2018年初高中衔接英语教材（最新）

2018年初高中衔接教材

英语

目录

前言

第一章 高中新教材简介及学习方法

第二章 语音知识及实践演练

第三章 词汇知识及实践演练

第四章 句子成分和基本句型

第五章 简单句的种类

第六章 动词的时态语态

第七章 复合句：宾语从句，状语从句，定语从句

第八章 高考试卷组成及题型介绍

附：英语课堂常用语

第一章 高中新教材简介及学习方法

一、高中英语NSEFC教材设计的特点

1、教材内容有利于提高思想道德素质和人文素养。

NSEFC（人教社出版的高中英语新教材）中包括友谊、当代英雄、文物、环保、节日、文学、艺术、戏剧、考古、宗教等50几个话题，从话题选择、切入、展开到活动设计，全面地考虑到对爱国精神、民族意识等思想情感的积极影响和培养，处处渗透着人文思想。以模块一的第一单元“友谊”为例，它引导学生思考朋友和友谊的真正涵义以及如何与人相处的问题。通过描述第二次世界大战中的犹太女孩安妮在孤独中与日记交朋友的故事，鼓励人们要乐观地面对生活中的痛苦和坎坷。在活动设计上，它采用了调查问卷、乐趣写作等方式，为学生探讨思考友谊、朋友和交友过程中遇到的问题提供了广阔的空间。再如，模块一的第四单元“地震”，不仅描写了地震发生前后的情景，更重要的是描述了地震中人们的心灵感受和人与人之间的互助互爱，感受人性的光辉。

2、力求符合心理发展的需要，激发兴趣。

NSEFC选择了贴近学生生活和青少年感兴趣的话题，如，友谊、运动、节日、计算机、音乐、旅游、动植物、克隆、未来生活等等，例如，模块一第三单元“游记”叙述了大学生王薇、王坤姐弟两人如何实现了自己高中时代的梦想──骑自行车作长途旅行。

3、语言真实、地道、自然，以英国英语为主，同时介绍美国和其他国家的英语。

NSEFC聘请了英、美、加、澳等主要英语国家的专家进行编写工作，保证了语言的真实、地道、自然、鲜活。教材虽然以英式英语为主，但同时介绍了美国、加拿大、澳大利亚等主要英语国家的英语及其相关文化和传统，比如：模块一第二单元“世界上的英语”还谈及了印度英语和英语在历史上的发展变化。

4、提倡功能、结构、话题及“任务型”活动途径相结合的教学模式与方法。

本教材采用了功能、结构、话题及“任务型”活动相结合的编写模式，以话题为核心，以结构和功能为主线，组织和安排听说读写的活动，通过“任务型”活动和完成项目（Project）实现教学目标。

5、进行探究式的学习，发挥思维和想象力，以培养创新精神和实践能力。

NSEFC无论是行文的安排还是活动任务的设计都非常注重启发想象思维，努力培养创新精神和实践能力。比如：模块三第四单元“天文学：星星的科学”，通过想象中的月球之旅讲述了重力的变化过程，然后鼓励展开想象，写出月球之行可能会遇到的问题和解决的办法。

7、注意学科整合，拓宽文化知识视野。

学科融合以及学科间的相互支持是今后教学发展的一个重要趋势。NSEFC注重英语学科与其他学科间的横向联系，以丰富的内容负载英语语言，话题广泛，涉及人文科学和自然科学领域的十几个学科的知识，具体包括：天文、地理、物理、化学、医药、航天、环保、信息技术、文学、艺术、美术、音乐、体育、新闻传媒等。

8、内容和语言的安排具有弹性，区分层次，注意学习的潜力和可接受性。

NSEFC在内容和语言的安排上，层次清晰，由易到难，循序渐进。从总体上讲，在保证完成课程标准的分级具体目标的前提下，语言材料适当扩展，比如：学生用书和练习册中带星号部分和词汇表中标有三角符号的单词，都是供选学和选用的部分。可根据实际情况，灵活安排。

9、多种媒体配合，提供丰富的配套资源。

NSEFC除了学生用书、练习册、教师用书，还有配套读物、录音带、听说材料、评价手册、挂图、投影片、多媒体课件以及人教网络平台等，配套资源丰富。

10、增加形成性评价。

NSEFC除了提供诊断性测试的建议，还提供了学生自我评价的建议，有助于学生在学习的过程中不断反思，肯定进步与成绩，找出问题，调整自己的学习目标和学习策略，明确努力方向。

二、NSEFC的主体结构

NSEFC全书共11册，分别对应高中英语课程中的模块1～5的必修课程和模块6～11的系列Ⅰ顺序选修课程。每册书分为3个主要部分：学生用书（Student’s book），练习册（Workbook)和教师用书（Teacher’s book）。下面简要介绍前两本：

1、学生用书（Student’s book）

学生用书每册包含五个单元，为一个模块。每个单元由六个方面的内容构成：热身、阅读、语言学习、语言运用、小结和学习建议。

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“热身”（Warming Up）通过问卷调查、看图讨论、情景听说、思考问题等多种形式的活动，激活已有的知识和经验，思考该单元的中心话题。调动学习主观能动性，在原有知识结构的基础上学习构建新的知识，逐步形成新的知识体系。

“阅读”由“读前”（Pre-reading）、“阅读”（Reading）和“理解”（Comprehending）三个相互关联的部分组成，其中“阅读”部分包含了每个单元的主要阅读篇章。阅读是理解和吸收书面信息的重要手段，而丰富准确的语言输入（language input）是高质量的语言输出（language output）的重要前提。主要阅读篇章承载着该单元有关话题的重要信息，呈现了大部分的词汇和主要的语法结构。对阅读技能的处理，改变了以前从词汇、句子和结构入手的做法，而是采用从“自上而下”的方式（top-down approach），将阅读篇章作为整体来处理。 “读前”部分所包括的问题与阅读篇章的内容密切相关，通过简短的讨论，对课文内容进行预测，然后在阅读的过程中验证自己的推测。随后的“理解”部分，包含形式多样的练习和活动，有选择题、问答题、填写表格等等。这些练习有的侧重检查对课文中的事实、情节、要点等是否清楚，这属于表层理解；有的则要求学生分析推断出作者的观点、态度、主旨、意图，判断其文体特征等，这属于深层理解。

“语言学习”（Learning about Language）部分包含语言知识和语言技能的基本训练，以探究的方式，引导发现呈现在前面几部分、特别是阅读课文之中主要的新的语言现象（词汇、语法等）。比如：通过新词语的英文释义或文中的例句等找出书中的重点语言项目，即课程标准所要求掌握的语言知识，逐步形成发现和归纳构词规律和语法规则的能力。

“语言运用”（Using Language）部分，为学生创设了运用本单元新的语言知识的大量有意义的真实（authentic）和半真实（semi-authentic）情景，通过围绕中心话题的听说读写的综合性活动和任务，培养综合运用英语语言的能力。这一部分除了少量课程标准中要求掌握的新语言之外，还包含了一些非课程标准词汇，这些词汇一般不要求掌握，但有相当一部分也比较常用的词语和短语被列入了词表，以方便学有余力的学生进行学习。这一部分虽有一些单项微技能训练如Listening或Writing, 但多数是两项或三项技能的综合性活动和任务，如Listening and writing；Reading and speaking；Reading, listening and writing等。这些活动和任务围绕着贴近实际生活的情景和有关单元主题的语言材料展开。

“小结”（Summing Up）部分，改变了以往课本提供各课复习要点的做法，而是要求自己归纳和总结出从单元中学到的内容（Content），生词和习惯用语（Words and expressions） 以及语法结构（Structures），并鼓励学生通过相互讨论共同完成这一任务。这样可以加强学生自主学习与合作学习的意识和能力，促使他们运用适合自己的认知策略。

“学习建议”（Learning Tip）部分，通过提供与单元内容有关的学习建议，鼓励通过多种方式，在生活实际中运用英语，在“用”中学，在“做”中学，优化学习方式，着重培养运用认知、交际和资源等策略的能力。

2、练习册（Workbook）

练习册是学生用书的加强、拓展和延伸。NSEFC的练习册一改过去形式单一的词汇语法练习和单项技能训练，而是以综合性任务（Integrated tasks）与项目（projects）为主线，在真实情景中强化语言知识和语言技能，促进综合语言运用能力培养。

在整个高中阶段你需要完成以下高中英语学习的主要任务：

1)基础要求：单词：3000左右；短语或词组：1000个左右；句型：1000个左右；语法：词法和句法；交际用语：41种情景。

2)技能要求介绍：听力：抓听前预读与预测，听中抓关键词句，听后及时选答，过后及时朗读录音原文。阅读：研究阅读问题六种题型即标题、主旨、细节、生词、推理、结论以及问题的定位、对策。书面表达：研究几种常见体裁、文章构段技巧、应用文格式与套话。说话技能：掌握几十种常见情景习惯用语，学习引起、维持、退出会话技巧。

三、高中英语学习方法探索

“三衔接”

（一）、做好英语知识的衔接。

高一开始，应从实际出发，先找到初高中英语知识“脱钩处”，尽快平稳过渡。梳理初中知识，对掌握得不够扎实的内容要好好补补。结合新课教学的需要，将初、高中英语语言知识有机地结合起来，复习旧知识为新课打下基础，在学新课的过程中，旧知识又得到运用和巩固。 “两条腿走路”，才走得更实、更好、更远。

（二）、做好英语学习习惯的衔接。

初中学习英语的习惯大多数是被动式的，进入高中，应该从被动逐渐转向主动。高一开始，应特别注意培养以下几个新的学习习惯。

1、学会使用工具书的习惯。遇到词汇方面的疑问不要被动等待教师解答，学会自己查词典寻找答案。准备一本好的英语语法工具书和词典，养成经常翻阅的习惯，在口、笔头实践中有意识地运用所学的语法知识和词汇，正确地理解语言和运用语言。

2、预习的习惯。初中英语教师对预习也有粗放的要求，初中生对预习也不陌生。但到高中，随着英语课文篇幅的加长，内容增多，难度加大，如果没有搞好预习就适应不了课堂的教学进程。所以，对预习不能只是泛泛而提，而要把它当作英语学习的一个重要环节，比如：作预习笔记；学会能用英语词典查单词，自己解决生词；对重要词组、有用短语进行罗列，并能用这些词组、短语来造句；摘抄课文中结构严谨、用词优美的句子，读熟背熟；对课文内容进行简写；记下预习过程中遇到的问题和难点以便释疑解惑等。

3、阅读与摘抄的习惯。初中英语一般还只限于课本，到了高中，英语阅读能力成为一个重点培养目标。多阅读适合自己水平和兴趣的英语读物，尤其是原汁原味的地道的。

4、背诵英语课文和范文的习惯

英语表达能力差，要提高书面表达能力一个行之有效的办法就是多背诵，学习别人的好词好句，久而久之，表达能力也会随之提高。所以要培养背诵英语课文和范文的习惯。

5、每周做一点学法探讨。学习策略是提高学习效率和培养自主学习能力的保证。根据多元智力理论，每个学生都有自己的优势和独特的学习策略，比如：精耕细作(ploughboy)、博览群书(bookworm)、强化训练(test-killer)、灵感突现(inspiration-catcher)、听说交际(au-diovisual learner)和博采众长(multi-method learner)等类型。最佳学习策略应是一整套立足个性、突出特色和强调实效的学习方法。每个学生都应不断改进和寻找适合自己的学习策略，结合教材的Learner Log, Assessment, Learning tip和Checkpoint写“学法周记”，总结和探讨。

（三）、做好心理上的衔接。

相对于初中英语，高中英语一下子难度加大，容量增加。相当一部分学生不适应。再者，进入高中的学生往往都是原先初中成绩较好的学生，“高手”群体中总有一些学生会掉在班级的后面。有些学生这时候以为自己英语学不来了，就想放弃或懈怠它。这个时候，每位学生都应该对自己有个辩证的分析，从客观主观上，对自身及其他同学上，剖析自己的长处短处，剖析自己初中学习英语的特点，发扬优点，摒弃不足。与老师沟通，与同学交流。千万不要因为暂时的不适应放弃至关重要的英语。心理上的衔接很重要。

“四环节”

1、预习。每天上课前或上课前一天的某个时间，把老师要讲的内容先去看一看，力争运用所学过的知识去理解上课的内容。这也是自学能力的一种培养。预习结果可以自已看懂老师上课要讲的内容；通过预习，也清楚自已哪些地方存在困难，上课就可对症下药地重点去聆听，减轻课堂负担，提高上课效率。

