英语:名词冠词代词副词动词等分类及用法

发布时间:2018-06-28 19:41:54   来源:文档文库   
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1. 名词

 



  名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词 (Common Nouns),专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如BeijingChina等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:booksadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类:

  1)个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun

  2)集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family

  3)物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air

  4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work

个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。归纳一下,名词的分类可以下图表示: _______________________________________

 |  |专有名词 |            |

 | |     | 个体名词  |      |

 |  |     |      | 可数名词 |

 |  |     | 集体名词  |      |

 |  |普通名词 |      |      |

 | |     | 物质名词  |      |

 |  |     |      | 不可数名词|

 |  |     | 抽象名词  |      |

2. 冠词和数词

 



2.1 不定冠词的用法



  冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种,一种是定冠词(the Definite Article),另一种是不定冠词(the Indefinite Article),还有一种是零冠词(Zero Article)。

  不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源,是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前,一般读作[e],而an则用于元音音素前,一般读做[en]

 1) 表示"一个",意为one;指某人或某物,意为a certain

   A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.



 2) 代表一类人或物。

   A knife is a tool for cutting with.

   Mr. Smith is an engineer.



 3) 词组或成语。

   a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden

2.2 定冠词的用法

 



  定冠词the与指示代词thisthat同源,有"那(这)个"的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。

 1)特指双方都明白的人或物:

   Take the medicine. 把药吃了。

 2)上文提到过的人或事:

   He bought a house. I've been to the house.

   他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。

 3)指世上独一物二的事物:

  the sun the sky the moon the earth

 4)单数名词连用表示一类事物,如:the dollar 美元;

the fox 狐狸;或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:the rich 富人; the living 生者。

 5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only very same等前面:

   Where do you live? I live on the second floor.  你住在哪?我住在二层。

   That's the very thing I've been looking for.  那正是我要找的东西。

 6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体:

  They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师)

  They are teachers of this school.  (指部分教师)

 7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前:

  She caught me by the arm.. 她抓住了我的手臂。

 8)用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前:

  the People's Republic of China  中华人民共和国

  the United States  美国

 9)用在表示乐器的名词之前:  She plays the piano. 她会弹钢琴。

 10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人:

    the Greens  格林一家人 (或格林夫妇)

 11) 用在惯用语中:

   in the day, in the morning (afternoonevening), the day after tomorrow 

the day before yesterday, the next morning, 

in the sky (waterfieldcountry) 

in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, 

in the middle (of), in the end,

on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre

2.3 零冠词的用法

 



 1) 国名,人名前通常不用定冠词:EnglandMary

 2)泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用定冠词;

  They are teachers. 他们是教师。

 3)抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词;

  Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。

 4)物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词;

  Man cannot live without water. 人离开水就无法生存。

 5)在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词;

  We go to school from Monday to Friday.  我们从星期一到星期五都上课。

 6)在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词;

  The guards took the American to General Lee.

  士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。

 7)在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词 如:have breakfastplay chess

 8)当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词;

  I can't write without pen or pencil.  没有钢笔和铅笔,我就写不了字。

 9)当by 与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词;by busby train

 10)有些个体名词不用冠词;如:

  schoolcollegeprisonmarkethospitalbedtableclasstownchurchcourt 等个体名词,直接置于介词后,表示该名词的深层含义;

    go to hospital  去医院看病

    go to the hospital  去医院 (并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)

 11)不用冠词的序数词;

 a. 序数词前有物主代词

 b. 序数词作副词  He came first in the race.

 c. 在固定词组中

2.4 冠词与形容词+名词结构

 



 1) 两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同东西。

   He raises a black and a white cat.  他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。

  The black and the white cats are hers.  这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。

 2) 如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一物。

   He raises a black and white cat.  他养了一只花猫。

2.5 冠词位置

 



 1) 不定冠词位置

 不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意: 

 a. 位于下列形容词之后: suchwhatmanyhalf

   I have never seen such an animal.

