Training and Practice for English for Academic Purposes
Part I
1. Discuss the following questions.
What are basic principles the researchers must try to follow when they write their research papers? And would you please list some deadly sins a researcher must avoid when they want to publish a research paper? What are the main contents of a research paper?
2. Translate the following Chinese introduction into English.
提高起重机生产力和安全性的设备研究
近些年来，就用研究人员对起重机(crane)的研究兴趣与日俱增。起重机种类繁多，从樱桃采摘机(cherry pickers)到巨型塔式起重机(huge tower cranes) ，是建筑工地不可或缺的重要设备之一。由于建筑用起重机工作环境多变(constantly changing working environment), 操作者(operator)责任重大(heavy reliance)。过去几十年里，超重机技术日新月异，但是操作员与其他工种人员配合协作方面的技术发展缓慢。起重机的发展步伐如此迅猛，我们似乎要问，在某些方面，是不是已经超出(outstrip)了人们安全使用的能力？本文旨在探讨如何通过新型设备的引进提高起重机生产力以及提出相关安全性的举措，进而为新型起重机的应用和案例提供新的思路。
In recent years, researchers have become more interested in crane research.The variety of cranes, from cherry pickers to giant tower cranes, is one of the most important equipment on construction sites.As a result of the changing working environment of the construction crane, operator is responsible for heavy reliance.Over the past few decades, the technology of overweight machines has been changing rapidly, but the operators have been slow to cooperate with other workers in collaboration.The pace of development of cranes is so rapid that we seem to be asking whether in some respects, the outstrip has exceeded the ability of people to safely use it.This paper aims to explore how to improve crane productivity and raise related security measures through the introduction of new equipment, so as to provide new ideas for the application and case of new cranes.
3. You are writing a research paper entitled “The Effects of Radiation from the Sun on Life on Earth”. In your introduction you need to review, in general terms, how the sun supports life on the earth. Prepare an Introduction section for your paper based on the information below.
⏹ Distance from the earth: 92,976,000 miles
⏹ The Sun’s energy comes from nuclear fusion of hydrogen to helium.
⏹ Intense radiation, including lethal ultraviolet radiation, arrives at the earth’s outer atmosphere.
⏹ Ozone in the stratosphere protects life on earth from excessive ultraviolet radiation.
⏹ The seasons of the earth’s climate results from (1) the 23.30 tilt of the earth’s axis of rotation from the normal to the plane of the earth’s orbit around the Sun, (2) the large coverage area of water on the earth (about 75% of the earth’s surface), and (3) the rotation of the earth with associated generation of jet-stream patterns.
⏹ Radiation passing through the earth’s atmosphere loses most short-wave radiation, but some arriving at the surface is converted into infrared radiation which is then trapped by water vapor and other tri-atomic molecules in the troposphere and stratosphere, causing global warming.
⏹ Life on earth is maintained from photosynthesis and conversion of carbon dioxide to oxygen by plants.
4. Translate the following parts of sentences in Introduction into proper English.
（1）过去对……的研究工作说明……
The previous work on … has indicated that…
（2）A在1932年做了关于……的早期研究。
Early study on… were reported in 1932 by A.
（3）文献资料未能证明······
Literature failed to prove…
Book:
The data available in literature failed to prove …
（4）在······方面没有相关的发现。
There don’t have any related discoveries in …
（5）此类方法的主要缺点是······
The main defect of this kind of method is…
（6）尽管它们······，但缺点是：更加复杂，成本高，无法大量供应。
Although they…, they are more complicated and costly and cannot be supplied in large quantities.
Despite their …, but the drawback is: more complex, costly, not a lot of supply.
（7）尽管在······方面做了大量研究，但在······方面却少有研究
Although a large amount of research has been done on …, there are few studies on …
（8）近年来对······的研究已引起足够关注。
In recent years, the research of … has attracted enough attention.
（9）本文讨论了计算……的方法。
The article discuss ways to calculate...
（10）本文旨在阐述……
This paper aims to illustrate…
The aim of this paper is to illustrate / elaborate…
（11）研究结果表明……
The results of the research show that…
（12）本文的组织结构如下。第二部分介绍了……第三部分提出新的设计意义。第四部分得出试验结果证实该理论的结论。
This paper is organized as follows.
Section II is a briefintroduction to …
Section III deals with …
Section IV gives new design implications….
Section V concludes with experimental results supporting the theory.
5. Translate the Chinese phrases and sentences in Materials and Methodsinto English.(Pay attention to the tenses and voices)
（1） 本次试验的目的是要确定......, 从而为......方面的研究提供坚实的基础。
The purpose of this experiment is to determine ..., so as to provide a solid foundation / basis for the research of…
（2） 实验中采用两组化合物，第组是......, 包含......和......
Two groups of compositions are used in the experiments. The first group is …, contains … and …
（3） 实验设备主要包括······
Experimental equipmentmainly includes …
（4） 为解决以上问题，本文运用······理论。
In order to solve theabove problems, this paper applies the theory of …
（5） 按以下步骤进行有氧试验。
Aerobic test according to the following steps.
（6） 本文采用的方法与其他方法相比有以下几点不同。
The method uesd in this paper is different from others methods in the following points.
（7） 与其它方法相比，（本方法）的优点是在······方面更准确。
The advantage of (this method) over other methods is that it is more accurate in terms of …
（8） 90名符合以上所述要求的······参加了本项研究。
Ninety … who met the above requirements participated in the study.