2、上课。通过预习，对上课的内容基本了解或大致掌握。这时，并不是说自己已懂上课可以不听了，自己做自己的事情。相反，更要认真地听老师是如何讲解的，自己有困难的地方如何搞懂，充分调动思维，紧跟老师思路。如此一来，对自己的前期预习也是一个深入的发展。

3、复习。大部分同学每天课后总是先做练习，有时间多才会去复习。这种方法是不正确的。每天做作业、做练习之前先把当天上课内容复习归纳一下。听课时所接收的东西只有经过归纳总结消化才能真正成为自己的。有的同学上课听得懂，但碰到作业、练习或考试又会出错，大部分是因为忽略了这个环节。

4、练习。练习的目的是检查一下学过的知识是否掌握了。练习不是单纯地做几个题目。在做题目时，要多问几个为什么，要多思考，这道题为什么要这样做，用到的知识点是哪一些，是否还可以用另外的方法来解决，下次练习可能会怎样。在做过的练习当中要进行归类。其实练习多了，也无非是那么几种，“换汤不换药”。带有此种习惯和目的去做练习，就会拓宽知识，锻炼能力和发展思维。

学习理念:study theory

passive learning（被动学习）→→→active learning（主动学习）

学习要求“四个一”

一套作业本（听写本，作业本，作文本）

一本纠错本

一本笔记本（至少够一学期用）

一本字典

英语学习一日常规

• 今天我背单词了吗？

• 今天我完成作业了吗？

• 今天我预习了吗？

• 今天我复习了吗？

• 今天我大声朗读了吗？

• 今天我阅读了吗？

• 今天我听录音了吗？

• 今天我试着用英语交流了吗？

学习英语要理顺的几个概念：

1、 主谓关系与动宾关系

2、 主动关系与被动关系

3、 动作的执行者与承受着

4、 逻辑主语与真正的主语

5、 逻辑宾语与真正的宾语

第二章 语音基本知识

一、26个英文字母及发音音标

从以上我们可以看出，英语字母中有一些含有共同的元音音素，比如：

1）含元音音素[eI]

字母： Aa Hh Jj Kk

音标： [eI] [eItʃ] [dʒeI] [keI]

2）含元音音素[i:]

字母： Bb Cc Dd Ee Gg Pp Tt Vv

音标： [bi:] [si:] [di:] [i:] [dʒi:] [pi:] [ti:] [vi:]

3）含元音音素[e]

字母： Ff Ll Mm Nn Ss Xx Zz

音标： [ef] [el] [em] [en] [es] [eks] [zed]

4）含元音音素[ju:]

字母： Uu Qq Ww

音标： [ju:] [kju:] [`d∧blju:]

5） 含元音音素[aI]

字母： Ii Yy

音标： [aI] [waI]

二、英语音标

英语音标一共有48个，具体如下：

元音

12个单元音

长元音

[i:][З:][ɔ:][u:][ɑ:]

短元音

[e][ɒ][ʊ][ə][І] [æ][Λ]

8个双元音

[aI][eI][ɔI][əʊ][Iə][eə][ʊə][aʊ]

辅音

10对

清辅音

[p] [t] [k] [f] [s] [θ] [∫] [tʃ] [tr] [ts]

浊辅音

[b] [d] [g][v][z] [ð] [ʒ] [dʒ] [dr][dz] [m] [n] [ŋ]

3个似拼音

[h] [r] [l]

2个半元音

[w] [j]

新旧英语国际音标对照表

最近几年，英语新教材中，逐渐使用了新式音标。本图表列出了英语中所有的新、旧音标，以便更好地学习和了解国际音标的变化。

三、英语口腔发音图

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1、上唇(upper lip)2、下唇(lower lip)3、上齿(upper teeth)
4、下齿(lower teeth)5、齿龈(alveolar ridge)6、硬腭(hard palate)
7、软腭(soft palate)8、小舌(uvula)9、舌尖(tip of the tongue)
10、舌前部(front of the tongue)11、舌后部(back of the tongue)
12、喉头(larynx)13、声带(vocal cords)14、气管(trachea)
15、咽腔(pharynx)16、口腔(oral cavity)17、鼻腔(nasal cavity)

四、48个英语国际音标发音规则及练习

元音

1、前元音[i:] [І] [e] [æ]

所谓前元音是指发音时要使用舌前部，也就是说舌前部要向硬腭抬起，舌尖要抵住下齿，口形扁平，不要收圆。四个前元音中发[i:]的时候舌前部抬得最高，牙床近乎全合。发[І]的时候舌前部比[i:]稍低，牙床也开得稍大一些。上下齿之间的距离大约可以容纳一个小指尖。发第三个前元音[e]的时候舌前部比[І]又要第一些，牙床也开得更大一些。上下齿之间的距离大约相当于一个食指尖。发第四个前元音[æ]的时候舌前部最低，牙床开得最大。上下齿之间的距离大约相当于一个食指加中指。

[i:]meheshetheseChinesemeet

[І]sitsix is it this milk

[e]desk pen bed egg red

[æ] bag map apple cat hand

2、后元音[ɑ:] [Λ] [ɔ:] [ʊ] [u:] [ɒ]

所谓后元音是指发音时要使用舌的后部，也就是说舌后部要向软腭抬起。发后元音时舌尖可以不抵下齿。除了后元音[ɑ:]要用中常唇外，其它四个音都要用圆唇，发音时嘴要拢圆。个别的音如[ʊ] [u:]嘴唇还要向前突出。其次，要注意后元音的舌位。五个后元音中[ɑ:]的舌位最低，开口最大。[Λ]的舌位比[ɑ:]稍高，开口度比[ɑ:]稍小。[ɔ:]的舌位比[Λ]又要更高一些。[ʊ]的舌位比[ɔ:]又要高一些，开口度再小一些。[u:]的舌位最高，开口最小。发[ɒ]音时，要注意双唇收圆，不然容易发成[ɑ:]，所以学习这个音时可以先发[ɑ:]，然后将双唇收圆，就会发出[ɒ]音。

[ɑ:] part half ask class father

[Λ] cut love touch bus come

[ɔ:] sort door saw talk four

[ʊ] put book woman look could

[u:] do zoo blue ruler move

[ɒ] top cock box what want

3、中元音[З:] [ə]

所谓中元音是指发音时要使用舌的中部，也就是说舌的中部要稍稍抬起，舌尖可以轻抵下齿，口形扁平或中常。[З:]的舌位比 [ə]稍高。

[З:] bird serve term work turn

[ə] about China letter actor again

上面提到了12个单元音。英语里还有8个双元音。这8个双元音又可分成两类，合口双元音和集中双元音，下面分别讲解。

4、合口双元音[eI][aI][ɔI][əʊ][aʊ]

所谓“合口双元音”是指两个元音中的第二个元音都是一个合口元音[І]或[ʊ]。发双元音时要注意从第一个元音向第二个元音滑动。在滑动过程中，口形、舌位都有明显的变化。另外，还要注意双元音的下面几个特点：

1）、前长后短（前音长后音短）。2）、前重后轻（前音发得重，后音发得轻）。3）、前音清楚，后音模糊。

[eI]cakeplane snaketable baby

[aI] bike life light type nice

[ɔI] toy voice coin enjoy boy

[əʊ] go boat hope know home

[aʊ]now how loud house out

5、集中双元音[Iə][eə][ʊə]

所谓集中双元音是指两个元音中的第二个元音都是中元音[ə]。发音时要注意第一个元音向第二个元音滑动时的口形和舌位的变化。比如发[Iə]时舌位由前元音[I]向中元音[ə]的滑动。口形由半合的扁唇变为稍高于半开的扁唇。发[eə]时由相当于前元音[e]的舌位向中元音[ə]滑动，口形由半开的中常唇变为稍高于半开的扁唇。发[ʊə]时由后元音[ʊ]向中元音[ə]的滑动，口形由半合的圆唇变为稍高于半开的扁唇。

[Iə] fear beer ear hear deer

[eə] care bear fair where chair

[ʊə] sure tour poor moor cure

辅音

1、爆破音

爆破音一共有六个，根据发音时声带是否振动可以分为清辅音和浊辅音两种。清辅音有三个：[p]，[t]，[k]；浊辅音也有三个：[b]，[d]，[g]。这样，六个爆破音就可以归纳为清、浊相对应的三对。第一对是：[p]，第二对是：[t]，[d]，第三对是[k]，[g]

[p]，双唇音，发音时，双唇紧闭，气流从口腔冲出，送气有力；清音，发音时不震动声带。

pen map top pipe cup

[b]，双唇音，发音时，双唇紧闭，气流从口腔冲出，送气有力；但 它在词尾时发得很轻，不如[p]送气有力；浊音，发音时震动声带。

bee beep about lab bat

[t]，齿槽音，发音时，舌端抵齿槽，气流从口腔冲出，送气有力；清音。

butterthatfatdebtdealer

[d]，齿槽音，发 音时，舌端抵齿槽，气流从口腔冲出，但在词尾时发得很轻，不如[t]送气有力；浊音。

desk food deep door dot

[k]，后舌音，发音时，后舌隆起，气流从喉咙口用力冲出，送气有力；清音，发音时不振动声带。

cook bookkickbucket tick        

[g]，后舌音，发音时，后舌隆起，气流从喉咙口用力冲出，送气有力；但在词尾时发得很轻，不如 [k]送气有力；浊音，发音时振动声带。

get game good dog tag

2、摩擦音

摩擦音一共有十个。其中八个音又可以分为清、浊音相对应的四对。第一对是唇齿摩擦音[f]，[v]。发音时下唇轻触上齿，气流通过时摩擦成音，[f]是清辅音，[v]是浊辅音。第二对是舌齿摩擦音[θ]，[ð]。发音时舌尖要轻触上齿边缘。[θ]是清辅音，[ð]是浊辅音。第三对是舌端齿龈摩擦音[s]，[z]。发音时舌端靠近（上）齿龈，气流通过时摩擦成音。[s]是清辅音，[z]是浊辅音。第四对是舌端齿龈后部摩擦辅音[ʃ]，[ʒ]。发音时舌端向齿龈后部靠近，气流通过时摩擦成音。[ʃ]是清辅音，[ʒ]是浊辅音。第九个音是声门摩擦辅音[h]。第十个音是舌尖齿龈后部摩擦辅音[r]。发这个音时舌尖要卷起来，靠近齿龈后部。这个音的本音是[r]。

[f] foot fit after knife tough

[v] very five live cover carve

[θ] thick thank tooth mouth think

[ð] other the there they father

[s] see saw soup boss say

[z] zoo cause pause hers these

[ʃ] cash fish short wish sure

[ʒ] vision pleasure measure treasure visual

[h] home hard head behind whole

[r] red write frog carry rose

3、破擦音

破擦音共有六个：[tʃ]，[dʒ]，[tr]，[dr]，[ts]， [dz]。破擦音由两个成分组成：开头是爆破音，结尾是摩擦音。六个破擦音也可以分成清、浊相对应的三对。第一对是[tʃ]，[dʒ]。在[tʃ]，[dʒ]中的第一个成分，即爆破音[t]，[d]由于受了后面摩擦音[ʃ]，[ʒ]的影响，发音时舌位靠后，在齿龈较后部分发音。这一点也适用于第二对破擦音[tr]，[dr]。这里，[t], [d]由于受了后面摩擦音[r]的影响舌位也要靠后，后面再加上[r]，分别念成[tr], [dr]。第三对破擦音[ts]，[dz]中的清辅音[ts]很像汉语普通话里的c（雌、雄的“雌”），加上声带振动就能发出浊辅音[dz]。

[tʃ] cheap fetch chalk teach watch

[dʒ] jaw jazz danger age cage

[tr] tree trade transport troopstreet

[dr] drill dress dry dream drink

[ts] students guests pockets puts spirits

[dz]oddsendshandsfriendssends

4、鼻辅音

英语里有三个鼻辅音，即[m]，[n]，[ŋ]。发鼻音时，由于口腔通道被堵住，声音只能从鼻子里出来。发第一个鼻辅音[m]时双唇闭拢；发第二个鼻辅音[n]，（不闭嘴）舌尖要贴住上齿龈；发第三个鼻辅音[ŋ]，（不闭嘴）舌后部要抬起来，贴住软腭。

[m] my make farm map number

[n] new night knife near finish

[ŋ] long ink bank think sing

5、舌边音

英语里的舌边音有两种发音方法。1）出现在元音之前叫作清晰舌边音，它的发音是[l]；2）出现在辅音及单词末尾时叫作模糊舌边音，它的发音是[l]。发这个音时可以先摆好发后元音[ʊ]的舌位，然后把舌端贴住上齿龈。这样发出来的音就是[l]。

[l] 清晰舌边音law lake follow large last

模糊舌边音little    gentle    middle    articlegiggle    people

6、半元音

半元音[w]，[j]的舌位和元音[u:]，[i:]相似，但半元音的发音方法和元音不同。元音可以单独成音，可以延长。半元音则不能单独成音，不可延长，必须很快滑向它后面的元音，和元音拼合在一起发音。由于这一特点也有人把半元音[w]，[j]称为“滑音”。

[w] why what swim wash white

[j] yes yellow you yet beyond

五、音节知识

英语单词的音节一般有六种：开音节，闭音节，r音节，re音节，元音字母组合以及成音节。发音规则如下：

开音节
1）以发音的元音字母结尾的单节.例：be,he.
2）以辅音字母（r 除外）+不发音的e结尾的音节.例：make,like.
* 在重读的开音节中元音字母按字母名称读音.