   Many a man is fit for the job.



 b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后:

   It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.

   So short a time.

   Too long a distance.



 c. quiterather与单数名词连用,冠词放在其后。

但当ratherquite 前仍有形容词,不定冠词放其前后均可。如:quite a lot



 d. asthough 引导的让步状语从句中,当标语为形容词修饰的名词时,不定冠词放形容词后:

    Brave a man though he ishe trembles at the sight of snakes. 他尽管勇敢,可见到蛇还是发抖。

   当名词被比较级形容词修饰时,不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后。



2) 定冠词位置

  定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前,但放在all bothdoublehalftwicethree times等词之后,名词之前。

  All the students in the class went out. 班里的所有学生都出去了。

2.6 数词

 



  表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。

 一、基数词

  1)基数词写法和读法: 345 three hundred and forty-five

  2)基数词一般是单数形式,但下列情况,常用复数:

   a. of 短语连用,表示概数,不能与具体数目连 用,如scores of people 指许多人;

   b. 在一些表示"一排""一组"的词组里;

  如:They arrived in twos and threes. 他们三三两两的到达了。

   c. 表示"几十岁"

   d. 表示"年代",用 in +the +数词复数;

   e. 在乘法运算的一种表示法里,如:3 x 5 = 15 Three fives is (are) fifteen.



 二、序数词

  序数词的缩写形式: first---1st second---2nd thirty-first---31st 



 三、 数词的用法

  1)倍数表示法

   a. 主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+ as + adj. + as

    I have three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那么多。



   b. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ the size (amountlength) of

    The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的49倍。



   c. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ 形容词(副词)比较级+ than

   The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.

   今年比去年粮食产量增加8%

3. 代词

 



  代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。



 一、人称代词是表示""""""""""

"我们""你们""他们"的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化,见下表:



  数      单数     复数      

  格    主格  宾格  主格  宾格    

  第一人称  I    me   we   us   

  第二人称 you   you  you   you   

        he    him  they   them  

  第三人称 she   her  they   them   

        it    it   they   them  



  如:He is my friend. 他是我的朋友。

    It's me. 是我。



 二、 物主代词表示所有关系的代词,也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种,其人物和数的变化见下表。



 数     单数       复数         

人称   第一 第二 第三  第一 第二 第三

     人称 人称  人称  人称 人称 人称    

形容词性 my your his/her  its our your/their

物主代词                       



名词性  mine yours his/hers its ours yours/theirs

物主代词                       



  如: I like his car.

    我喜欢他的小汽车。

     Our school is hereand theirs is there. 

    我们的学校在这儿,他们的在那儿。



 三、 指示代词表示"那个""这个""这些""那些"等指示概念的代词。指示代词有thisthatthesethose等。

  如: That is a good idea.   那是个好主意。



 四、 表示"我自己""你自己""他自己""我们自己""你们自己""他们自己"等的代词,叫做自身代词,也称为"反身代词"

  如: She was talking to herself.  她自言自语。



 五、 表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词,有each other one another两组,但在运用中,这两组词没什么区别。

  如: They love each other.  他们彼此相爱。

 

 六、 不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11botheachevery等,以及含有some-any-no-等的合成代词,如anybody somethingno one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语, 但none和由someanyno等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语;everyno只能作定语。如:



--- Do you have a car?  --你有一辆小汽车吗?

--- YesI have one.  --是的,我有一辆。

--- I don't know any of them.  他们,我一个也不认识。



 七、 疑问代词whowhomwhosewhatwhich等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词,引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句)

  如:Tell me who he is.  告诉我他是谁。



 八、 关系代词whowhomwhosethatwhichas等,可用作引导从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等;另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词(通称为先行词)。

  如: He is the man whom you have been looking for.  他就是你要找的那个人。

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4. 形容词和副词

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4.1 形容词及其用法



  形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常, 可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。



1) 直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot 热的。



2) 叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afraid 害怕的。

   (错) He is an ill man.