6. Prepare a short section of Field Methods on the basis of the following information.
⏹ Maps used: Geologic and topographic maps prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey and South Dakota State Geological Survey.
⏹ Period of field work: April-September, 2013; June, July, 2014.
⏹ Personnel: you, and two Master’s Degree candidate students (they will use this study for their research degree)
⏹ Vehicle: Four-wheel drive Ford suburban
⏹ Equipment: Brunton compasses, plane-table and alidade, aerial photographs and stereo viewers, rock picks, digital cameras, sampling bags and labels.
⏹ Weather conditions during the field work: rain and snow, early April; thunderstorms, July.
7. Complete the following sentences in Resultsby translating the Chinese phrases into English.
（1） （尽管我们研究中的被调查者来自于两个不同的国家），culturally and socially based differences in waiting time response（在···方面的进一步对比是非常有意义的）。
Although the respondents in our study were from two different countries…
The further contrast between the two … is very meaningful.
（2） （今后有关于···的研究）the effective or cognitive process behind consumers evaluations and expectations for waiting time.
Research on … in the future
The purpose of this study is to determine（本次研究的目的是确定）the effects of a guide tube design on the turbine efficiency. Test results show that（试验结果表明）, it can clearly be seen that the guide tube has needs carefully design（经过精心设计）the operating conditions of the cross-flow turbine. The guide tube used in this study will not improve the efficiency of the turbine because（不会提高涡轮机的效率因为）a choking effect.
The purpose of this study is to determine…
Test results show that …
Carefully design…
Will not improve the efficiency of the turbine because
8. Describe the following pie chart based on the information you can see, and then show your results.
Fig. 2 Scientific disciplines for Elsevier publication (2016)
9. Writing an English Conclusion according to the information given.
Overview of the research: New buckling solutions for regular polygonal elliptical, semicircular and annular Mindlin plates under isotropic inplane loads.
Directions for future research: other loading conditions, such as shear loading, partial loadings and non-uniform loadings at the edges; boundary conditions involving point supports, mixed edge conditions and elastic restraints.
10. Translate some of the expressions from Discussion part of a paper.
(1) This research investigated the effects of two different learning methods.
本研究探讨了两种不同学习方法的效果。
(2) The data reported here suggest that the reaction rate may be determined by the mounts of oxygen available.
数据表明，含氧量决定了反应速度。
(3) 最终，我们相信本文提出的设想会在诸如机器人技术等领域有更广泛的应用。
Ultimately, we believe that the proposed vision would have broader application in areas such as robotics.
(4) 然而，对······的要求在实际中存在局限，我们在今后的研究中努力克服该局限。
However, there are practical limitations to the requirements of... and we will try to overcome this limitation in future research.
However, there is a limit of ... requirements in practice, we strive to overcome this limitation in future studies.
(5) 我们相信，将来对······的研究将提高······的性能。
We believe that future research on … will improve the performance of …
(6) The experimental and theoretical values for the yields agree well.
收益率的实验值和理论值是一样的。
(7) 通过引进······可以克服这一缺点，这可以成为将来研究的课题。
This shortcoming can be overcome by introducing …, which can be a subject of future research.
11. Translate the following part of Conclusion into English.
本文对如下问题进行了研究：连接到某网址或下载某网页的等待时间（the waiting time needed to connect with certain websites or to download some web pages）是如何影响人们对所访问因特网的评价的？为了回答这个问题，我们开发了一套概念框架和模型，来描述消费者从上网的经历中是如何受益的（derive utility from the internet experience）。基于Kahneman et al.(等人) (1997)开发的模型，我们认为影响人们对所访问的因特网评价的还有其他受益因素（four different concepts of utility）。为了验证本模型，我们利用计算机进行了四个实验，实验中被调查对象需要对等待某网上杂志（an internet magazine）打开网页进行评价。
This paper studies the following questions: connect to a web site or a web page download latency (the waiting time needed to connect with certain websites or to download some web pages) is a review of how it affects people’s access to the internet?// (How does the waiting time need to connect with certain websites or download some web pages affect people's assessment of Internet access?)To answer this question, we developed a set of conceptual frameworks and models to describe how consumers derive utility from the Internet experience.Based on the model developed by Kahneman et al.1997, we consider four different concepts of utility that affect people’s evaluation of the internet they visit.In order to verify this model, we used the computer to conduct four experiments. In the experiment, respondents were asked to wait for an internet magazine to open a webpage for evaluation.
12. Translate the following part of ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS into English.
感谢国家自然科学基金( National Natural Science Foundation of China，grant LM05110)对本项目的支持，本文的作者对王明礼教授对本手稿详细的阅读并提出有益的建议表示诚挚的谢意。同时非常感谢李佳教授和陈曦博士对数据分析方面给予的支持。作者还要感谢大连造船厂对本研究提供样品所给予的帮助。
Thank you for the National Natural Science Foundation of China (the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant LM05110)supporting this project, the authors of this article professor Ming-Li Wang detailed reading of the manuscript and made useful suggestions to express my sincere gratitude.We also thank professor Li jia and Dr. Chen for their support in data analysis. The authors also thank Dalian shipyard for its assistance in providing samples for this study.
13. Translate the following sentences into English.
(1)The purpose of this study is to investigate the optical properties of aerosol during haze-fog episodes in Beijing.