闭音节
以一个或几个辅音字母（r 除外）结尾而中间只有一个元音字母的音节,称为闭音节.例：map,desk,is.
* 在重读的闭音节中元音字母读做短元音.

一、元音字母在重读音节中的读音

二、元音字母在重读音节中的特殊读音

三、元音字母在非重读音节中的读音

四、-r音节元音字组在重读音节中的读音

五、-re音节元音字组在重读音节中的读音

六、元音字组在重读音节中的读音

七、非重读音节中元音字组和字群的读音

八、元字组在复合词非重读音节中的读音

九、辅字组的读音

单词中如何划分音节呢？

音节划分口诀

一靠后，二分手，多个中间偏左右，

组合字母算一个，常见组合要遵守。

词尾看e加音节，发音不发分两种，

双字相连不连手，听音验证最后头

一靠后：

当两个元音字母之间有一个辅音字母时，一般把它划分给后面的音节当头。如a—go，be-gin，a-bout，chi-na，wa-ter，ma—ny，rea—son，la-ter，a-bi-li-ty，ne-ver，ar-gue，na-tive，hea-vy。

二分手：

当两个元音字母之间有两个辅音字母时，一般把它们分开，一边一个，如：in-side,dif-fet，com-mon，at-tach，can-not，num-bet，prob-lem，doc-tor，com-pare，treat-ment，af-ter。

多个中间偏左右：

当两个元音字母之间有三个以上辅音字母时，中间的辅音字母要么划分给前面的音节当尾，要么划分给后面的音节当头。如：in-stead，suc-cess-ful，tran-sport，in-clude，im-prove，con-gress。

组合字母算一个：

组合字母指“字母表”第6列中的固定组合字母，它们组合后发一个音，在划分音节时一般被当成一个字母看待。如：re-try，o-ther，con-tract，as-tro-no-my，cen-tral，tech-no-lo-gy，quick-ly。

常见组合要遵守：

英语里有一些字母常常组合在一起，但它们不像固定组合字母那样发一个音，而是各发各的音，如pr，pl，fr，cl，sp，st，sk，scr，gr等等，这类组合字母在划分音节时一般不拆开，把它们划分在一起，尊重它们的常见组合习惯。再有，英语里有一些“发音独立的词头词尾”，如re-．de-，com-，con等，它们在划分音节时一般也都当成常见组合看待，划分音节时不拆开。如单词restart，是由词头re和单词start组合出来的，划分音节时划分成re-start。但英语里有些“需要发音合并的词头词尾”，如词尾-able，-al，-ate等，它们的第一个元音字母本身就是用来与别的单词尾巴上的辅音字母合并成音节的，这种情况可以做音节合并，如read和-able连接时，划分成rea—dable。person和al连接时，划分成per—so—nal。

词尾看e加音节，发音不发分两种：

单词尾加er、est、ing等第一个元音字母肯定发音的词尾时，通常增加一个音节，并且把单词尾的辅音字母“抢”过来当音节头。如 Smal-ler，smal-lest，lon-ger，lon-gest，li-ving，wa-tching。

单词尾加s、es、d、ed这四个词尾时，要看e增加音节。若e需要发音间隔则增加一个音节；若e不需要发音间隔则不增加音节。①s．x，z，ch，sh连es时，因为e两边的字母发音相同或太相近，需要e发[i:]来间隔，并增加音节；②t，d连ed时，也因为e两边的字母发音相同或太相近，需要e发[i:]来间隔，并增加音节。其他情况下e不发音，不增加音节。比如：

需要e发音并增加一个音节的举例：

nose加s成为noses，e发[i:]来间隔两个s的发音；

box加es成为boxes，e发[i:]来间隔x和s的发音；

size加s成为sizes，e发[i:]来间隔z和s的发音：

branch加es成为branches，e发[i:]来间隔ch和s的发音；

wash加es成为washes，e发[[i:]来间隔sh和s的发音；

create加d成为created，e发[i:]来间隔t和d的发音；

regard加ed成为regarded，e发[i:]来间隔两个d的发音。

不需要e发音并且不增加音节的举例：

work加ed成为worked，k、d发音差别明显，不需要e间隔；

like加s成为likes，k、s发音差别明显，不需要e间隔；

live加s成为lives，v、s发音差别明显，不需要e间隔：

双字相连不连手：

英语里有很多单词是由两个单词连起来构成的，如，rest-room，it-self，how-ever这种情况下两个单词一般分开发音，不合并。若两个单词的头尾相接字母是字母表里的固定组合字母，如 rest-room中间的tr，it-self中间的ts，一般也要拆开发音，不合并。

有声验证最后头，解释意外不发愁。

一个单词有时会有多种音节划分方案，并且哪一个方案都合理，难以判断哪一个正确，这时候就要“尊重历史习惯”，听一听单词的声音(或参看一下字典上的近似音标)，看英语习惯上选择什么发音。若听到的声音与自己推测的结果不一样，就一定要用上面的“音节划分口诀”对出乎意料的声音进行解释，使它也变成意料之中。这样经过一段时间的练习后，你的判断失误就会越来越少，见字读音的准确率就会越来越高。

1．一个音节至少有一个元音字母。即a，e，i，o，或u，有时也可以是y。例如：

re／fuse，un／com／for／ta／ble，jum／ping，a／void／ed，gar／lic，for／ty

2．当两个元音字母中间只有一个辅音字母时（辅音字母r除外），而且左边的元音又是按重读开音节规则发音，这个辅音字母通常划入右边的音节。例如：

stu／dent，o／pen，pa／per，va／cant，fa／tal，pi／lot

3．两个元音之间只有一个辅音字母或辅音字母组合，左边的元音按重读闭音节规则发音，那么，这个辅音字母或辅音字母组合通常划入左边的音节。例如：

moth／er，slith／er

4．如果两个元音字母中间有两个辅音字母，通常这两个辅音字母分别划入左右两个音节。例如：

mem／ber，les／son，col／lect，shal／low，hap／pen，dis／tant

5．如果两个元音字母中间有两个辅音字母，第一个是r，这两个辅音字母，也分别划入左右两个音节。第一个音节（左边那个音节）

称为r音节，按重读r音节读音规则发音。例如：

cor／ner，por／trait，har／bor，bar／ber

6．如果两个元音或元音和半元音字母组合发的是一个元音或双元音，划分音节时，不能将其从中分开，要划在一起。例如：

oi boil／er；oy voy／age；ou through／out；ow tow／er

7．有些辅音字母经常在一起，只发一个辅音，或者联系很紧密。划分音节时，也不能将其分开。例如：

ph tele／phone；sh ush／er；th pa／thetic；wh a／while

8．辅音字母组合构成发音的辅音连缀，划分音节时，也不能将其分开。例如：

des/troy，ex／pli／cit，pre／scribe，in／struc／tion

9．如果一个单词是以字母-le结尾，并且辅音-le前面还有一个辅音字母，那么这个辅音字母通常划分在右边这个音节里。因为发音

时，这是一个成音节。例如：

ta／ble，un／cle，mar／ble，peo ／ple，hur／dle，sta／ble

但是，以-ckle结尾的单词例外。因为辅音字母-c不发音，所以辅音字母-ck划分在左边的音节里。例如：

pick／le，buck／le，sick／le

10．加前缀时，前缀单独划为一个或一个以上的音节。例如：

dis／like，be／head，in／ac／tive，im／pos／si／ble，sem／i／cir／cle，su／per／man，o／ver／sleep，an／ti／air／craft

11．加后缀时，后缀不影响其他音节的划分。例如：

paint／er，pass／a／ble，dif／fer／ent，fall／ing，friend／ship，seek／ers多数后缀如－ing，－ed，－ment，－ty，单独划分音节。

12．如果后缀-ed加在以-t或-d结尾的单词后面，发／－id／，构成一个音节，拼写时可单独划分为一个音节；反之，　　　　　其他情况下不算一个独立的音节。例如：

pre／dict／ed，test／ed，lift／ed，fin／ished，fol／lowed，un／fogged

第三章 重要词性了解

一、名词

二、代词

Exercises:

1. Here is the that his younger brother loves best.

A. coffee cup B. coffee’s cup C. cup of coffee D. coffee of cup

2. Mr. Tony always has to tell his students at the beginning of his lectures.

A. some good pieces of news B. some pieces of good news

C. some good piece of news D. some piece of good news

3. As a businessman, Mr. Li gained his by selling famous of English and American writers.

A. wealth; work B. wealth; works C. wealths ; works D. wealths ; work

4. He is a kind-hearted man. People can get on well with him.

A. Few B. A little C. Quite a few D. Little

5. The post office isn’t far from here. It’s only bicycle ride.

A. half an hours’ B. an hour and a half C. half an hour D. half an hour’s

6. The population of Shanghai very big and most of its population native people.

A. are ; is B. is ; is C. are; are D. is; are

7. —Would you like to have ,Tom?

—No, thanks, l have had enough.

A. any more orange and apples B. some more oranges and apples

C. any more oranges and apples D. some more oranges and apple

8. —Which do you prefer to drink, or coffee?

—, please.

A. teas; Two tea B.tea; Two tea C. tea; Two teas D. teas; Two teas

9. lt was really to get a present from him on her birthday party that she couldn’t believe it, looking at him in .

A. such big surprise; a surprise B. such a big surprise; surprise

C. so big surprise; a surprise D. such big surprise; surprise

10. These are bikes. The twin brothers like them very much.

A. Jack’s and Jerry’s B. Jack’s and Jerry C. Jack’s and Jerry B. Jack and Jerry’s

11. —How much water is there in the bottle?

— .You’d better come to fetch another bottle.

A. A little B. Nothing C. No one D. None

12. Bill works harder than in his class. He is the most excellent student l have met.

A. the other boys B. other boys C. any boy D. another boy

三、形容词

一、成分

二、比较级

此外，初中还安排了形容词比较级、最高级的语法点学习。其变化规则如下表：

部分不规则的形容词变化如下表：

三、具体用法

1、只能修饰形容词原级的词very, quite, so, too. 例如：

He is too tired to walk on. 他太累了以至不能再继续走了。

My brother runs so fast that I can’t follow him. 我弟弟跑得那么快以至我跟不上他。

2、含有as…as（与…一样）的原级表达句式。例如：

Tom is as old as Kate. 汤姆和凯特年龄一样大。

Tom is twice as old as Kate. 汤姆的年龄是凯特的两倍。

Tom runs as fast as Mike. 汤姆和迈克跑得一样快。

【注意】

1、否定形式not as…as 也可以用成not so…as“不如……不及……。”例如：

He doesn’t walk as slowly as you. 他走路不像你那样慢。

This room is not as/so big as that one. 这个房间不如那个大。

2、可以修饰比较级的词much, a lot, a great deal, far, by far(……得多)，a little, a bit(……一点儿)，even(甚至)，still(仍然)，any(用于否定、疑问句中)。例如：

Lesson One is much easier than Lesson Two.第一课比第二课容易得多。

Tom looks even younger than before. 汤姆甚至比以前更年轻。

This train runs much faster than that one. 这辆火车比那辆跑得快。

She drives still more carefully than her husband. 她开车仍然比她丈夫还认真。

【典型例题】

1、The experiment waseasier than we had expected.

A. more B. much more C. much D. more much

答案C。much可修饰比较级，easier本身已是比较级，不能再用more.

2、最高级表示三者及三者以上事物间的比较，常与of…，in…连用。例如：

The Yangtze River is the longest river in China. 长江是中国最长的河流。→ The Yangtze River is longer than any other river in China. 长江比中国其他任何一条河都长。

Of all the planets, the Mercury is the nearest to the sun. 在所有的行星中，水星离太阳最近。

3、“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越……”。例如：

He is getting taller and taller. 他长得越来越高了.

The flowers are more and more beautiful. 花儿越来越漂亮。

4、“the + 比较级…the+比较级”表示“越……，就越……”。例如：

The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you’ll make. 你越认真，犯的错误就越少。

【典型例题】

children there are in a family,their life will be.