   (对) The man is ill.

   (错) She is an afraid girl.

   (对) The girl is afraid.

   这类词还有: wellunwellillfaintafraidalikealivealoneasleepawake 等。



3)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后,例如:

   something nice

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4.2 -ly结尾的形容词

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1 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendlydeadlylovelylonelylikelylively,  uglybrotherly,仍为形容词。

 改错:(错) She sang lovely.

    (错) He spoke to me very friendly.

    (对) Her singing was lovely.

    (对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.



2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词。

   dailyweeklymonthlyyearlyearly

   The Times is a daily paper.

   The Times is published daily.

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4.3 用形容词表示类别和整体

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1 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:the deadthe livingthe richthe poorthe blindthe hungry

   The poor are losing hope.



2 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用。

   the Britishthe Englishthe Frenchthe Chinese.

   The English have wonderful sense of humor.

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4.4 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序

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  多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为:

  限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) --出处--材料性质,类别--名词

   a small round table

   a tall gray building

   a dirty old brown shirt

   a famous German medical school

   an expensive Japanese sports car



典型例题:

1 Tony is going camping with ___ boys. 

  A. little two other B. two little other  C. two other little  D. little other two

  答案:C。由"限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) --性质--名词"的公式可知数词,描绘词,性质依次顺序,只有C符合答案。



2) One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.

 A. old Chinese stone   B. Chinese old stone  C. old stone Chinese  D. Chinese stone old

 答案A. 几个形容词修饰一个名词,他们的排列顺序是:年龄,形状,大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。



3) ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao?

 ---- It was great. We visited some friendsand spent the ___days at the seaside.

 A. few last sunny  B. last few sunny  C. last sunny few  D. few sunny last

答案:B。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词;如果几个形容词的重要性差不多,音节少的形容词在前,音节多的方在后,在不能确定时,可参照下表:



限定词+数量词(序数词在前,基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+

those + three + beautiful + large + square 



新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词

old + brown + wood + table

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4.5 副词及其基本用法

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副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构。

一、副词的位置:

1 在动词之前。

2 be动词、助动词之后。 

3 多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后。



注意:

  a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡。

   We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.

  b. 方式副词wellbadly糟、坏,hard等只放在句尾。

   He speaks English well.



二、副词的排列顺序:

1 时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。

2 方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用andbut等连词连接。

    Please write slowly and carefully.

3 多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+时间副词。



注意:副词very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。

  改错:() I very like English.

     () I like English very much.



注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。

     I don't know him well enough.

     There is enough food for everyone to eat.

     There is food enough for everyone to eat.

4.6 兼有两种形式的副词



1) closeclosely

  close意思是"" closely 意思是"仔细地"

    He is sitting close to me.

    Watch him closely.

2) late lately

   late意思是"" lately 意思是"最近"

    You have come too late.

    What have you been doing lately?

3) deepdeeply

   deep意思是"",表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,"深深地"

    He pushed the stick deep into the mud.

    Even father was deeply moved by the film.

4) highhighly

   high表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于much

    The plane was flying high.

    I think highly of your opinion.

5) widewidely

   wide表示空间宽度;widely意思是"广泛地""在许多地方"

    He opened the door wide.

    English is widely used in the world.

6) freefreely

  free的意思是"免费"freely 的意思是"无限制地"

    You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.

    You may speak freely; say what you like.