本研究的目的是研究北京雾霾事件期间气溶胶的光学特性。
(2)The basic concepts and data collected are presented.
展示/介绍了所收集的基本概念和数据。
(3)本文说明了这种技术对核探测的应用。
This paper describes / illustrates the application of this technique to nuclear detection.
(4)本研究的范围涉及DSP的产品和规格。
The scope of this study covers DSP products and specifications.
(5)本文的重点在于核能的和平利用。
This paper focuses on the peaceful use of nuclear energy.
14. Write an abstract of one of your scientific papers about 200 words including title, abstract and key words. （必须完成）
15. Analyze the layout of the following samples in the group：
Abstract:
The purpose of this study is to investigate the optical properties of aerosol during haze-fog episodes in Beijing. The aerosol optical depth (AOD), Angstrom exponent(α), size distribution and single scattering albedo(to) during haze-fog episodes were analyzed between 2002 and 2008 using AERONENT data. During haze-fog episodes, the aerosol optical depth showed a decreasing trend with wavelengths, and showed high values with an average 1.34 at 440 nm. The magnitude of Angstrom exponent was relatively high during haze-fog episodes and the mean values reached 1. 11. The frequency distribution of α was up to 94% when α>0.9, indicating the predominance of fine particles during haze-fog episodes in Beijing. The aerosol volume size distributions presented a bimodal structure (fine and coarse modes). The maxima (peaks) radius of fine mode showed an increasing trend with AOD, however, those of coarse mode showed a decreasing trend with AOD. The size distribution showed a distinct difference in dominant mode for the different AOD. The single scattering albedo showed an increasing trend with AOD during haze-fog episodes in Beijing. The mean value of ω to was 0.89 at the four wavelengths and the ω to exhibited a low sensitivity to wavelengths.
摘要：为了解北京地区雾霾天气条件下大气气溶胶的光学特性,利用2002～2008年AERONET资料分析了雾霾天气期间气溶胶光学厚度、Angstrom波长指数、粒子尺度谱分布和单次散射反照率等气溶胶光学特性参数.结果表明,北京地区雾霾天气期间气溶胶光学厚度表现出较高值,且随波长增大而减小,440 nm时平均气溶胶光学厚度达到1.34.Angstrom波长指数在雾霾天气时也表现出较高值,平均值达到1.11;其中高于0.9的波长指数出现频率达到94%,说明北京雾霾天气期间气溶胶粒子主要以细粒子为主.气溶胶体积尺度谱分布表现出双峰型结构,细模态的平均峰值半径随光学厚度增大而增大,而粗模态的平均峰值半径却随光学厚度增大表现出减小趋势;气溶胶粒子尺度谱中的主模态峰与光学厚度有关.雾霾天气期间平均单次散射反照率达到0.89,且随光学厚度增大表现出依次增大趋势,但对波长变化表现不敏感.
Layout：
Background:
Problem:
Findings:
Method:
Conclusion:
16. Error correction for research paper writing.
Please revise the following incorrect sentences according to what you have learned in academic paper writing.
(1). Sentence Fragments. Make sure each word group you have punctuated as a sentence contains a grammatically complete and independent thought that can stand alone as an acceptable sentence.
（要确保每一个单词组都有一个句子包含一个完整语法和独立的思想可以单独作为一个可接受的句子）
Incorrect: Tests of the Shroud of Turin have produced some curious findings. For example, the pollen of forty-eight plants native to Europe and the Middle East.
Revised:
Tests of the Shroud of Turin have produced some curious findings. For example, the cloth contains the pollen of forty-eight plants native to Europe and the Middle East.
Incorrect: Scientists report no human deaths due to excessive caffeine consumption. Although caffeine does cause convulsions and death in certain animals.
Revised:
Scientists report no human deaths due to excessive caffeine consumption, although caffeine does cause convulsions and death in certain animals.
(2). Sentence Sprawl. Too many equally weighted phrases and clauses produce tiresome sentences.
(句子的扩张。太多的同样权重的短语和从句会产生令人厌烦的句子)
Incorrect: The hearing was planned for Monday, December 2, but not all of the witnesses could be available, so it was rescheduled for the following Friday.
[There are no grammatical errors here, but the sprawling sentence does not communicate clearly and concisely.]
Revised:
The hearing, which had been planned for Monday, December 2, was rescheduled for the following Friday, so witnesses would be able to attend.
(3). Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers. Place modifiers near the words they describe; be sure the modified words actually appear in the sentence.
（错位的冗长句和悬挂修正。将修饰词靠近他们所描述的词;要确保修改过的单词在句子中出现）
Incorrect: When writing a proposal, an original task is set for research.
[Who is writing a proposal?]
Revised:
When writing a proposal, a scholar should set an original task for research.
Incorrect: Many tourists visit Arlington National Cemetery, where veterans and military personnel are buried every day from 9:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m.
Revised:
Every day from 9:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m., many tourists visit Arlington National Cemetery,where veterans and military personnel are buried.
(4). Faulty Parallelism. Be sure you use grammatically equal sentence elements to express two or more matching ideas or items in a series.
（错误的并行性。确保你使用的是语法上相同的句子元素来表达两个或多个匹配的想法或项目。）
Incorrect: The candidateʼs goals includewinning the election, a health program, and education.
Revised:
The candidateʼs goals include winning the election, enacting a health program, and improving the education system.
