, should have different standards concerning language and ideas?
这是否意味着在广播电台或电视台播放的歌曲中不允许出现那些在新闻或体育节目中禁止出现的语言和观念？或者这是否意味着电台或电视台应该承认不同的交流或娱乐形式，或是为不同听众设计的节目，在语言和观念上应该具有不同的标准？
5. One author has suggested that popular music also serves a "rite of passage" function for young girls. The teenage singing idols may serve as non-threatening substitutes for actual boys until boys' maturation catches up with that of girls and some semblance of easy boy-girl relationships can be established.
一位作者指出流行音乐也成了女孩子们成熟的标志。在同龄男孩子成长为像女孩子那样 成熟并能较容易地与女孩子建立朋友关系之前，少年歌星可能会成为不会对女孩子形成威胁的男友的替身。
1. The popular appeal of returning to the ways of the past as a solution to the problems of the 1980s was demonstrated when Ronald Reagan was elected President of the United States in 1980. Time magazine chose President Reagan as its "man of the year' and said of him: "intellectually, emotionally, Reagan lives in the past."
民众普遍希望昔日美好生活能够重现，以寻求解决80年代遇到的种种问题。1980年，罗纳德·里根当选为美国总统，正是这一民意的体现。《时代》周刊推选里根总统为年度风云人物，并说“无论是理智上还是情感上，里根都生活在过去之中”。
2. By moving in this way toward the practices of the past, President Reagan believed that the standard of living of Americans would begin to improve once more in the 1980s as it had done throughout most of the nation's history.
里根总统相信，通过这种趋近过去的努力，美国人民的生活水平能像美国历史上大部分时期一样，再次在80年代能得以改善。
3. In time of war Americans have temporarily put aside their dislike of planned national cooperation. They have been willing to cooperate and make personal sacrifices under the direction of the national government to bring the war to satisfactory conclusion. In peacetime, however, planned national cooperation is strongly resisted as a threat to individual freedom.
战争时期，美国人把对有计划的举国合作的厌恶之情暂置一旁，甘愿在国家统一指挥下互相协作，甘愿牺牲个人利益以换取战争的最终胜利。然而，在和平时期，他们却坚决抵制有计划的举国合作，认为这是对个人自由的侵犯。
4. Americans tend to associate the greatness of their nation far more with such values as individual freedom, equality of opportunity, hard work, and competition than with national cooperation.
美国人往往会认为国家的强大更多地源于个人自由、机会均等、勤奋努力、竞争取胜等价值观念而不是源于举国合作。
5. Some observers believe that this slow, cautious approach may be too weak and too timid to meet the challenges of the future. Americans, however, believe that sudden revolutionary changes made in the name of the national good usually result in dictatorships in which freedom is lost and problems remain unsolved.
有些评论家认为这种缓慢而谨慎的态度太过胆小乏力，无法迎接未来的挑战。然而，美国人则认为，以国家利益之名，骤然实行根本性变革，通常会导致独裁体制，不仅问题依然无法得到解决，还会失去个人自由。
1. As a corollary we have Momism -- the overbearing, overprotective, over dominant mother who inflicts all kinds of hideous psychic scars on her offspring while Pop watches TV or sulks in a corner afraid to dispute the authority of his spouse.
因此，自然而然我们就有了妈妈主义——专横跋扈的、过度保护的、过于独裁的妈妈，这样的妈妈只能使其子女遭受各种各样令人惊骇的心灵创伤；而此时，爸爸则在看电视，或悄然隐退到某个角落，惟恐对其配偶的权威性表示异议。
2. Sociologists (or psychologists, I forget which) and some opinionated laymen have informed us that the washing of dishes by husbands is not only a symbol of domestic servitude, it is undermining Pop as a respected "authority-figure" in the household. Hence the deterioration of the family, hence juvenile delinquency, hence the decline of the republic, etc. All because Pop washed the dishes.
社会学家（或心理学家，我记不清了）和一些固执己见的外行曾告诉我们，丈夫刷碗不仅仅是家庭奴役的象征，更损害了爸爸在家庭中作为一位受人尊敬的“权威人物”的地位。因此，家庭生活质量恶化；因此，青少年犯罪问题凸现；因此，社会衰退；如此等等。所有这一切的根源都是因为爸爸刷碗。
3. Experience has made it quite apparent that marriage calls for maturity and mutual sacrifice. Most of the marriages that fail, marriage counselors tell us, fail because the partners lack such qualities.
经验表明，婚姻需要双方的成熟和相互的奉献。婚姻咨询专家告诉我们，绝大多数婚姻的失败，其原因在于双方不够成熟，且缺乏奉献精神。
4. Dishwashing, by general agreement, is a classic example of domestic drudgery, a dreary and almost continuous chore. It is, therefore, an excellent task for husband and wife to share as a symbol of "marital mutuality" rather than "distaff dominance".
刷碗则是公认的繁琐家务的典型例子，是一种枯燥乏味的、几乎无休无止的家务劳动。因此，刷碗是夫妻双方可以共同参与的绝好的工作,它体现的是“婚姻共享”而不是“女性统治”。
5. Every meal that a wife cooks and serves her husband is, if it is prepared with imagination and skill, a genuinely creative act-a minor work of art-and the meal itself is a kind of love feast, an offering of the wife's devotion.
如果妻子为丈夫烹调、准备的每一顿饭，都融入了她的想像和手艺，那这就是真正的创造性劳动——它就是一件小小的艺术品——那么，这顿饭本身就是爱情的盛宴，就是妻子对温馨家庭的奉献。
6. If the wife is the stronger partner, she will dominate the life of the family, although if she is cunning she may manage to give her husband the illusion that he is in charge.
假如为妻的一方更强，即便她很机敏，巧妙地给为夫的造成一种虚幻的假像，似乎他是一家之主，但真正主宰家庭生活的仍是妻子。
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