介词:



介词又称前置词,是虚词,在句中不单独作任何句子成分。介词后面必须有名词、名词性词组或名词性从句作它的宾语,构成介词短语,介词短语在句子中可充当各种句子成分,如:The flowers in our garden are in full blossom.(我们花园中的花朵盛开了。)在此句中,介词短语in our garden是地点,作定语修饰flowers,介词短语in full blossom作表语,表示主语的状态或情况。又如I met Mary before lunch.(我在午餐前碰见过玛丽。)介词短语 before lunch在句中充当时间状语。



介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一,同一个介词和不同的词语搭配,可表示不同的意义,很多习语都是由介词和其他词构成的。因此对介词的掌握是学好英语的关键。介词有三种形式,它们是:



1.简单介词,例:



atonbehindduringfrom,等等。



有些简单介词是由加-ing 的现在分词转化而来,例:



consideringconcerning regarding等等。



2.合成介词,例:



into onto inside outside without throughout等等。



3.复合介词由两个或两个以上单词组成,例:



according tobecause ofahead ofin front ofon account of等等。



注意:不管复合介词由几个单词组成,但末尾一个单词必须是介词。



副词:



副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词等单词或短语,以说明动作性质或状态的特征的词。副词的主要句法功用是作状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词或某些短语,甚至整个句子。副词可以使语言的描述更具体、更全面、更生动,因此,在传递信息,交流思想和感情方面发挥强大的功能。

常用的副词有:now, ago, before, today, tomorrow, always, often, sometimes, already, late, soon, here, there, easily,comfortably, hardly, happily,sadly 等等。

5. 动词

 



1 表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。



2 根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,分别是:实义动词Notional Verb)、系动词Link Verb)、助动词Auxiliary Verb)、情态动词Modal Verb)。



说明:有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词,例如:

   We are having a meeting.  我们正在开会。  having是实义动词。)

  He has gone to New York. 他已去纽约。

has是助动词。)



3 动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:及物动词Transitive Verb)、不及物动词Intransitive Verb),缩写形式分别为vt. vi.



说明:同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。例如:

 She can dance and sing.

 她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物动词。)

 She can sing many English songs.

 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词。)



4 根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,可分两类,分别是:限定动词Finite Verb)、非限定动词Non-finite Verb)例如:

 She sings very well.

 她唱得很好。(sing受主语she的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings。)

 She wants to learn English well.

 她想学好英语。(to learn不受主语she的限制,没有词形变化,是非限定动词。



说明:英语中共有三种非限定动词,分别是:动词不定式Infinitive)、动名词Gerund)、分词Participle)。



5) 根据动词的组成形式,可分为三类,分别是:单字词One-Word Verb)、短语动词Phrasal Verb)、动词短语Verbal Phrase)例如:

  The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases.

  英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。(contains是单字动词。)



  Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.

  学生们学会查字典。(look up是短语动词。)



  The young ought to take care of the old.

  年轻人应照料老人。(take care of是动词短语。)



6)动词有五种形态,分别是:原形Original Form)、第三人称单数形式Singular From in Third Personal)、过去式Past Form)、过去分词Past Participle)、现在分词Present Participle)。

5.1 系动词

 



  系动词亦称联系动词(Link Verb),作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。



说明:

有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语,例如:

   He fell ill yesterday. 

  他昨天病了。(fell是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况。)

   He fell off the ladder. 

  他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词,单独作谓语。



1)状态系动词

用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如:

He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。)



2)持续系动词

用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:

He always kept silent at meeting.  他开会时总保持沉默。

This matter rests a mystery.  此事仍是一个谜。



3)表像系动词

用来表示"看起来像"这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如:

He looks tired.  他看起来很累。

He seems (to be) very sad.  他看起来很伤心。



4)感官系动词

感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:

 This kind of cloth feels very soft. 

  这种布手感很软。

 This flower smells very sweet. 

 这朵花闻起来很香。



5)变化系动词

  这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.

例如:

  He became mad after that.  自那之后,他疯了。

  She grew rich within a short time.  她没多长时间就富了。



6)终止系动词

表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, trun out, 表达"证实""变成"之意,例如:

  The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。

  The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。

  His plan turned out a success.  他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果)

5.2 什么是助动词

 



1)协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb)。

助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用,例如:

   He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。

doesn't是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义)



2 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来:

  a. 表示时态,例如:

   He is singing. 他在唱歌。

   He has got married. 他已结婚。

  b. 表示语态,例如:

   He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。

  c. 构成疑问句,例如:

   Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗?