Incorrect:
Some critics are not so much opposed to capital punishment as postponing it for so long.
Revised:
Some critics are not so much opposed to capital punishment as they are to postponing it for so long.
(5). Unclear Pronoun Reference. Pronouns must clearly refer to definite referents [nouns]. Use it, they, that, these, those, and which carefully to prevent confusion.
（不清楚代词参考。代词必须清楚地指代明确的指称名词。使用它，它们，这些，这些，并且小心地防止混淆。）
Incorrect: Einstein was a brilliant mathematician. This is how he was able to explain the workings of the universe.
Revised:
Einstein, who was a brilliant mathematician, used his ability with numbers to explain the workings of the universe.
Incorrect: Because Senator Martin is less interested in the environment than in economic
development, she sometimes neglects it.
Revised:
Because of his interest in economic development, Senator Martinneglects the environment.
(6). Pronoun Agreement. Be sure that each pronoun agrees in number (singular or plural) with the noun to which it refers (its antecedent or referent).
（代词的协议。确保每个代词在数字(单数或复数)与它所引用的名词(它的前因或指称)上都是一致的）
Incorrect: When a candidate runs for office, they must expect to have their personal life scrutinized.
Revised:
When candidates run for office, they must expect to have their personal life scrutinized.
（当候选人竞选公职时，他们必须期待自己的个人生活被仔细审视。）
Incorrect: According to tenets of the “new urbanism,” everyone needs to consider the relationship of their house to the surrounding community.
Revised:
According to tenets of the “new urbanism,” everyone needs to consider the relationship of his house to the surrounding community.
(7). Incorrect Pronoun Case. Determine whether the pronoun is being used as a subject, object, or possessive in the sentence, and select the pronoun form to match.
（不正确的代词。确定代词在句子中是否被用作主语、宾语或占有物，并选择代词形式来匹配。）
Incorrect: Castroʼs communist principles inevitably led to an ideological conflict between he and President Kennedy.
Revised:
Castroʼs communist principles inevitably led to an ideological conflict between his and President Kennedy.
Incorrect: Because strict constructionists recommend fidelity to the Constitution as written, no one objects more than them to judicial reinterpretation.
（因为严格的建构主义者会把对宪法的忠诚作为书面的，没有人比他们更反对司法的重新解读）
Revised:
Because strict constructionists recommend fidelity to the Constitution as written, no one objects more than they to judicial reinterpretation.
(8). Omitted Commas. Use commas to signal nonrestrictive or nonessential material to prevent confusion, and to indicate relationships among ideas and sentence parts.
（省略逗号。用逗号来表示非限制性或非必需的材料，以避免混淆，并指出思想和句子部分之间的关系）
Incorrect: When it comes to eating people differ in their tastes.
Revised:
When it comes to eating, people differ in their tastes.
Incorrect:The Huns（匈奴） who were Mongolian invaded Gaul in 451. (这句话对的)
Revised: （在公元451年，蒙古人入侵了Gaul）
The Huns, who were Mongolian, invaded Gaul in 451.
(9). Superfluous Commas. Unnecessary commas make sentences difficult to read.
（多余的逗号。不必要的逗号使句子很难读。）
Incorrect: Field trips are required, in several courses, such as, botany and geology.
Revised:
Field trips are required in several courses, such as botany and geology.
Incorrect: The term “scientific illiteracy,” has become almost a cliché in educational circles.
Revised:
The term “scientific illiteracy” has become almost a cliché in educational circles.
(10). Comma Splice. Do not link two independent clauses with a comma (unless you also use a coordinating conjunction and, or, but, for, nor, so yet). Instead use a period or semicolon, or rewrite the sentence. （逗号粘连。不要用逗号连接两个独立的子句(除非你也使用一个协调连接词，或者，或者，但是，也不要用逗号)。相反，用一个句号或分号，或者改写句子。）
Incorrect: In 1952 Japanʼs gross national product was one third that of France, by the late 1970s it was larger than the GNPs of France and Britain combined.
Revised:
In 1952 Japanʼs gross national product was one third that of France. By the late 1970s it was larger than the GNPs of France and Britain combined.
Incorrect: Diseased coronary arteries are often surgically by passed, however half of bypass grafts fail within ten years.
Revised:
Diseased coronary arteries are often surgically by passed; however, half of bypass grafts fail within ten years. (自己改的)
(11). Apostrophe Errors. Apostrophes indicate possessives and contractions but not plurals. Caution: its, your, their, and whose are possessives (but no apostrophes). Itʼs, youʼre, theyʼre, and whoʼs are contractions.
（撇号错误。省略是指占有和收缩，而不是复数。注意:它，你的，它们的，以及它们的拥有者(但是没有任何的省略)。它们是你的，它们是你的，who’s是缩略形式）
Incorrect: In the current conflict its uncertain whoʼs borders their contesting.
Revised:
In the current conflict its uncertain whose borders their contesting.
Incorrect: The Aztecs ritualʼsof renewal increased in frequency over the course of time.
Revised:
The Aztecs’ ritualsof renewal increased in frequency over the course of time.
(12). Words Easily Confused. Effect is most often a noun (the effect) and affect is most often a verb. Other pairs commonly confused: lead/led and accept/except. Check a glossary of usage to find the right choice.
单词容易混淆。效果通常是名词(效果)，而影响通常是动词。其他对的通常是迷惑的:lead/led and accept/except检查使用术语表，以找到正确的选.