A. The less, the better B. The fewer, the better C. Fewer, richer D. More, poorer

答案B。由句意得知“家里孩子越少，生活会越好。”children是可数名词，应用few来修饰。

四、形容词与不定代词的搭配连用

当形容词和不定代词something, anything, noting, everything连用时，这些代词应放在前面，形容词在后面。例如：

Do you have anything interesting to tell us all today? 今天有啥有趣的事情跟我们大家说说吗？

Take it easy. There is nothing serious with your disease, which is just a cold. 别紧张，你的病无大碍，只是感冒而已。

【典型例题】

I haveto do today.

A. anything important B. something important C. important nothing D. important something

答案B。形容词修饰不定代词时应放在其后面。故排除C、D。句意是“我今天有重要的事情要做”，表示肯定用something.

五、形容词与enough的搭配连用

当形容词enough和不定代词连用时，形容词放在前面，enough在后面。例如：Charlie was lucky enough to have been taken to the Loch Ness with families. 查理足够幸运地被家人带着去过尼斯湖。

【注意】

1. 只能用作定语，不能用作表语的形容词：little, wooden , golden, many, elder…不能说The boy is little. The watch is golden / wooden.

2. 只能作表语，不能用作定语的形容词：well, ill, alone, content, unable, worth, afraid, alive, asleep, ashamed, awake, aware…例如：an ill boy, an alone village就是用错的短语。可以说an ill idea“坏点子”，ill当定语时是转义，不是“有病的”了。

3. 英语形容顺序

当两个以上形容词修饰一个名词，形容词该如何排列？为什么不能说a black new pen,而是说成a new black pen? 这里面有无规则可循？

如果你记住下列口决：好美小高状其新，颜色国料特别近。那你就能掌握英语中系列形容词做前置定语时的排列问题。

“好”代表评价性的形容词，如nice, good, kind等；

“美”指描述物体给人的心理感受的形容词，如beautiful, pretty, handsome, ugly, good-looking, lovely等；

“小”指描述物体大小的形容词，如small, big, large, little等；

“高”指描述物体的高低/矮的形容词，如tall, high, short, deep, wide, shallow, thick等；

“状”指描述物体形状的形容词。如round, square, narrow等;

“其”是整个口诀中的语气词，无含义。

“新”指描述物体新旧的形容词。如new, old young等。

“颜色”就是red, green, blue, pink, black, yellow, purple这类词语。

“国”也就是描述国籍类的形容词。如Chinese, Germany, Russian, Spanish等。

“料”指描述物体制成所用的材料。如plastic, metal, wood, aluminum, wool, cotton, glass, steel等。

英语中这六类形容词连用时就按上述先后顺序排列，如a nice long new black British plastic pen 当然，实际语言使用中不可能出现这么多形容词连用的情况。

4. 英语同源形容词的区别

在英语中某些词有两种或两种以上的形容词形式，它们词形相近，但词义不同，容易用错。

【典型例题】

The boy on the tree asked in avoice,“Are you sure I’m going to land on the mat？”

A. happy B. frightened C. frightening D. embarrassing

答案B。树上的孩子害怕地问道：“你们确信我会落到垫子上吗？”a frightened voice,表明树上的孩子心理很恐惧。

5.“定冠词the+形容词”表示一类人或物，用做主语时，谓语用复数形式。例如：

the young 年青人 the weak 弱者 the strong 强者

the disabled 残疾人 the old/aged老年人 the injured受伤人员

E.g: The injured in the traffic accident have been rushed to the nearest hospital. 交通事故中受伤的人员已经被迅速送到最近的医院去了。

6.“not +比较级”并不表示否定，而是表示正面的肯定。例如：

I couldn’t agree more. 我绝对赞同。

You couldn’t have chosen a better gift for me.你挑选给我的是最好的礼物。

7. 并非所有的形容词都有比较级。如：superior, senior, junior, similar, different, necessary, impossible等形容词没有比较级、最高级的用法。

【典型例题】

After we compare the two, we find this design is that one.

A. more superior to B. far superior than C. more superior than D. far superior to

答案D。“对比之后，我们发现这款设计比那一款要优越”。形容词superior没有比较级形式，选项A.C.用了比较级，故错误；superior 与to搭配连用，故B也错。

8. 连系动词seem, feel, sound, appear, remain, look, go, turn, get, become常接形容词构成系表结构。例如：The witness remained silent over the matter for some reasons. 出于某些原因，目击者对此事保持沉默。

Your proposal sounds very practical. 你的提议听起来很实用。

Exercises:

1. Several hours later, with the help of the police, the students managed to escape from the dangerous place, .

A. hungry and frightened B. hungrily and frightening

C. hungry and frightening D. hungrily and frightened

2. l feel even now.

A . bad B. well C. worse D. worst

3. She was very happy. She ran of all the runners.

A. fastest B. the quickest C. slowest D. quickly

4. Keep quiet, please. It’s noisy here.

A. many too B. too many C. much too D. too much

5. —Have you spoken to a foreigner?

— No,

A. already; never B. ever; never C. yet; already D. ever; ever

6. He is taller than in his class.

A. any boy B. any c. any other boy D. some other boys

7. English is as as Chinese. You should learn it well.

A. important B. more important C. the most important D. much more important

8. Music is not so useful as science. It’s useful than science.

A. fewer B. less C. more D. a lot

9. We’ve never heard of story before.

A. such a strange B. such strange C. so a strange D. so strange

10. You must wear glasses. They can keep your eyes

A. soft B. safe C. safely D. safety

11. The box is heavy for the girl carry.

A. too; to B. to; too C. so; that D. no; to

12. As far as I’m concerned, education is about learning and the more you learn, .

A. the more for life are you equipped B. the more equipped for life you are

C. the more life you are equipped for D. you are equipped the more for life

四、副词

一、成分

1、作状语

We should listen to the teachers carefully in class. 我们在课上应该仔细听讲。（副词修饰动词）

You are quite right. 你相当正确。（修饰形容词）

He parked the car very easily. 他很容易地把汽车停放好了。(修饰副词)

I usually go to school at 6:40 every morning. 我通常每天6点40去上学。（修饰整个句子）

2、作定语

有时少数地点副词和时间副词可以作定语，放在所修饰词的后边。

People there used to drink or use the water in the river. 过去那儿的人们饮用那条河里的水。

【注意】副词作定语时和介词短语作定语一样，一律后置。

3、作表语

作表语的副词多数是表示位置的，如in, out, on, back, down, up, off, away, upstairs.

He is in. 他在家。

What’s on this evening? 今晚演什么节目？

I must be off mow. 我现在必须走了。

4、作宾语补足语

Let them in.让他们进来。

We saw her off two days ago. 两天前我们为她送行。

二、副词在句中的位置

1、在形容词之前。

It’s extremely hot today.

Wind is a kind of environmentally friendly energy.

2、在be动词、助动词之后。

I’mterribly sorry for what I have done to you.

English is widely used all over the world.

3、多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。但须注意：

①大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。

We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us. 我们能清晰地看到一束奇怪的光在我们的前头。

②方式副词well, badly（糟、坏），hard等只放在句尾。

He speaks English well.

4、地点副词、时间副词和方式副词一般放在句末。

【注意】地点副词作状语时要后置，不属于这种情况。

I’ll wait for you here. 我将在这儿等你。（地点副词）

I’ll meet him at the station tomorrow. 明天我将去车站接他。（时间副词）

Tomorrow I’ll meet him at the station.

The boy wrote the homework quickly. 这个男孩子写作业很快。（方式副词）

They did their experiments carefully in the lab yesterday. 昨天他们在实验室认真地做实验。(方式地点时间)

【注意】有时为了强调时间，也可把时间副词放在句首。

Last week the students all worked well here. 这些学生上周在这里都做得很好。

5、频度副词在句子位置有以下两种：

①在be动词、情态动词及第一个助动词之后。例如：

She is always kind to us. 她对我们总是很好。（动词）

I can never forget the day. 我永远也不能忘掉这一天。（情态动词）

The work has never been done. 这件工作永远也做不完。

②在实义动词之前。例如：He often goes to school late.

三、副词的比较级和最高级

规则副词比较级和最高级的变化形式与形容词基本上一样的，这里不再赘述。仅举几例：

hard — harder — hardest fast — faster — fastest

late-- later -- latest early – earlier – earliest

不规则副词

well – better -- best much – more – most

badly – worse -- worst little – less –least

但是，派生类副词即以后缀-ly结尾的副词不能像形容词那样加-er 或-est，如

quickly -- more quickly -- most quickly quietly -- more quietly -- most quietly

【注意】early 中的ly不是后缀，故可以把y变i再加-er和-est

四、副词的排列顺序

1、时间、地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。

Let’s make it 8:30 tomorrow morning.

2、方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。

Please write slowly and carefully.

3、多个不同副词排列，程度+地点+方式+时间副词

【注意】副词very可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。

（错）I very like English.

(对) I like English very much.

【注意】副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。

I don’t know him well enough.

There is enough food for everyone to eat.

五、副词的构成

除了often, seldom, always, already, ever, fast, straight等副词外，一般情况下，在形容词末尾加上-ly就成了副词，一些以-l结尾的形容词变副词时须双写l,然后加-ly。如：

slow – slowly, quick – quickly , clear – clearly, obvious – obviously

physical – physically, mental – mentally, peaceful – peacefully

另外少数-le结尾的形容词变副词时，-le直接换成-ly。

Terrible –Terribly gentle – gently comfortable – comfortably true – truly

但需注意：下列-ly结尾的词多用做形容词。

friendly, deadly, lovely, lively, likely, lonely, weekly, monthly, orderly, warmly

六、come, go, head, arrive等动词与下列副词连用时，不用介词。

drive downtown驾车去商业区 go upstairs上楼 come downstairs下楼

live abroad住在国外 stay indoors呆在室内 play outdoors在户外玩

go home回家 get there去那儿 arrive here 到这儿

衔接学习：

1、否定副词(no, hardly, scarcely, seldom, rarely, little, few等)置于句首用部分倒装。例如

Hardly had the criminal arrived at the airport when the policemen arrested him. 罪犯一到机场就被警察抓住。

Seldom does my father drink unless there comes a good friend. 我父亲很少饮酒，除非有好朋友来。

Under no circumstances will Mary give up the idea of going go college. 任何情况下玛丽都不会放弃上大学的想法

2、当副词here, there, now, out, in, up, down, away, then, back, off等放在句首时，须用完全倒装句式。

Here comes the bus! 公共汽车来了。

Now comes your turn! 现在轮到你了。

The door opened, and in came Mr Wan. 门开了，万先生进来了。

A strong wind blew and away went his hat. 一阵强风刮来，他的帽子飞走了。

3、高中有这些词如：strangely, unfortunately, obviously, clearly, additionally, hopefully常用于句首修饰整个句子，对整个句子做评注。

Unfortunately，the village was covered by a heavy mud storm. 很不幸地，这个村庄被泥石流给埋没了。

Obviously , they have already known the result of the interview. 显然他们已经知晓面试的结果。

Hopefully the problem will be solved soon. 这个问题有望很快得到解决。

4、兼有两种形式的副词

(1)close与closely

close意思是“近”; closely意思是“仔细地“。例如：

He is sitting close to me.

Watch him closely.

(2)late 与lately

late 意思是“晚”；lately意思是“最近”。例如：

You have come too late.

What have you been doing lately?

(3)deep与deeply

deep意思是“深”，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，“深深地”。例如：

He pushed the stick deep into the mud.

Even father was deeply moved by the film.

(4)high与highly

high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much.例如：

The plane was flying high.

I think highly of your opinion.

(5)wide与widely

wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是“广泛地”，“在许多地方”，例如：

He opened his mouth wide.

English is widely used in the world.

(6)free与freely

free的意思是“免费”;freely的意思是“无限制地”。例如

You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.

You may speak freely, say what you like.

5、有些副词如：however, therefore, nevertheless, thus, meanwhile等用在句中，起前后过度作用。例如：

There is little chance that we will succeed in changing the law. Nevertheless, it is important that we try. 我们几乎没有可能改变法律。不过，重要的是我们努力争取。

Exercises:

1. —What was the weather like yesterday?

—lt was terrible. It rained so that people could go out.

A. hardly…hard B. hardly…hardly C. hard…hardly D. hard…hard

2. Three years , he became a driver.

A. late B. later C. lately D. more lately

3. —Do you think the fish tastes ?

—She cooked it , l think.

A. good, good B. well, good C. well, well D. good, well

4. She played the piano than we had thought.

A.successful B. successfully C. more successful D. more successfully

5. l’ll go and visit you nest week.