   Did you study English before you came here?  你来这儿之前学过英语吗?

  d. 与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,例如:

   I don't like him.  我不喜欢他。

  e. 加强语气,例如:

   Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。

   He did know that.  他的确知道那件事。

3 最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would

5.3情态动词:

can (could), may (might), must, have to, shall (should, will (would), dare (dared), need (needed), ought to等。 情态动词无人称和数的变化;不能单独使用,必须与其后的动词原形构成谓语

一、 can, could

1) 表示能力(体力、知识、技能)。

Can you lift this heavy box?(体力)

Mary can speak three languages.(知识)

Can you skate?(技能)

此时可用be able to代替。Can只有一般现在时和一般过去式;而be able to则有更多的时态。

I’ll not be able to come this afternoon.

当表示经过努力才得以做成功某事时应用be able to,不能用Can。如:

He was able to go to the party yesterday evening in spite of the heavy rain.

2) 表示请求和允许。

-----Can I go now?

----- Yes, you can. / No, you can’t.

此时可与may互换。在疑问句中还可用could,

might代替,不是过去式,只是语气更委婉,不能用于肯定句和答语中。

---- Could I come to see you tomorrow?

---- Yes, you can. ( No, I’m afraid not. )

3) 表示客观可能性(客观原因形成的能力)。

They’ve changed the timetable, so we can go by bus instead.

This hall can hold 500 people at least.

4) 表示推测(惊讶、怀疑、不相信的态度),用于疑问句、否定句和感叹句中。

Can this be true?

This can’t be done by him.

How can this be true?

二、 may, might

1) 表示请求和允许。might may语气更委婉,而不是过去式。否定回答时可用can’t

mustn’t,表示不可以,禁止

----Might/ May I smoke in this room?

---- No, you mustn’t.

---- May/Might I take this book out of the room?

--- Yes, you can. (No, you can’t / mustn’t. )

May I...?征徇对方许可时比较正式和客气,而用Can I...?在口语中更常见。

2)用于祈使句,表示祝愿。

May you succeed!

3) 表示推测、可能性(不用于疑问句)。

might不是过去式,它所表示的可能性比may小。

1He may /might be very busy now.

2Your mother may /might not know the truth.

三、 must, have to

1) 表示必须、必要。

You must come in time.

在回答引出的问句时,如果是否定的,不能用mustn’t(禁止,不准),而用needn’t, don’t have to(不必).

---- Must we hand in our exercise books today?

---- Yes, you must.

---- No, you don’t have to / you needn’t.

2) must是说话人的主观看法, have to则强调客观需要。Must只有一般现在时, have to 有更多的时态形式。

1 he play isn’t interesting, I really must go now.

2 I had to work when I was your age.

3) 表示推测、可能性(只用于肯定的陈述句)

1 You’re Tom’s good friend, so you must know what he likes best.

2 Your mother must be waiting for you now.

四、 dare, need

1) dare作情态动词用时, 常用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中, 过去式形式为dared

1 How dare you say I’m unfair?

2 He daren’t speak English before such a crowd, dare he?

3 If we dared not go there that day we couldn’t get the beautiful flowers.

2) need 作情态动词用时, 常用于疑问句、否定句。在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to, should代替。

1You needn’t come so early.

2. ---- Need I finish the work today?

---- Yes, you must. / No, you needn’t.

3) dare need作实义动词用时, 有人称、时态和数的变化。在肯定句中,dare后面常接带to的不定式。在疑问句和否定句中,dare后面可接带to或不带to的不定式。而need后面只能接带to的不定式。

1. I dare to swim across this river.

2. He doesn’t dare (to) answer.

3. He needs to finish his homework today.

五、 shall, should

1) shall 用于第一人称,征求对方的意见。

What shall we do this evening?