Incorrect: The recession had a negative affect on sales.
Revised: The recession had a negative effect on sales.
Incorrect: The laboratory instructor choose not to offer detailed advise.
Revised: The laboratory instructor choose not to offer detailed advice.
若句首出现以based on 开头的过去分词短语，则必须注意过去分词表示的被动行为对象是句子中的主语。然而，在绝大多数以based on 开头的句子中，based on 开头的过去分词短语却不能合理的修饰句子的主语因此本着谨慎的原则，最好使用on the basis of, by, from, according to 或其他词来代替based on。
(13) Based on Eq. (6), it is obtained that…
正：From Eq. (6), it is obtained that…
正：Eq. (6) entails that…
(14) Based on the experimental results, we conclude that …
From / By / According to / On the basis ofthe experimental results, we conclude that …
(15) Based on the conventional method using Lagrange multipliers, the closed form solution can be written as follows.
From / By / According to / On the basis ofthe conventional method using Lagrange multipliers, the closed form solution can be written as follows.
(16) Based on the advanced digital technology, the Nikon Cool Pix 995 camera provides the excellent performance.(这句话是对的)
(17) Let us now examine the case that the mass flow rate of air is smaller than 3 kg/s.
Let us now examine the case where / in which the mass flow rate of air is smaller than 3 kg/s.
(18) Finally, we make a conclusion in section 5.
(19) Finally, we arrive at / reach a conclusion in section 5.
科技论文中，常用“state conclusion”，“draw conclusion”，“present conclusion”这样搭配，而不用“make conclusion”，或“give conclusion”。
(20) We selected the method to solve this problem.
We selected the method for solving this problem.
“Method of /for” is better than “method to do”.
(21) Simulation results are shown in section 3 of the paper.
Simulation results are shown in section 3 in the paper.
Don’t use “show” to mean “提出”.
(22) Although the new process has many advantages, but there are some weak points in it.
(23) A large amount of samples are used for our experiments.
A large number of samples are used in our experiments.
Sample 可数名词
A large amount of + 不可数名词
A large number of + 可数名词
(24) The humidifier does not work anymore.
The humidifier no longer works.
科技论文中，含有“anymore”及否定动词的句子，应该改写成“no longer”。
(25) There are basically two types of new simulation method.
There are two types of new simulation method.
Basically这个词是一个模糊的修饰词，而且是应该加以省略的词，千万不要滥用。
(26) Because of the fact that electricity can change into other forms of energy, it is widely used in industry.
Because electricity can change into other forms of energy, it is widely used in industry.
(27) Because that no machine ever runs without some friction, overcoming that friction wastes energy.
Because no machine ever runs without some friction（摩擦力）, overcoming that friction wastes energy.
(28) Because our home market was too small to support economic lamp production, so we have had to export our products from our earliest days.
Because our home market was too small to support economic lamp production, we have had to export our products from our earliest days.
(29) They will call this installation as Heat Pump Dryer (HPD).
They will call this installation Heat Pump Dryer (HPD).
Call后面不能加as，但是refer to 后面必须加as。
(30) For practical purpose, the wall temperature may be considered as a constant.
For practical purpose, the wall temperature may be considered a constant.
Consider 有两个不同的含义，一个表示“相信”，“视为”，其后不应该加as
另一个意思“评价”“讨论”“考虑” ，后面可以加as。
(31) Figure 10 demonstrates the natural irrational frequencies for trucks.
Figure 10 illustrates the natural irrational frequencies for trucks.
Demonstrates和illustrate，depict，present的含义不同，不能混用。
Demonstrate 表示“清楚示范”之意，即向他人示范如何做某事，另外demonstrate 也有“证明”之意
(32) A kilometer equals to 1000 meters.
A kilometer equals 1000 meters.（老师改的）
A kilometer is equal to 1000 meters.（书上）
Equal为动词时，其后不能紧跟介词。Equal为形容词时，其后必须加上介词to。
(33) First we will give the governing equations in the Cartesian coordinates.
Firstwe will state the governing equations in the Cartesian coordinates.
Give是一个不精确的词，要防止在科技论文中滥用“give”，在大多数情况下，要表达“提出”，“给出”之意，使用state、present、propose，这些词较为精确。
(34) In such case, the results should be different from the previous one.
In such case, the result should be different from that of the previous one.
（不确定）
(35) Ground loops associated with coaxial cables are totally eliminated with fiber optic cables. Because they are dielectric, they do not attract lightning. Nor do they act as antennas. （指代含混）
Ground loops associated with coaxial cables are totally eliminated with fiber optic cables. Because they are dielectric, fiber optic cables do not attract lightning nor do they act as antennas.
(36) The principal processes are:
1. Coagulating and flocculation. 凝固和絮结
2. Removing the solids
3. Nitrogen-removal (氨气)
4. Disinfection.
1. Coagulation and flocculation. 凝固和絮结
2. Removal of the solids
3. Removal of Nitrogen (氨气)
4. Disinfection.
(37) When x increased, the value of the function approaches to zero.
When x increased, the value of the function approaches zero.
Approach 是及物动词
(38) The main steam pressure is assumed as 3 MPa …
The main steam pressure is assumed to be 3 MPa …
Assume as 错
Assume to be 对
(39) Technology never exists in vacuum, it is embodied in products, processes, and people.
Technology never exists in vacuum; it is embodied in products, processes, and people.