A. sometime B. sometimes C. some times D. some time

6. —You don’t see the professor from Singapore quite often, do you?

—No, we only meet .

A. eventually B. constantly C. occasionally D. frequently

7. The key English well is to read more when

A. to learn; possible B. of learning; possibly

C. of learning; was possible D. to learning; possible

8. had they left the train they realized they had left their bag in the car.

A. Hardly…when B. Hardly…than C. No sooner…when D. No sooner…then

9. l couldn’t find my English-Chinese dictionary .

A. somewhere B. everywhere C. nowhere D. anywhere

10. —l don’t stand a chance of getting the job.

—Don’t be silly, you mustn’t put yourself .

A. down B. up C. off D. away

11. —Do you think that the evening party was a success?

—Yes, ! It’s couldn’t be.

A. relatively; better B. absolutely; better

C. approximately; more perfect D. fortunately; more excellent

12. On Teachers’ Day , We all went to school to see our teachers.

A. especially B. specially C. particularly D. attentively

第四章 句子的成分和基本句型

句子成分：

组成句子的各个部分叫作句子成分。英语的句子成分和中文的句子成分大致相同，可分为：主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，宾语补语。

一、主语——表明句子里所谈的是：“什么人”或“什么物”，主语常用名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当。例如:

Lilylikes her new bike.(名词) 莉莉喜欢她的新自行车。

He gets up early every day.(代词) 他每天都起得很早。

To learn English well is not easy.（不定式短语）学好英语不容易。

二、谓语——说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，英语中谓语只能用动词充当。例如：

We workhard.我们努力工作。

The boy caught a bird. 那个男孩逮住一只鸟。

He is my father. 他是我父亲。

They all look fine. 他们都很好。

谓语和主语在人称和数方面必须保持一致。例如：

I am reading. You arereading. He\She is reading. We are reading.

三、宾语——宾语是动作行为的对象。由名词、代词或相当于名词或代词的词或短语充当，和及物动词一起构成谓语，说明主语“做什么”。例如：

Tom bought a story-book.（名词）汤姆买了一本故事书。

I saw him yesterday. （代词）昨天我看到他了。

He wanted to have a cup of tea. （不定式短语）他想要一杯茶。

直接宾语和间接宾语——有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫作间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。合称双宾。例如：

He gave mesome ink . 他给了我一些墨水。

间接宾语 直接宾语

Our teacher told usan interesting story.老师给我妈讲了一个有趣的故事。

间接宾语 直接宾语

四、表语——说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”，与连系动词一起构成谓语，表语由名词、形容词、或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语等充当。例如：

My sister is a nurse.（名词）我的姐姐是一名护士。

They were at home.（介词短语）他们在家里。

She got angry. （形容词）她生气了。

Her grandfather is over eighty years old.（数词）她的祖父八十多岁了。

五、定语——定语是修饰名词或代词的，可以作定语的除形容词外，还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语等。例如：

This is a green cup.（形容词）这是一个绿色的杯子。

Are these students your classmates? （代词）这些学生是你班的吗？

Winter is the coldest season of the year.（介词短语）冬天是一年中最冷的季节。

I have something important to tell you.（不定式）我有重要的事情要告诉你。

The people here are very friendly.（副词）这里的人们非常友好。

注意：形容词作定语时通常放在被修饰的词之前。而介词短语、不定式短语或副词等作定语时则放在被修饰的词之后。

六、状语——状语是修饰动词、形容词、或副词的，有的修饰全句。可以作状语的主要是副词和介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语等。例如：

You are quite right .（副词） 你非常正确。

Mr.Wu comes to the school by bike. (介词短语) 吴老师骑自行车上学校。

She will arrive in Beijing on Monday. （介词短语）她将于星期一到达北京。

He stopped to have a look. （不定式短语）他停下来看了看。

七、宾语补足语——有些及物动词的宾语后边还需要有一个补足语，意思才能够完整。宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。例如：

We call herXiao Li.

宾语 宾语补足语

You must keep the roomclean and tidy.

宾语 宾语补足语

John asked meto help him with his Chinese.

宾语 宾语补足语

I will have my haircut tomorrow.

宾语 宾语补足语

We saw the boyplaying basketball on the playground just now.

宾语 宾语补足语

句子成分巧记歌诀

主谓宾表定状补， 七种成分记清楚。

句子主干主谓宾（表），枝叶成分定状补。

定语修饰主宾表， 宾语之后常有补。

主谓人称数一致， 状语位置最灵活。

Exercises:

指出下列句子中划线部分的成分。

1．We all study hard at English.

A. 主语 B. 谓语 C. 宾语 D.表语

2．Betty likes her new bike very much.

A. 主语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.表语

3．My brother is a policeman.

A. 主语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.表语

4．Were you at home last night?

A.定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语

5．Winter is the coldest season of the year.

A 定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语

6．He often walks in the park.

A.定语 B.状语 C.宾语 D.表语

7．Mary asked me to help her yesterday.

A.定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语

8．He boughtme a nice present last week.

A.宾语 B.直接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补

9．His parents are doctors.

A.宾语 B.表语 C.谓语 D.定语

10．I’ll get you some tea now.

A.宾语 B.直接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补

11．My mother told us an interesting story last night.

A.表语 B.直接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补

12．He has read the book twice.

A.主语 B.谓语 C.表语 D.宾语

13．They seemed unhappy when they heard the news.

A.表语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.定语

14．Do you have something to eat ?

A.状语 B.定语 C.宾语 D.宾补

15．We made him our monitor.

A.宾语 B.定语 C. 状语 D.宾补

简单句的基本句型：

由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）所构成的句子叫简单句。根据句子的基本结构，简单句分为5种基本句型：

1．S＋V;（主语 ＋ 不及物动词）

Ican swim. 我会游泳。

主语 谓语（不及物动词）

Everythingchanges. 万物都在变。

主语 谓语

The planehas already arrived. 飞机已经抵达。

主语 谓语

2．S＋V＋O;（主语＋＋及物动词＋宾语）

IlikeEnglish. 我喜欢英语。

主语 谓语 宾语

Theyare readingbooks . 他们在看书。

主语. 谓语 宾语

Heboughta computer last week. 他上周买了台电脑。

主语 谓语 宾语

3．S＋V＋P;（主语＋连系动词＋表语）

My motherisa scientist. 我母亲是个科学家。

主语 谓语 表语

Shelooksyoung. 她看上去很年轻。

主语 谓语 表语

The foodtastes very delicious. 这食物尝起来很香。

主语 谓语 表语

4．S＋V＋IO＋DO;（主语＋及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语）

My motherboughtmea dictionary yesterday. 我母亲昨天给我买了本字典。

主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语

Canyougivemethe math book? 你能给我那本数学书吗？

谓语 主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语

Willyoutellussomething about your school life? 你给我讲讲你们的学习生活，好吗？

谓语 主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语

5．S＋V＋O＋Oc;（主语＋及物动词＋宾语＋补语）

Wemust keepour classroomclean and tidy. 我们必须保持教室干净、整洁。

主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语

My motherasks meto speak English as much as possible. 我母亲要求我尽可能多地讲英语。

主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语

Iheardhersinging happily in the room just now. 刚才我听到她在房间里高兴地唱着歌。

主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语

简单句五种基本句型巧记歌诀：

英语句子万万千，五大句型把线牵。

句型种类看动词，后接成分是关键。

系词之后接表语，不及物后无需连。

及物又可分三类，单宾双宾最常见。

还有宾语补足语，各种搭配记心间。

Exercises:

指出下列句子的基本类型

1．They are listening.

2．My mother is fifty now.

3．I have bought three books.

4．My friend gave me a birthday present.

5．I painted the wall white.

6．The boss often makes the workers work twelve hours a day.

7．They arrived at six o’clock.

8．The map is on the wall

9．Children often sing this song.

10．Mr Wu teaches us English.

11．She showed her friends all her pictures.

12．I find him a lovely boy.

请朗读以下句子，划分下列句子的成分，并指出他们分别属于简单句中的哪种。

1. Our country consumes a large number of plastic bags.

2. The super-thin bags are the main source of white pollution.

3. We should encourage people to return to carrying cloth bags.

4. The new rule came out.

5. Enviornmental groups welcome the new rule.

6. They can stop using plastic bags.

7. What is particularly positive is that it involves public participation.

8. Shops don’t offer free plastic bags to their consumers.

9. Hong Kong and Australia are considering measures to curb plastic bag litter.

10. Chinese consumers have gotten used to free plastic shopping bags.

第五章 简单句的种类

英语句子按结构可分为三类：简单句，并列句和复合句：

1、 简单句Simple Sentences

含有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）的句子。

e.g. He often reads English in the morning.

Tom and Mike are American boys.

2、 并列句Compound Sentences

包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子且句子之间有并列连词and/but等或用分号连接。

e.g. You help him and he helps you.

The future is bright; the road is tortuous.

3、 复合句Complex Sentences

包含一个主句和一个从句或一个主句和多个从句的句子，且从句用从属连词引导。定语从句，状语从句，名词性从句都是复合句。

e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.

按照句子的功能，简单句可分为4类：陈述句，疑问句，祈使句，和感叹句。

一、陈述句——用来陈述一件事或表达一种看法。

1．肯定式：主语＋谓语＋……

I came here last night. 我是昨晚到这儿的。

The earth turns around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。

We have many friends. 我们有很多朋友。

Zhang Hong likes dancing. 张红喜欢跳舞。

2．否定式：如果句子的谓语动词是be／have或有助动词和情态动词，在它们之后加not构成否定式。

China is not a developed country. 中国不是一个发达国家。

He hasn’t been to Hangzhou. 他没去过杭州。

We can’t live without air. 没有空气，我们就不能生存。

They will not (won’t) go there. 他们将不去那里。

如果句子的谓语是行为动词，而又没有助动词或情态动词时，在谓语动词前加助动词do(第三人称单数用does，过去式用did)再加not构成否定式。

I don’t want to go. 他不想去。

He doesn’t like English. 他不喜欢英语。

She didn’t go to the party last night. 昨晚她没有去参加晚会。

二、 疑问句——英语中的疑问句分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句。

1. 一般疑问句——用yes或no来回答的疑问句。

Are you from England? 你是英格兰人吗？

Do you speak English? 你讲英语吗？

Will you be free tomorrow? 你明天有空吗？

2. 特殊疑问句——用疑问代词或疑问副词提问的句子，不用yes或no回答。

Whose bike is the newest? 谁的自行车最新？

Who teaches you English? 谁教你们英语？

Who are you waiting for? 你在等谁？

When will the meeting begin? 会议将在什么时候开始？

Why didn’t you tell me earlier? 你为什么不早点告诉我呢？

3. 选择疑问句——提出两个或两个以上的情况让对方选择。

选择疑问句由“一般疑问句＋or＋一般疑问句”构成，其中后一个问句中与前一个句中的相同部分被省略。不用yes或no回答，要用完整的句子回答。

Is Kate’s hair long or short? It’s long. 凯特的头发是长还是短？ 是长的。

Shall we go by bus or walk? By bus. 我们是乘车去还是步行呢？ 乘车去

4. 反意疑问句——前一部分陈述一件事实，后一部分对前面的陈述提出相反的疑问。即前一部分如果是肯定结构，后一部分用否定结构;如果前一部分是否定结构，后一部分用肯定结构。

You are from England, aren’t you? 你是英格兰人，对吗？

He can swim, can’t he ? 他会游泳，对吗？

Jim will go to England, won’t he? 吉姆将去英国，是吗？

Tom tells you about it, doesn’t he? 汤姆告诉你那件事的，对吗？

Jenny didn’t come to school yesterday, did she? 珍妮昨天没来上学，对吗？

They haven’t been to the Great Wall, have they? 他们没有去过万里长城，是吗？

It’s not very cold today, is it? 今天天气不很冷， 是吗？

Exercises:

1. The teacher had a word with you,_______?

A. didn’t he B. hadn’t he C. didn’t have he D. did not he

2. You won’t take back what you said,________?

A. didn’t you B. will you C. aren’t you D. were you

3. Let’s go to watch the football match,________?

A. do we B. don’t we C. shall we D. will you

4. Your family has no colour TV set,________?

A. hasn’t it B. doesn’t it C. is it D. does it

5. Miss Liu doesn’t like dancing, does she? ------_________

A. No, she does B. No, she do C. Yes, she does D. Yes, she is

6. There’s something wrong with the radio, ______?

A. hasn’t there B. doesn’t there C. isn’t there D. is there

三．祈使句——表示命令，请求或建议，主语通常省略

说话对象是第二人称时，主语you一般省略。

肯定式：谓语是动词原形（+宾语）

否定式:Don’t/Never+动词原形+……例如：

Be quiet，please. 请安静

Please come in. 请进

Don’t be afraid. 别害怕

说话对象式第一第三人称时，用“Let+宾语+动词原形”，否定式用“Let+宾语+not+动词原形”，也可以“Don’t +let +宾语+动词原形”。例如：

Let’s go to school. 我们去上学吧

Let him not come in.===Don’t let him come in. 别让他进来

四．感叹句——表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情

感叹句有what和how开头的两种形式。What修饰名词，how修饰形容词，副词或动词，句末用感叹号。例如：

1．What+（a）+名词！

What fun！多么有趣

What+（a）+形容词+名词主语+谓语！

What a beautiful picture it is！这是多么美的一幅画啊！

口语中，常省略主语和谓语。例如：

What a good idea！多好的主意啊！

2．How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语！

How interesting the film is！这电影真有趣！

3．How+主语+谓语！

How she works！她工作多努力啊！

How I wanted to see you！我多么想见到你啊！

Exercises:

1．_______clever boy he is!