2) shall 用于第二、三人称,表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。

1. You shall fail if you don’t work hard.(警告)

2. He shall have the book when I finish it.(允诺)

3. He shall be punished.(威胁)

六、 will, would

1) 表示请求、建议等,would更委婉。

Will / Would you pass me the ball, please?

2) 表示意志、愿望和决心。

1. I will never do that again.

2. They asked him if he would go abroad.

3) would表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。would表示过去习惯时比used to正式,且没有现已无此习惯的含义。

1. During the vacation, he would visit me every other day.

2. The wound would not heal.

4) 表示估计和猜想。

It would be about ten o’clock when she left home.

七、 should, ought to

1) should, ought to表示应该ought to表示义务或责任,比should语气重。

1. I should help her because she is in trouble.

2. You ought to take care of the baby.

2) 表示劝告、建议和命令。should, ought to可通用,但在疑问句中常用should

1. You should / ought to go to class right away.

2. Should I open the window?

3) 表示推测

should , ought to (客观推测), must(主观推测)

1.He must be home by now. (断定他已到家)

2.He ought to/should be home by now.(不太肯定)

3. This is where the oil must be.(直爽)

4. This is where the oil ought to/should be.(含蓄)

6. 动名词

 



6.1 动名词作主语、宾语和表语



1)作主语

   Fighting broke out between the South and the North.

   南方与北方开战了。



2)作宾语 

 a. 动词后加动名词doing作宾语 V. + doing sth

admit 承认   appreciate 感激,赞赏 avoid 避免    

complete 完成  consider 认为     delay 耽误   deny 否认    detest 讨厌      endure 忍受    enjoy 喜欢   escape 逃脱      prevent阻止

fancy 想象   finish 完成      imagine 想象   mind 介意    miss 想念       postpone 推迟        practise 训练  recall 回忆      resent 讨厌     resist 抵抗   resume 继续      risk 冒险

suggest 建议  face 面对       include 包括    stand 忍受   understand 理解    forgive 宽恕         keep 继续



举例:

 (1) Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?

 (2) The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.   



 b. 词组后接doing

admit to   preferto     be used to    lead to   devote oneself to  object to   stick to   busy    look forward to(to为介词)



no good, no use, It's worth,  as well as,

can't help, It's no use /good  be tired of

be fond of  be capable of  be afraid of 

be proud of  think of / about  hold off    

put off  keep on  insist on  count on / upon

set about  be successful in  good at  take up

give up  burst out  prevent from… 



3)作表语: Her job is washingcleaning and taking care of the children.

7. 动词不定式

 



7.1 不定式作宾语



1) 动词+ 不定式

afford  aim   appear  agree  arrange  ask   be    decide bother  care  choose   come    dare   demand desire  determine     expect   elect  endeavor     hope       fail  happen  help  hesitate learn  long   mean   manage  offer  ought   plan  prepare pretend   promise refuse seem   tend   wait    wish     undertake

举例: 

 The driver failed to see the other car in time.

   司机没能及时看见另一辆车。

 I happen to know the answer to your question.

   我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。



2)动词+不定式 ; 动词+宾语+不定式

ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish

   I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。

   I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。

   I want to speak to Tom.  我想和汤姆谈话。

   I want you to speak to Tom.  我想让你和汤姆谈话。



3 动词+疑问词+ to

decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell

  Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。

  There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。



注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。

   The question is how to put it into practice.

   问题是怎样把它付诸实施。

7.2 不定式作补语

 



1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)

advise   allow   appoint   believe   cause   challenge command  compel   consider  declare   drive   enable  encourage  find    forbid   force   guess   hire    imagine  impel   induce   inform  instruct  invite   judge    know    like   order    permit  persuade  remind   report  request   require  select send    state   suppose   tell    think  train   trust   understand urge    warn 



例句:

  a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.       

   父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。

  b. We believe him to be guilty.

   我们相信他是有罪的。



Find 的特殊用法:

  Find 后可用分词做宾补,或先加形式宾语,再加形容词,最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有gethave

   I found him lying on the ground.