(40) Now that the method has been modified, it is used to analyze the chemical heat pump dryer.
Now that the method has been modified, we used to analyze the chemical heat pump dryer.
Make the action-executor clearly known.
(41) The proposed system is required to alleviate the increase in demand by using the microcomputer as a stand-alone entry system with all the necessary graphics and software capabilities to remove the burden of Data entry from the present system CADDS.
The proposed system is required to alleviate the increase in demand. The system will do that by removing the burden of data entry from the present system CADDS. This is accomplished by using the microcomputer as a stand-alone entry system. The microcomputer has all the graphics and software capabilities required to implement this concept.
(42) We immersed the samples in an ultrasonic bath for 3 minutes in acetone followed by 10 minutes in distilled water.
The samples are immersed in an ultrasonic bath for 3 minutes in acetone followed by 10 minutes in distilled water.
(43) For the second trial, the apparatus was covered by a sheet of plastic. It was believed that this modification would reduce the amount of scattering.
For the second trial, the apparatus was covered by a sheet of plastic. We believed that this modification would reduce the amount of scattering.
(44) In this study we used a severity score of AD (the Marselisborg (MH) Severity score) which was based entirely on the answers from the Danish questionnaire.
Severity of AD was scoredaccording to the Marselisborg Hospital (MH) model, which was based entirely on answers from the Danish questionnaire.
In this study 是冗词，缩写MH要说明，the answer 中的the要删除。
(45) Blood samples were taken from 48 informed and consenting patients…. The subjects ranged in age from 11 months to 22 years.
在简洁表达的同时要注意内容方面的逻辑性问题，语法没有错误，但是一个11月的婴儿能inform、consent？
Part II
1. Translate the following words properly.
2. Translate the following conference notice into proper English.
会议通知
研究生教育研讨会将于2015年8月25-27日在中国大连的大连理工大学（Dalian University of Technology)举行。8月25日（星期四）晚开始注册和报到。8月26日（星期五）的活动主要包括主题发言人发言、论文交流及晚宴。8月27日（星期六）的全天活动都将是论文交流，当天晚上结束会议。大连理工大学研究生院将主办这次具有特殊意义的会议，并盼望与会者到大连理工大学参加此次会议。
A Graduate Education Workshop will be held at the Dalian University of Technology (DUT), Dalian, China, August 25-27, 2005, Registration and reception will be begin on the evening of Thursday, August 25th. Friday, August 26th, will feature a keynote speech, paper sessions, and an evening banquet. All of Saturday, August 27th, will consist of more paper sessions, with a closing workshop in the evening. The Graduate School of DOT is hosting this unique workshop and looks forward to welcoming participants to Dalian University of Technology.
3. Translate some parts of Call for papers into Chinese.
IEEE COMPUTER SOCIETY
ANNUAL Symposium ON VLSICall for Papers
This Symposium explores emerging trends and novel ideas and concepts in the area of VLSI. The Symposium covers a range of topics: from VLSI circuits, systems, and design methods to system level design and system-on-chip issues, to bringing VLSI experience to new areas and technologies like nano- and molecular devices, MEMS, and quantum computing. Future design methodologies will also be one of the key topics at the workshop, as well as new CAD tools to support them. Over almost two decades the symposium has been an unique forum promoting multidisciplinary research and new visionary approaches in the area of VLSI. The Symposium is bringing together leading scientists and researchers from academia and industry. The papers from this symposium have been published as the special issues of top archival journals. This fact indicates a very high quality of the symposium papers, and we are determined to keep a strong emphasis on this critical aspect of any conference. The symposium proceedings are published by IEEE Computer Society Press.
本次研讨会探讨了超大规模集成的新兴趋势和新概念和新概念。本次研讨会涵盖了一系列的主题:从VLSI电路、系统、设计方法到系统级设计和系统芯片问题，到将VLSI体验引入到新的领域和技术，如纳米和分子器件、MEMS和量子计算。未来的设计方法也将是研讨会的关键主题之一，以及新的CAD工具来支持它们。在近20年来，研讨会一直是促进大规模集成电路领域多学科研究和新视野办法的独特论坛。这次研讨会汇集了来自学术界和工业界的顶尖科学家和研究人员。本次研讨会的论文已作为顶级档案期刊的特刊发表。这一事实表明，研讨会论文的质量非常高，我们决心高度重视任何会议的这个关键方面。研讨会由IEEE计算机协会出版社出版。
PAPER SUBMISSION AND DEADLINES:
Authors should send a PDF version of their papers to the web based submission site, as described on the symposium website. Submissions should be no more than ten pages long. The cover page should include (1) title, (2) authors and affiliation, (3) e-mail address of the contact author, (4) an abstract describing the contributions, and (5) body of the paper.
论文提交截止日期：
正如研讨会上所描述，作者应该将他们的论文的PDF版本发送到基于web的提交站点。意见书不应该超过10页。封面应该包括(1)标题(2)作者和单位(3)联系作者的电子邮件地址(4)描述贡献的摘要，(5)论文的正文。
Due dates are:
October 25, 2017 - Manuscript max ten pages
November 20, 2017 - Review results sent to authors
December 1, 2017 - Final paper for the Proceedings
截止日期：
2017年10月25日-手稿最多十页；
2017年11月20日-审查结果发送给作者；
2017年12月1日-会议论文的最后文件
4． Translate the following sentences into English.