A. How B. What C. How a D. What a

2．_______beautiful the Daming Lake looks!

A. What a B. How C. What D. How a

3．_______ wonderful film it is !

A. What B. How C. What a D. So

4．_______ happy life we are living today !

A. What B. What a C. How D. How a

5．________all these dustmen are working!

A. How hard B. What hard C. How hardly D. What hardly

Exercises★:

指出下列句子的种类。

1. I’m from London.

2. Don’t speak to me now.

3. Lucy likes bananas.

4. Do you like cooking?

5. What about you？

6．Is it Lucy or Lily？

7. Nice to meet you!

8. This way, please.

9. He doesn’t work on a farm.

10. What a fine day it is!

第六章 动词的时态与语态

动词时态

时态是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。英语中有16种时态。常用的时态有：一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时、过去完成时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去将来时、将来进行时、将来完成时。

处理时态问题首先要把握各种动词时态所表达的时间概念，注意捕捉决定时态的信息。如：表示时间的副词、短语和从句。有时还要通过上下文的时间关系以及题目设置的语境去挖掘隐藏信息。

（一）一般现在时

1．通常表示现阶段经常发生的动作、存在状态或经常的习惯性的动作。常与often, usually, always,

sometimes, today, every five minutes, on Sundays等时间状语连用。

She is always ready to help others. 她总是乐于助人。

The old man goes to park every morning. 这位老人每天早上都去公园。

2．表示永恒的真理以及客观事实。

The earth goes round the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。

3．表示按规定或计划要发生的动作。

The train starts at seven in the morning. 火车早上七点出发。

4．在时间和条件状语从句中代替一般将来时。

I’ll go with you, if you are free tomorrow. 如果你明天有空，我就会和你一起去。

（二）一般过去时

1．一般过去时表示过去某一时间发生的动作或情况。常与表示过去的时间状语ago, yesterday , last week, in the old days ,when I was five years old, in 1995 等连用。

I met him yesterday. 昨天我遇见了他。

They began to work two months ago. 两个月前他们开始工作。

2．一般过去时多和表示过去了的时间状语连用。但是有时候句子并没有过去的时间状语，这时就要通过语境、说话人的口气来判断。

He wrote a novel. 他写了一部小说。

I didn’t expect you were waiting for us. 我没预料到你正在等我们。

3．used to do sth. 意为“过去常常做某事”，暗含“现在不做了”之意。be used to do sth. 意为“被用于做某事”，不定式表示目的，可用于多种时态。be used to doing sth. 习惯做某事。

He used to get up early . 过去他总是早起。（现在不这样了）

He will be used to getting up early . 他将会习惯早起。

Wood is used to make paper. 木材被用来造纸。

（三）一般将来时

1、表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常用的时间状语有later(on), soon, in a month, next time, from now on, tomorrow等。

I shall be eighteen years old next year. 明年我就十八岁了。

He will not go to the airport to meet her this afternoon. 今天下午他不去机场接她。

2、一般将来时的其它表示形式

（1）一般现在时表将来

①按照计划或时刻表要发生的事情。

The new library opens next month. 新图书馆下月开放。

The plane takes off at 3:00 P.m. 飞机于下午三点起飞。

②在条件状语从句和时间状语从句中用一般现在时表将来。

If you leave tomorrow , I’ll see you at the airport. 如果你明天走，我到机场送你。

When she comes, I’ll tell her about it. 她来时我将把这件事告诉她。

（2）现在进行时表将来

现在进行时表示将来，往往是指计划好或准备要做的事。一些表示动作转换的终止性动词，如go, come, leave, start, begin，stay，take off，arrive等，或者也称为位移性动词，其进行时表示马上要做某事。

I’m taking the kids to the zoo this Sunday. 这个周日我将带孩子们去动物园。

He is leaving school in one year’s time.他一年后就要毕业了。

（3）be to do sth结构表示计划中约定的或按职责、义务和要求必须去做的事或即将发生的动作。

The president is to visit Japan in May.主席将于五月访问日本。

I’m to get married next year. 我明年结婚。

（4）be about to do. 结构表示“刚要做某事，马上要做某事，正要做某事”，强调动作即将发生（不跟表将来的时间状语连用）。

We are about to discuss this problem.我们将马上讨论这个问题。

They were about to leave when the telephone rang. 他们正要离开时电话响了。

3、will和be going to的区别。

（1）will多表示带意愿色彩的将来或客观上将来要发生的事，也可表示临时做出决定将要做的事。

I will stay with you and help you. 我会和你一起并且帮助你。

—You have left the light on. 你还开着灯呢。

— Oh, so I have. I will go and turn it off. 哦，确实是的。我马上去关掉它。

（2）be going to常用于口语中，主要用来表示将发生的动作或存在的状态、打算或准备要做的事或根据某种迹象判断可能将要发生的事。

There’s going to be an English film this evening. 今晚有一场英文电影。

Look at those clouds. It’s going to rain. 看那些乌云，要下雨了。

（四）现在完成时

1、表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常与already, ever, never, just ,yet等副词连用。

I have just finished my homework. 我刚刚完成我的家庭作业。

He has been to Germany. 他去过德国。

2、表示从过去某时刻开始，持续到现在的动作或情况，并且有可能会继续持续下去，此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点，或for加一段时间，或加一个现在时间。

I have known him for three years. 我认识他三年了。

He has lived here since 1995.他自1995年以来就住在这儿。

【注意】（1）因为含有for加一段时间或since加一时间点这样的时间状语的完成时，有延续性的特点，所以不能使用瞬间动词。

My sister has been married for 5 years.我姐姐结婚五年了。

My sister has married. Don’t disturb her. 我姐姐已经结婚了。不要打扰她。

（2）在This/That/It is the first/second/third/..time that..句型里，从句要用现在完成时。

This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition. 这是我公司产品第二次参加国际展览会。

（3）句型It is/has been...since..所使用的两种时态都正确。

It is/has been 10 years since I last saw him. 从我上次见到他以来已经有10年了。

（五）过去完成时

1、过去完成时是一个相对时态，表示过去的过去，只有在两个过去发生的动作相比较时才可显示出来。

When we got to the station, the train had left.

2、过去完成时表示截止到过去某一时间已经完成的动作。

By the end of last month, we had reviewed four books. 截止到上个月末，我们已经复习了四本书。

3、表示思维的动词用过去完成时，意为“原本······（但事与愿违）”。

I had thought that he would win. 我原以为他能赢。

We had believed that he could tell the truth. 我们原本相信他能够说实话。

（六）现在进行时

1、现在进行时表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作。

Listen, someone is crying. 听，有人在哭。

What are you doing these days? 这些天你们在干什么？

2、有时，现在进行时也与always等副词连用，表示反复出现的习惯性动作，用以表达说话人赞扬、讨厌等情绪。

He is always asking the same question. 他总是问同一个问题。（厌烦）

3、动词go, come, leave, arrive, start, begin, end等表将要发生的动作时也用现在进行时。

They are leaving for Shanghai. 他们将动身去上海。

4、状态动词be, have, belong to, remember, know, love, like, prefer, remember, forget, hope, wish, want, see, hear, find, feel等一般不用于进行时。

Do you know where he is? 你知道他在哪儿吗？

（七）过去进行时

1、表示在过去某一时刻或过去一段时间内正在发生的动作。

I was doing my homework at this time yesterday. 昨天的这个时候我正在做作业。

2、如果when, while这样的时间状语引导词所引导的主从句之一是一般过去时，则另一个句子常用过去进行时。

I was washing my hair when you knocked at the door. 你敲门的时候我正在洗头发。

【辨析】现在完成时与一般过去时

现在完成时是联系过去和现在的纽带，它强调过去的动作对现在的影响；一般过去时只表示过去的某个具体时间里发生的动作，与现在没有联系。试比较：

He has worked in that hospital for 8 years. (表示他从过去开始工作，一直工作到现在，可能现在仍在那家医院工作。)

他已经在那家医院里工作了8年。

He worked in that hospital for 8 years. (这只是讲述一个过去的事实，表示他现在已经不在那家医院了。)

他曾经在那家医院工作了8年。

Have you had your lunch? 你吃午饭了吗？

What did you have for lunch? 你午饭吃的是什么？

I have ever been to the Great Wall, and I went there last summer. 我去过长城，我去年夏天去的。

Exercises:

1. —I took a photo of you just now.

—Really? Iwith attention.

A. didn’t look B. wasn’t looking C. am not looking D. have’t looked

2. —You haven’t said a word about my new hair-style. What do you think of it?

— I’m sorry I anything about it sooner. I certainly think it’s pretty.

A. don't say B. wasn’t saying C. didn’t say D. haven’t said

3. —Can I help you, Madam.

— No, thanks, I .

A. have just looked around B. just look around

C. am just looking around D. just looked around

4. —That famous cherry tree because of pollution.

—Yes, we have to do something to save it.

A. has died B. had died C. is died D. is dying

5. She ought to stop reading; she has a headache because she too long.

A. had read B. read C. is reading D. has been reading

6. —You’re talking too much.

—Only at home. No one me but you.

A. is hearing B. had heard C. hears D. heard

7. —What have you been doing? I asked you a question. Why didn’t you answer?

—Sorry, Ito the news on the radio.

A. listened B. have listened C. was listening D. had listened

8. —You should have told him the date earlier.

—I, but he forgot about it.

A. did B. have C. had D. should have

9. —You could have asked Tom for help, for he is good at physics.

—Really? Oh, a whole night,Why didn’t you tell me earlier?

A. is wasted B. was wasted C. had wasted D. has wasted

10. The thief tried to break away from the policeman whohim but failed.

A. held B. had held C. would hold D. was holding

11. Youexercises at your desk! Why not take some exercise?

A. always do B. are always doing C. have always done D. have always been doing

12. —What were you up to when she dropped in?

—Ifor a while andsome reading.

A. was playing; was going to go B. played; did

C. had played; was going to go D. had played; did

用括号中动词的适当形式填空。

1.It is the fourth time that Mike(travel) to China.

2.He (not finish)the work by the end of last month.

3.LiMing(know) him since then.

4.I (receive) a letter from my brother last night.

5.We (be ) to London many times before we left England.

6.How longyou(learn) English by the end of this term?

7.—He (live) in this city since he(leave) his hometown..

—When did he(leave) there?

—Hethere three years ago.

8.—His father (be) in the Party for years.

—When he(join) the Party?

—He (join) the Party in 1996.

9.—It (rain )for such a long time!

—Whenit (rain)?

—It(rain) 3 hours ago.

10.I(hope)to be back last night, but I(not catch) the train.

11.—Hello, may I speak to John?

—(speak).

动词的语态

语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。

主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。

（1） 被动语态

1） 用法

A． 不知道动作的执行者是谁。

B． 没有必要指出动作的执行者

C． 强调动作的承受着。

（2）被动语态的构成及用法

1) 被动语态最基本的句型结构是： be +及物动词过去分词

一般现在时：is/am/are+done

一般过去时:was/were+done

现在进行时:is/am/are+being+done

过去进行时:was/were+being+done

一般将来时:will+be+done

过去将来时:would+be+done

现在完成时:have/has+been+done

过去完成时:had+been +done

2) 被动语态中的谓语动词一定要是及物动词

因为被动句中的主语是动作的承受者，某些短语动词如look after, think of, take care of, work out, laugh at等，也可用于被动语态。

The children were taken good care of by her.

【注意】

短语动词中的介词或副词变成被动语态时不可遗漏。

3) 主动语态变为被动语态要加“to”的情况

若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加“to”。此类动词为感官动词，如：feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch等。例如：

The teacher made me go out of the classroom.