   I found it important to learn.

   I found that to learn English is important.



典型例题:

  The next morning she found the man ___ in beddead. 

  A. lying  B. lie  C. lay  D. laying  

答案:A.find的宾语后面,用分词或分词短语,起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动。



2) to + be 的不定式结构,作补语的动词。

Acknowledge,  believe, consider,  think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel   find, guess,  judge,  imagine,   know,  prove,     see(理解), show,    suppose,     take(以为),   understand

   We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.

   我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。



典型例题

   Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer. 

A. to invent B. inventing  C. to have invented  D. having invented 

答案:A. consider to do sth. 排除BD. 此句只说明发明这一个事实,不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时,发明为点动词一般不用完成时,且此处也不强调对现在的影响,因此不选C



3) to be +形容词

Seem,     appear,   be said,  be supposed,  be believed, be thought, be known,  be reported, hope, wish,  desire,   want,    plan,  expect,    mean

 The book is believed to be uninteresting.

 人们认为这本书没什么意思。



4) there be+不定式

believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand

 We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。



注意 有些动词需用as 短语做补语,如regard, think believe, take, consider.

 We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。

 Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。

7.3 不定式主语

 



1 It's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了



easy, difficult,  hard,  important,  possible,  impossible, comfortable,  necessary,  better;  

the first,  the next,   the last,  the best, too much,  too little,  not enough

 It's so nice to hear your voice.

 听到你的声音真高兴。

 It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.

 当你不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。



2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们,他真好。

Kind, nice,  stupid, rude,  clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly,  selfish(自私的)

例句:

   It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。

   It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。



注意:1) 其他系动词如,lookappear等也可用于此句型

   2) 不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式。

   3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is to…的句型

    ()To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。

    ()It is to believe to see.

7.4 It's for sb. It's of sb.

 



1for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy, hard, difficult,  interesting, impossible等:

   It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。

2of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格,品德,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right

   It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我,你真是太好了。

 

for of 的辨别方法:

  用介词后面的代词作主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of,不通则用for。如:

   You are nice. (通顺,所以应用of)

   He is hard. (人是困难的,不通,因此应用for)

7.5 不定式作表语

 



 不定式可放在be动词后面,形成表语。例如:

   My work is to clean the room every day.

   His dream is to be a doctor.

7.6 不定式作定语

 



  不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如:

   I have a lot of work to do. 

   So he made some candles to give light.

7.7 不定式作状语

 



1)目的状语 

To only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such) as to (如此……以便……)

  He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。

  I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。



2)作结果状语,表事先没有预料到的,要放在句子后面。

  What have I said to make you angry.

  He searched the room only to find nothing.



3) 表原因

  I'm glad to see you.



典型例题

 The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___. 

 A. sit  B. sit on  C. be seat  D. be sat on

答案:B. 如果不定式为不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时,常位于"形容词+动词不定式"结构的末尾。

7.8 用作介词的to

 



  to 有两种用法: 一为不定式+动词原形; 一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种,即to+ 名词/动名词:



admit to承认,       confess to承认,

be accustomed to 习惯于,  be used to 习惯于, stick to 坚持,       turn to开始,着手于, devote oneself to 献身于, be devoted to 致力于, look forward to 盼望,   pay attention to 注意

7.9 to 的动词不定式

 



1 情态动词 ( ought 外,ought to)

2 使役动词 let, have, make

3 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补,省略to

 

注意:在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。

  I saw him dance.

 =He was seen to dance.

  The boss made them work the whole night.

 =They were made to work the whole night.

4 would ratherhad better

5 Why / why not…:

6 help 可带to,也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth

7 butexceptbut前是动词do时,后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。

8 and, orthan连接的两个不定式,第二个to 可以省去:

9 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后,可以省去to be: 

   He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。



举例:

   He wants to move to France and marry the girl.

He wants to do nothing but go out.



比较:  He wants to do nothing but go out.

     He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.