(1) 很高兴代表组委会邀请您参加于2017年11月18-23日在上海复旦大学举行的网络文化与大学英语教学国际会议。
On the behalf of the organizing committee, I’m pleased to invite you to attend the International Conference on Cyber culture and college English Teaching,which was held onNovember, 18-23, 2017inShanghai Fudan University.
(2) 我作为会议主席之一，真诚地邀请您来参加这次会议。这次会议首先在香港开幕，然后移往广州。
As one of the vice chair of the conference, I cordially / sincerely invite you to attend the conference. The conference first opened in Hong Kong, and then move to Guangzhou.
(3) 我写此信的目的是想咨询一下您是否愿意作为嘉宾在会议上发言，发言时间为一小时，其中包括15分钟的问答时间。
The purpose of my letter is to ask if you would like to speak as a guest at the meeting.Speaking time is one hour, including a 15-minute question and answer time.
(4) 会议主办方将提供北京至纽约的经济舱机票，免费注册以及会议期间的食宿
The conference will provide economy air tickets from Beijing to New York, free registration, meals andaccommodations during the meeting.
(5) 如果有任何疑问或需要帮助，敬请与大会组织者Ms. Yinghui Zhang联系。电话（020）8411****.
If you have any questions or need any assistance, please do not hesitate to contact our conference organizers Ms. Yinghui Zhang. Tel (020) 8411****.
5. Suppose you are the chairman of the Organizing Committee of The Third International Conference on Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Education Technologies (CSCEET2017). Write a letter of invitation to Prof. Abdel Salhi from University of Essex, based on the given information.
● 受邀人: Prof. Abdel Salhi from University of Essex
● 会议名称: The Third International Conference on Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Education Technologies (CSCEET2016)
● 会议召开的时间和地点: Lodz, Poland on September 19-21, 2016
● 主要议题: in all areas of Active Learning Tools, Advanced Computing Architectures, New Programming Models, Assessment Software Tools, Big Data Analytics Complex Systems
● 主办方: Lodz University of Technology, The Society of Digital Information and Wireless Communications (SDIWC)
● 会议召开的目的: 为行业内专家和学者提供一个交流的平台, 分享有关Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Education Technologies方面的技术进步和业务经验
● 主要活动安排: 特邀专家报告、口头报告和论文的海报交流会
● 邀请的目的: 作为特邀专家在专题研讨会上用英语做主题发言
● 费用: 由主办方承担
● 截稿日期：2016-08-19
● 会后论文出版：All registered papers will be published in SDIWC Digital Library
● Website: http://sdiwc.net/conferences/csceet2016
● 附件: 会议的论文征稿, 大会的日程安排
Dear Prof. Abdel Salhi,
It’s my pleasure, on behalf of the Organizing Committee, to invite you to attend the Third International Conference on Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Education Technologies (CSCEET2016), to be held in Lodz, Poland on September 19-21, 2016. I am writing to ask whether you are willing to present a talk in English at the conference.
Host: Lodz University of Technology, The Society of Digital Information and Wireless Communications (SDIWC)
The Conference deliberations will be on the following themes:
∙ Active Learning Tools
∙ Advanced Computing Architectures
∙ New Programming Models
∙ Assessment Software Tools
∙ Big Data Analytics Complex Systems
The purpose of the conference is to provide an exchange platform for industry experts and scholars and share technical and business experience in computer science, computer engineering and education technology.All registered papers will be published in SDIWC Digital LibraryWebsite: http://sdiwc.net/conferences/csceet2016
Main activity arrangement include special invitation expert report, oral report and paper poster exchange meeting.In application of your agreement to give a talk, Lodz University of Technology and The Society of Digital Information and Wireless Communications (SDIWC) will provide your expenses, including hotel accommodations, and meals during the conference, and free registration to the conference.
We would be glad to answer any questions you may have and provide necessary clarifications where needed. Kindly send in your response by August 19th 2016 to the conference secretary, Ms. Grace Abu, at info@secuployment2014.com.
I am looking forward to welcoming you in Lodz.
Sincerely yours,
(Signature)
Typed name
Director and Dean of Education
I have attached / am attaching the paper of the conference and the agenda of the general assembly for your review.
6. Write a reply to the letter above in the name of the Prof. Abdel Salhi expressing that you will be present at the meeting.
Letters of Acceptance
(Your address)
May 11, 2006
Dear Professor John Smith
Thank you for your letter of April 23, 2006, inviting me to attend the Sixth Asian-Pacific Conference on Wind Engineering to be held in Seoul, the Republic of Korea, September 12-14, 2006. I am pleased to accept the invitation and will send my paper entitled “Climate and Urban Environment Problems” to the Paper Committee before the required date. Thank you again for your kind invitation and look forward to meeting you in Seoul.
Sincerely yours,
(Signature)
Liu wen
Professor, College of Environment
Letters of Refusal
(Your address)
May 11, 2006
Dear Professor Chuck Taylor
Thank you for your letter of 19 June, 2007, inviting me to attend the International Conference on Education to be held at National University of Singapore, Singapore, 6-9 December, 2007, as a part of the NUS Centennial Celebration Conference.
I am very sorry to inform you that I shall not be able to honor the invitation because I have been suffering from ill health for some time. I am firmly advised that it would unwise to undertake any distance travel by air in the near future.
I wish the conference a successful one.
Respectfully yours,
(Signature)
Feilong Wang
Professor, School of Education
7. Write a job applicationbased on the following information.
If you like, you can change some of the information into your own background.