I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).

4) 主动形式表示被动意义

1）如wash, clean, cut, read, wear, draw, write, sell等动词虽然用做主动形式却表示被动的意义。例如：

The pen writes smoothly.

2） 感官动词如feel，look，smell，taste，sound等直接跟形容词作表语。

The food tastes good.

非谓语动词（只简要介绍初中部分内容，在高中阶段非谓语动词是重要语法项目，同学们要努力掌握）

对非谓语动词的考点是：感官动词后不定式作宾语补足语和动词ing形式作宾语补足语的用法；一些特殊动词的动词不定式作宾语补足语时不带to，但变为被动语态时就要带to；有些动词既可接不定式也可接动词ing形式作宾语，但表达的意思不同。这些都是历年中考的重点。

（1）非谓语动词的形式

非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式。 动词的非谓语形式分为动名词，分词，动词不定式。

（2）不定式作宾语补足语

Father will not allow us to play on the street.

（3）不定式作目的状语

He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.

（4）用不定式和分词作补足语都可以的动词

这样的动词有感官动词如：see, hear, look, notice, observe, feel等，使役动词如：have, make, leave, keep, get等。接不定式表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性。

I saw him work in the garden yesterday.

昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调“我看见了”这个事实)

I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（强调“我见他正干活”这个动作）

昨天我见他正在花园里干活。

（5）用不带to不定式的情况

使役动词如： let, have, make等和感官动词如： see, watch, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。在被动语态中则to不能省掉。

（6）接动名词与不定式意义不同

1) stop to do　停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。

stop doing　停止做某事。

2) forget to do　忘记要去做某事。　 (未做)

forget doing　忘记做过某事。　　 (已做)

3) remember to do 记得去做某事。　 (未做)

remember doing　记得做过某事。 (已做)

4) try to do　　努力，企图做某事。

try doing　 试验，试着做某事。

5) go on to do　做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。

go on doing　 继续做原来做的事。

6) mean to do　 打算、想

mean doing　意味着

4. 容易混淆的常用动词的辨析

(1) say, speak, talk, tell的用法。

1) say表示讲话，作为及物动词使用，后跟宾语或宾语从句。

He said he would go there.

It's time to leave. We have to say goodbye to you.

2)speak表示“讲话”，一般作为不及物动词使用，而有时作为及物动词后面跟上各种语言作为宾语。

Do you speak English?

May I speak to Mr Pope, please?

3) talk表示“谈话”，是不及物动词，与to , about, with等连用，才可宾语。

What are you talking about?

Mr Jackson is talking with my father in the office now.

4) tell 表示“告诉，讲述”是及物动词，可以带双宾语或复合宾语。

She told us an interesting story yesterday.

My teacher told me that we would have an English exam the next month.

(2) look, see, watch和watch的用法。

1) look强调“看”这个动作，是不及物动词，常与at连用，然后接宾语。

Look! The girl is swimming in the lake.

Look at the picture carefully. Can you find something unusual?

2) see 指“看见”某物，强调的是结果。

They can't see the words on the blackboard.

Does Lily often go to see a film on Sunday?

3) watch 指的是“观看”，“注视”之意。

The twins are watching TV now.

He will go to watch a volleyball match.

4） read指“看书”、“看报”、“阅读”之意。

Don't read in the sun.

I like to read newspapers when I am free.

(3) borrow, lend和keep的区别。

1) borrow意思为“借入”，常常与from连用，是非延续性动词，表示瞬间即能完成的动作。

Meimei borrowed a book from the library just now.

May I borrow your dictionary?

2) lend 是“借出”之意，常常与to连用，同borrow一样，是非延续性动词，只表示瞬间即能完成的动作。

Uncle Wany has lent his car to Mr Li.

Could you lend us your radio, please?

3) keep是“保存”的意思，动作可以延续。

How long can the recorder be kept?

The farmer kept the pat for two weeks.

(4) bring, take, carry 和get的用法。

1) bring意思为“拿来”、“带来”。指将某物或某人从别处“带来”。

Bring me the book, please.

May I bring Jim to see you next Saturday?

2) take意思是“拿走”，“带走”，把某物或某人从这里“带来”或“拿到”某处之意。

It looks like rain. Take a raincoat with you.

Mother took the little girl to the next room.

3) carry 是“带着、搬运、携带”的意思，指随身携带，有背着、扛着、抱着、提着的含义，不表明来去的方向。

Do you always carry a handbag?

The box is heavy. Can you carry it?

4) get是去某处将某物拿回来。

Please go to my office to get some chalk.

There is no water in the bottle. Why not get some?

(5) wear, put on和dress的区别

1) wear是“穿着”“戴着”的意思，可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽子、戴手套、佩戴首饰等，强调“穿着”的状态。

Tom always wears black shoes.

He wears a raincoat even when it is fine.

She doesn't like to wear a red flowers in her hair.

2) put on是“穿上”“戴上”的意思，可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽等。着重于穿戴的动作。

It's cold. You'd better put on your coat.

He put on his hat and went out of the room.

3) dress可以作及物动词和不及物动词，有“穿着”“打扮”的意思。作“穿着”解时，只用于穿衣服，不用于穿鞋、戴帽、戴手套。作为及物动词用时，它的宾语是人，不是衣服。dress sb. （给某人穿衣服），而wear作“穿着”用时，也是及物动词，但它的宾语是物，不是人，即wear sth.（穿着衣物）。

She always dresses well.

Get up and dress quickly.

Mary is dressing her child.

(6) take, spend 和use的用法。

1) take指做某事用多少时间，句型是：It takes/took/ will take + sb. +some time + to do sth.

It took me three days to finish the work.

It will take you a while week to travel thought the forest.

It takes only one hour to fly to Shanghai.

2) spend指某人在某事（物）上花费时间或钱。句型是：

Someone spends + money/time + on something(in) doing sth.

She spent more than 500 yuan on that coat.

He didn't spend much time on his lessons.

He spent much time (in) correcting students' exercises.

Mother spent her evenings (in) washing clothes.

3) use表示使用工具、手段等。

Do you know how to use the computer?

Shall we use your car?

(7)reach, get 和arrive的区别。

1) reach是及物动词，后面要直接跟表示地点的名词作宾语。

After the train had left, they reached the station

We reached the top of the mountain at last.

2) get是不及动词，常与to连用，再接名词，后面接表示地点的副词时，不用to，get to常用于口语中。

When the students got to the cinema, the film had begun.

My sister was cooking when mother got home.

3) arrive是不及物动词，表示到达一个小地方时，用arrive at, 到达一个大地方时用arrive in。

The soldiers arrived at a small village

The foreigners will arrive in Shanghai tomorrow.

【演练】

1. Listen! Some of the girls ________ about Harry Potter. Let’s join them.

A. are talking B. talk

C. will talk D. talked

2. Our teacher, Miss Chen, ________English on the radio the day before yesterday.

A. teaches B. taught

C. will teach D. had taught

3. I don’t think I _________ you in that dress before.

A. have seen B. was seeing

C. saw D. see

4. Susan’s parents have bought a large house with a swimming pool. It _______ be very expensive.

A. must B. can C. mustn’t D. can’t

5. Coffee is ready. How nice it ________ ! Would you like some?

A. looks B. smells C. sounds D. feels

6. “ Mr. Zhu, you’d better _______ too much meat. You are already over weight,” said the doctor.

A. not to eat B. to eat C. not eat D. eat

7. “Don’t always make Michael ________ this or that. He is already a big boy, dear,” Mr. Bush said to his wife.

A. do B. to do C. does D. did

8. Sorry, I can’t hear you clearly. Will you please ________ your E-mail address? I’ll write it down.

A. review B. recite C. report D. repeat

9. Don’t ________ your coat, Tom! It’s easy to catch cold in spring.

A. take away B. take off C. take down D. take out

10. You _______ go and ask Meimei. She _______ know the answer.

A. must; can B. must; may C. need; can D. can; may

11. I’m sorry you’ve missed the train. It ________ 10 minutes ago.

A. left B. has left C. had left D. has been left

12. I bought a new dictionary and it ________ me 30 yuan.

A. paid B. spent C. took D. cost

13. ---Mum, may I go out and play basketball?

---_______ you _______ your homework yet?

A. Do; finish B. Are; finishing C. Did; finishing D. Have; finished

14. I have to go now. Please remember to ________ the lights when you leave.

A. turn off B. turn down C. turn up D. turn on

15. A talk on Chinese history ________ in the school next week.

A. be given B. has been given C. will be given D. will give

16. Look! How heavy the rain is! You’d better ________.

A. don’t go now B. stay here when it stops

C. not leave until it stops D. not to leave at once

17. You may go fishing if your work ________.

A. is done B. will be done C. has done D. have done

18. Cotton _______ nice and soft.

A. is felt B. is feeling C. feel D. feels

19. ---Who cleaned the blackboard yesterday, Dick?

---John _________.

A. cleaned B. does C. did D. is

20. ---Linda had nothing for breakfast this morning, _______?

---No. She got up too late.

A. had she B. hadn’t she C. did she D. didn’t she

【练习答案】

1.A 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.B 6.C 7.A 8.D 9.B 10.D 11.A 12.D 13.D 14.A 15.C 16.C 17.A 18.D 19.C 20.C

第七章 复合句（宾语从句、状语从句、定语从句）

宾语从句考点集汇，讲解和训练

一. 宾语从句的种类

宾语从句是一种名词性从句，在句中作及物动词的宾语，或介词的宾语，或形容词的宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词，宾语从句可分为三类。

1. 由that引导的宾语从句。That只有语法作用，没有实在的意义，在口语

和非正式文体中可以省略。例如：

He said (that) he wanted to stay at home.

She doesn’t know (that) she is seriously ill.

I am sure (that) he will succeed.

2. 由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when, where, why, how引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。例如：

Do you know who (whom) they are waiting foe?

He asked whose handwriting was the best.

Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is?

I don’t know why the train is late.

3. 由if或whether引导的宾语从句。If和whether在句中的意思是“是否”。例如：

I want to know if (whether) he lives there.

He asked me whether (if) I could help him.

二. 宾语从句的语序

宾语从句的语序应为陈述句的语序。例如：

I hear (that) physics isn’t easy.

I think (that) you will like this school soon.

Can you tell me how I can get to zoo?

Please tell me when we’ll have the meeting.

三. 宾语从句的时态

1. 如果主句的时态是一般现在时，宾语从句该用什麽时态就用什麽时态。例如：

I don’t think (that) you are right.

Please tell us where he is.

Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station?

2. 如果主句的时态是一般过去时，宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态（一般过去时， 过去进行时， 过去将来时，过去完成时）。例如：

He asked what time it was.

He told me that he was preparing for the sports meet.

He asked if you had written to Peter.

He said that he would go back to the U.S. soon.

3. 如果宾语从句所陈述的是客观真理，其时态常用一般现在时。例如：

Our teacher said that January is the first month of the year.

Scientists have proved that the earth turns around the sun.

【演练】

1. Do you know _______ during the coming summer holiday?

A. what will Tom do B. what did Tom do

C. what Tom will do D. what Tom did

2. I want to know_________.

A. what is his name B. what’s his name

C. that his name is D. what his name is

3. Do you know ________ I could pass the exam?

A. that B. whether C. what D. which

4. Jim doesn’t understand ____________.

A. which is the way to the museum

B. why his wife always goes shopping

C. what is the way to the museum

D. why does she always go shopping

5. ---Could you tell me ______ she is looking for?

A. that B. whose C. who D. which

6. Mr. King didn’t know _______ yesterday evening.

A. when does his son come home

B. when his son comes home

C. when did his son come home

D. when his son came home

7. Could you tell me _______ the bike this morning?

A. how does he mend B. how he mends

C. how he mended D. how did he mend

8. ---I’m waiting for the mail. Do you know ________ it will arrive?

---Usually it comes by 4: 00.

A. how B. where C. when D. what

9. ---Excuse me, would you please tell me ________?

---Certainly. Go straight along here. It’s next to a hospital.

A. how we can get to the post office

B. how can we get to the post office

C. how get to the post office

D. how could we get to the post office

10. ---Can I help you?

---Yes. I’d like a ticket to Mount Emei. Can you tell me ______ take to get there?

A. how soon will it B. how soon it will

C. how long it will D. how long will it

11. He wanted to know ___________.

A. whether he speaks at the meeting

B. when the meeting would start

C. what he’s going to do at the meeting

D. where would the meeting be held

12. ---Could you tell me _________ the Bamboo Garden?

---The day after tomorrow, I think.