典型例题

1) ---- I usually go there by train. 

  ---- Why not ___ by boat for a change? 

  A. to try going  B. trying to go  C. to try and go  D. try going  

  答案:D. why not 后面接不带to 的不定式,因此选D



2 Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard. 

  A. learn  B. to learn  C. learned  D. learning

  答案:B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式,当其用于被动时,to 不可省略。

7.10 动词不定式的否定式

 



  Tell him not to shut the window… 

  She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候,她假装没看见。



典型例题

1Tell him ___ the window. 

  A. to shut not  B. not to shut  C. to not shut

  D. not shut 

  答案:B tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为tell sb not to do sth.



2) She pretended ___ me when I passed by. 

  A. not to see  B. not seeing  C. to not see

  D. having not seen 

  答案:A pretend 后应接不定式。其否定形式为pretend not to do sth.



3Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking. 

  A. never to drive  B. to never driver 

  C. never driving  D. never drive 

  答案:Awarn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词never.



4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the streetbut his mother told him ____. 

  A. not to  B. not to do  C. not do it 

  D. do not to

 答案:Anot to not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词,而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有名词、代词等,否则不对,因此BD不对。



5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation. 

  A. to eat no  B. eating not  C. not to eat 

  D. not eating

答案Cwarn一词要求后用不定式,此处为不定式的被动,否定形式为be warned not to do

7.11 不定式的特殊句型tooto

 



1tooto  以至于

  He is too excited to speak.

  他太激动了,说不出话来。

  ---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?

  ---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。这箱子太重,恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。



2) 如在too前有否定词,则整个句子用否定词表达肯定, too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义,意 "不太"

  It's never too late to mend. (谚语)

   改过不嫌晚。



3) 当too 前面有only, all, but时,意思是:非常 等于very

  I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你。

  He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。

7.12 不定式的特殊句型so as to

 



1 表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do

   Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 

     汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。

   Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.

     轻点进去,别惊醒了婴儿。



2) so kind as to ---劳驾

   Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?

     劳驾,现在几点了。

7.13 不定式的特殊句型Why not

 



  "Why not +动词原形"表达向某人提出建议,翻译为:"为什么不……?" "干吗不……?"

例如:

   Why not take a holiday?

   干吗不去度假?

7.14 不定式的时态和语态

 



时态\语态    主动     被动

一般式      to do      to be done

进行式      to be doing  

完成式      to have done   to have been done

完成进行式    to have been doing  



1) 现在时:一般现在时表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。

  He seems to know this.

  I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。



2) 完成时:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。

 I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.

 He seems to have caught a cold.



3) 进行时: 表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。

 He seems to be eating something.



4) 完成进行时:

 She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.

7.15 动名词与不定式

 



1 动名词与不定式的区别:

 动名词表达的是: 状态,性质,心境,抽象,经常性,已发生的

 不定式表达的是: 目的,结果,原因,具体,一次性,将发生的



2 接不定式或动名词,意义相同。



3 动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组:

  1 stop to do是指停下手头的事,去做另一件事 stop doing 指的是停止做某事  

  2 forget to do指某件还未做的事忘记做   forget doing指已经做过的事但却忘了

  3 remember to do是指记得去做某事   remember doing 指记的做过某事    

  4 regret to do指当时或现在遗憾地做什么regret doing做了某事而感到遗憾或后悔

  5 cease to do长时间,甚至永远停做某事cease doing短时停止做某事,以后还会接着做       

  6 try to do  尽力做某事    try doing试着做某事

  7 go on to do一件事做完以后,继续做另一件事go on doing一件事还没有完,继续做这件事      

  8 afraid to do     afraid doing

  9 interested to do  interested doing 

 10 mean to do  打算、想    mean doing意味着,象征

 11 begin/ start to do不敢,胆怯去做某事,是主观上的原因不去做,意为""

  begin/ start doing担心出现doing的状况,结果。doing是客观上造成的意为"生怕,恐怕"   

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