● 求职者: You
● 信息来源: China Daily, Apr. 17, 2016
● 职位: Project Manager, IBM (Shenzhen)
● 学历背景:
B.E., College of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University, July 2005
M.E. candidate, College of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University, present
● 工作经历:
2014-2015, A bilingual assistant to Project Manager, Baidu Corp. (Internship)
2015- present, A Programming Engineer, Huawei Technology (Harbin)
● 个人能力:
CET 6, good in both written & oral English
Basic Office PC skills and professional engineering software skills
Effective communication and presentation skills, team work playing and leadership skills
● 离开原职理由: 寻求挑战，获得经验
● 附件: 履历, 大学毕业证书、学位证书复印件，
● 面试时间: any time next week.
● 推荐人: available upon request
John Donaldson8 Sue CircleSmithtown, CA 08067909-555-5555john.donaldson@emailexample.com
Date
George GilhooleyXYZ Company87 Delaware RoadHatfield, CA 08065
Dear Mr. Gilhooley,
I am writing to apply for Project Manager, IBM (Shenzhen) advertised in China Daily, Apr. 17, 2016.As requested, I am enclosing a completed job application, my certification, my resume, and three references.
The opportunity presented in this listing is very interesting, and I believe that my strong technical experience and education will make me a very competitive candidate for this position. The key strengths that I possess for success in this position include:
∙ I have successfully designed, developed, and supported live use applications
∙ I strive for continued excellence
∙ I provide exceptional contributions to customer service for all customers
With a B.E degree in Computer Programming, I have a full understanding of the full lifecycle of a software development project. I also have experience in learning and excelling at new technologies as needed.
Please see my resume for additional information on my experience.
I can be reached anytime next week via email at john.donaldson@emailexample.com or my cell phone, 909-555-5555.
Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to speaking with you about this employment opportunity.
Sincerely,
Signature (for hard copy letter)
John Donaldson
8. Write your own personal statement for graduate program. Remember to present yourself clearly and professionally, using the events, education, qualifications or experiences, that may be of particular interest to the admission officers.
A personal statement for a job
My name is Wu Ming. I was born in Nanjing on July 19, 1978. My family consists of my father, mother, sister, and myself. My father is a history professor at Nanjing University, and my mother teaches English at Nanjing First Junior High School. Because of their influence, my sister and I started reading edifying books very early in our lives, which gradually fostered in us sound personalities.
(name, date of birth, family background and family influence)
Throughout my high school, I studied hard and was able to obtain scholarships every semester. I achieved good scores atNanjing University as well. I majored inEconomics.Right before my graduation, I worked for First Bank as a trainee since they don’t fully employ those who have not completed their studies.
(Education, intern)
Currently I’m a manager in a trade company in Shanghai. I’ve worked with this company forover two years and have been promoted three times. Even though I have a comfortable position here in Shanghai, I’ve always wanted to return to work in Nanjing to be able to take care of my parents. Your company has a good reputation among business circles and you offer a great opportunity for me to work in Nanjing.
(the working experience, the reason to change job, and the knowledge to new job)
Generally I’m a hardworking and responsible person, and I’m confident about my abilities. If it’s convenient, I’d like to have a personal interview to further explain my capabilities to you.
(Self-appraise, wish for an interview)
9. Write a cover letter to the secretary of an international conference expressing that you intend to present your paper at the special session.
Part III: International Conference Presentation
1. Outline the talk you will present at a meeting.
2. Write down the report you will present at the meeting.
3. Translation practice for presenting a talk.
(1) 首先，对于主席的介绍和大会给我做发言的机会表示诚挚的谢意。
First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude for the introduction of the chairman and the opportunity for the conference to give a speech.
(2) 我发言的目的是想帮助你们理解……
The purpose of my speech is to help you understand…
(3) 我今天的发言分为四个部分。第一部分回顾一下相关的文献，第二部分探讨了……
My speech today is divided into four parts. The first part reviews the relevant literature and the second part discusses …
(4) 近年来对······的研究已引起足够关注。所以首先我想解释几个术语。
In recent years, the research of •••• has attracted enough attention. So first I want to explain a few terms.
(5) 文献综述就讲到这里，下面我们来讲研究方法。
Literature review here, here we talk about research methods.
(6) 因为时间有限，我只能简单罗列我一直从事的研究。对所提出的任何问题
我愿意随时和你们讨论。
Limited by the time available, I can only briefly list the research I have been engaged in.Any questions raised I would like to discuss with you any time.
(7) 有关试验程序，我就不做详细描述了。
I won't elaborate on the test procedure.
(8) 这是我今天发言最重要的部分，所以我要多花一点时间解释。
This is the most important part of my presentation today, so I'll spend a little more time explaining it
(9) 如果遇到需要解释的地方，请打断我。或者，在发言结束后，留出时间进行讨论。
Please interrupt me if you encounter a need to explain the place. Or, after the presentation, set aside time for discussion.
题型1. 选择题。（有关论文写作和公文写作的基本概念和基础知识）2. 判断题。（相关知识的判断和句子对错）3. 翻译题。（基本为练习册上的句子类型，有可能会做些改动或组合成段）4. 信函写作。（根据所给要求写信，教学日历上要求会写的信函）5. 材料分析。（一段论文写作的材料，根据要求做相关分析，或根据相关内容写结论）
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