A. when will you visit B. when you will visit

C. when would you visit D. when you would visit

13. Would you please tell me _________ next, Mr Wang?

A. what should we do B. we should do what

C. what we should do D. should we do what

14. You can’t imagine _________ when they received these nice Christmas presents.

A. how they were excited B. how excited they were

C. how excited were they D. they were how excited

15. I want to know ________ you will come back at 8:00 tomorrow.

A. that B. when C. where D. whether

16. ---Could you tell me ____________?

---Sorry, I don’t know. I was not at the meeting.

A. what does he say at the meeting

B. what did he say at the meeting

C. what he says at the meeting

D. what he said at the meeting

17. ---Could you tell me _________ last night?

---Er, I was watching Euro 2004 at home.

A. what you were doing B. what were you doing

C. what you are doing D. what are you doing

18. The teacher asked the students __________.

A. if they were interested in dinosaurs

B. when was Albert Einstein born

C. what they will do with the computers

D. how many trees they have planted

19. Every morning the patients are asked if ________ their temperature taken.

A. they had had B. have they had

C. they have had D. had they had

20. It’s up to you to decide _______ you’ll go there, by air or by road.

A. how B. why C. that D. when

【练习答案】

1.C 2.D 3.B 4.B 5.C 6.D 7.C 8.C 9.A 10.C 11.B 12.B 13.C 14.B 15.D 16.D 17.A 18.A 19.C 20.A

状语从句的考点集汇，讲解和训练

【名师点睛】

用来修饰主句中的动词，副词和形容词的从句叫状语从句。根据其含义状语从句可分为时间状语从句，地点状语从句，条件状语从句， 原因状语从句，结果状语从句，比较状语从句，目的状语从句，让步状语从句。

1. 时间状语从句

(1)时间状语从句常用when, as, while, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as等连词来引导。例如：

It was raining hard when got to school yesterday.

While he was doing his homework, the telephone rang.

As he walked along the lake, he sang happily.

He had learned a little Chinese before he came to China.

After he finished middle school, he went to work in a factory.

(2)在时间状语从句里，通常不用将来时态，用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如：

I’ll ring you up as soon as I get to New York.

I will tell him everything when he comes back.

He won’t believe it until he sees it with his own eyes.

(3)在带有till或until引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句里，如果主句用肯定式，其含义是“一直到……时”，谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式，其含义是“直到……才……”, “在……以前不……”, 谓语动词可用瞬间动词。例如：

The young man read till the light went out.

Let’s wait until the rain stops.

We won’t start until Bob comes.

Don’t get off until the bus stops.

2. 条件状语从句

(1)条件状语从句通常由if, unless引导。例如：

What shall we do if it snows tomorrow?

Don’t leave the building unless I tell you to.

(2)在条件状语从句里，谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如：

I’ll help you with your English if am free tomorrow.

He won’t be late unless he is ill.

(3)“祈使句 + and (or)+ 陈述句” 在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。例如：

Hurry up, or you’ll be late.

=If you don’t hurry up, you’ll be late.

Study hard and you will pass the exam.

=If you study hard, you will pass the exam.

3. 原因状语从句

(1)原因状语从句通常由because, since, as引导。例如：

He didn’t come to school because he was ill.

As it is raining, we shall not go the zoo.

Since you can’t answer the question, I’ll ask someone else.

(2)because表示直接原因，语气最强。Because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。回答由why提出的问题，只能用because。As和since语气较弱，一般用来表示明显的原因。由as和since引导的原因状语从居多放在句首。例如：

------Why aren’t going there?

------Because I don’t want to.

As he has no car, he can’t get there easily.

Since we have no money, we can’t buy it.

(3)because和so不能同用在一个句子里。

4. 结果状语从句

(1)结果状语从句由so…that, such…that, so that引导。例如：

He is so poor that he can’t buy a bike for his son.

She is such a good teacher that everybody likes her.

My pencil fell under the desk, so that I couldn’t see it.

(2)so…that语such...that可以互换。例如：

在由so...that引导的结果状语从句中，so是副词，与形容词连用。其结构是: “...so + 形容词（副词）+ that + 从句”。例如：

He was so glad that he couldn’t say a word.

The hall is so big that it can hold 2,000 people.

Mother lives so far away that we hardly ever see her.

在由such…that引导的结果状语从句中，such是形容词，它修饰的可以是单数或复数可数名词，也可以是不可数名词；名词前面可以带形容词，也可不带。如果是单数可数名词，前面需加不定冠词a或an。例如：

It was such a hot day that nobody wanted to do anything.

He had such long arms that he could almost touch the ceiling.

He made such rapid progress that he did very well in the mid-term.

有时上述两种结构是可以互换的。例如：

It was such a wonderful film that all of us wanted to see it again.

=The film was so wonderful that all of us wanted to see it again.

It is such an important match that nobody wants to miss it.

=The match is so important that nobody wants to miss it.

(3)如果名词前由many, much, little, few等词修饰时，只能用so, 不用such。例如：

Soon there were so many deer that they ate up all the wild roses.

He has so little time that he can’t go to the cinema with you.

5. 比较状语从句

比较状语从句通常由as…as, 比较级 + than…等连词引导。例如：

Tom runs faster than John does.

This classroom is as big as that one.

6. 目的状语从句

(1)目的状语从句通常由 so that, in order that引导。例如：

We started early so that we could catch the first train.

He studies hard so that he could work better in the future.

We used the computer in order that we might save time.

(2)so that既可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句。区别这两种从句的办法有两个：1)目的状语从句里往往带有情态动词can, could, may, might等。2)从意思上看，目的状语从句往往表示的目的很明确。例如：

Speak clearly so that they may understand you. (目的状语从句)

Jack is badly ill so that he has to rest. (结果状语从句)

7. 让步状语从句

(1)让步状语从句通常由although, though等连词引导。例如：

Though he is young, he knows a lot.

Although I am tired, I must go on working.

(2)although(though)不能用在同一个句子中。例如：

我们不能说：Though it was raining hard, but he still went out.

应该说：Though it was raining hard, he still went out.或It was raining hard, but he still went out.

8. 地点状语从句

地点状语从句常常由where来引导。例如：

Go where you like.

Where there is a will, there is a way.

【演练】

一. 单项填空

1. _______ he’s old, he can still carry this heavy bag.

A. Though B. Since C. For D. So

2. ---Do you know if he _______ to play basket ball with us?

---I think he will come if he ______ free tomorrow.

A. comes; is B. comes; will be C. will come; is D. will come; will be

3. In the zoo if a child _____ into the water and can’t swim, the dolphins may come up ______ him.

A. will fall; to help B. falls; to help

C. will fall; help D. falls; helping

4. I don’t remember ________ he worked in that city when he was young.

A. what B. which C. where D. who

5. We will stay at home if my aunt ________ to visit us tomorrow.

A. comes B. come C. will come D. is coming

6. The police asked the children _______ cross the street ________ the traffic lights turned green.

A. not; before B. don’t; when C. not to; until D. not; after

7. I was late for class yesterday _______ there was something wrong with my bike.

A. when B. that C. until D. because

8. I’ll go swimming with you if I ________ free tomorrow.

A. will be B. shall be C. am D. was

9. In the exam, the ________ you are, ______ the _______ mistakes you will make.

A. careful; little B. more careful; fewest

C. more careful; fewer D. more careful; less

10. You should finish your lessons _______ you go out to paly.

A. before B. after C. when D. while

11. I hurried _____ I wouldn’t be late for class.

A. since B. so that C. as if D. unless

12. When you read the book, you’d better make a mark _______ you have any questions.

A. which B. that C. where D. though

13. The teacher raised his voice _______ all the students could hear him.

A. for B. so that C. because D. in order

14. He took off his coat _______ he felt hot.

A. because B. as C. if D. since

15. It is ______ that we’d like to go out for a walk.

A. a lovely day B. too lovely a day

C. so lovely a day D. such lovely a day

16. Mary had ______ much work to do that she stayed at her office all day.

A. such B. so C. too D. very

17. _______ I felt very tired, I tried to finish the work.

A. Although B. Because C. As D. As if

18. ______ the day went on, the weather got worse.

A. With B. Since C. While D. As

19. ______ well you can drive, you must drive carefully.

A. So long as B. In order that

C. No matter how D. The moment

20. Write to me as soon as you ________ to Beijing.

A. will get B. get C. getting D. got

【练习答案】

1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.C 7.D 8.C 9.C 10.A 11.B 12.C 13.B 14.A 15.C 16.B 17.A 18.D 19.C 20.B

定语从句的考点集汇，讲解和训练

一. 定语从句的功用和结构

在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定从句修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。例如：

This is the present that he gave me for my birthday.

Do you know everybody who came to the party?

I still remember the night when I first came to the village?

This is the place where Chairman Mao once lived.

二. 关系代词和关系副词的功用

关系代词和关系副词用来引导定于从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系待客做主语，宾语，定语，关系副词可作状语。

1. 作主语：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。例如：

I don’t like people who talk much but do little.

The cars which are produced in Hubei Province sell very well.

2. 作宾语：

She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday.

The book that my grandmother gave me is called “The Great Escape”.

3. 作定语

关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。例如：

What’s the name of the young man whose sister is a doctor?

The girl whose father is a teacher studies very hard.

4. 作状语

I’ll never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.

This is the house where I was born.

三. 各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法

1. who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。例如：

The person who broke the window must pay for it.

The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever.

2. whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语。例如：

Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate？

Mr Lee (whom) you want to see has come.

3. whose 指人，在定语从句中作定语。例如：

The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.

I know the boy whose father is a professor.

4. which指物，在定语从中作主语或宾语。例如：

A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.

Here is the book (which) the teacher mentioned yesterday.

5. that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。例如：

I’ve read the newspaper that(which) carries the important news.

Who is the person that is reading the newspaper over there?

6. when 指时间，在定语从句中作状语。例如：

I’ll never forget the time when we worked on the farm.

He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left.

7. where 指地点，在定语从句中作状语。例如：

This is the house where we lived last year.

The factory where his father works is in the east of the city.

四. 关系代词 whom， which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间，有时为了关系紧凑也可以将 whom 与 which 与先行词紧挨着书写，而将介词置于定语从句的后面，如：

That was the room in which we had lived for ten years. = That was the room

which we had lived in for ten years.

五. 具体使用时还要注意下列问题：

1. 只能使用that,不用which 的情况：

(1) 先行词是all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代词时。

例如：

All that he said is true.

(2) 先行词被only, no, any, all,等词修饰时。例如：

He is the only foreigner that has been to that place.

(3) 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。例如：

He was the second (person) that told me the secret.

(4) 先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。

This is the best book (that) I have read this year.

(5) 先行词既包括人又包括物时。例如：

He talked about the people and the things he remembered.

2. 只能用which，不用that 的情况：

(1) 在非限制性定语从中。例如：

The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted.

(2) 定语从句由介词+关系代词引导，先行词是物时。例如：

The thing about which he is talking is of great importance.

【演练】

1. ---Who is the man _______ was talking to our English teacher?

---Oh! It’s Mr Baker, our maths teacher.

A. he B. that C. whom D. which

2. I hate the people ________ don’t help others when they are in trouble.

A. who B. which C. they D. where

3. The foreigner _________ visited our school is from Canada.

A. which B. when C. who D. whom

4. George Mallory was an English school teacher _______ loved climbing.

A. who B. whom C. he D. which

5. This is the place _____I have ever visited.

A. there B. when C. where D. which

6. Nobody knows the reason ______ she didn’t come to the meeting.

A. that B. which C. why D. when

7. The moon is a world ______ there is no life.

A. that B. which C. where D. why

8. He has forgotten the day _______ he arrived.

A. when B. where C. that D. which

9. He still remembers the days ______ he spent with your family.

A. when B. where C. that D. on which

10. Mr. White, ______ car had been stolen, came to the policeman.

A. who B. that C. whose D. which

11. He got to the village _______ his family once lived before liberation.

A. that B. which C. when D. where

12. This is the house _______ I want to buy.

A. in which B. that C. whose D. where

13. This is the house _______ our beloved Premier Zhou once lived and worked.

A. which B. that C. when D. where

14. He didn’t tell me the place _______ he was born.

A. that B. which C. when D. where

15. He lived in a small village, ______ was a long way from the railway station.

A. that B. which C. where D. when

【练习答案】

1.B 2.A 3.C 4.A 5.D 6.C 7.C 8.A 9.C 10.C 11.D 12.B 13.D 14.D 15.B

第八章 高考试卷组成及题型介绍

高考试卷由以下部分组成：

第一卷（1）听力(30分)

（2）单项填空（15分）

（3）完型填空（30分）

（4）阅读理解（40分）

第二卷（5）短文改错（10分）

（6）书面表达（25分)