[精选]高考英语二轮复习闯关导练第二部分阅读理解技巧与体裁演练课时12阅读理解体裁解读3

课时12　阅读理解体裁解读(3)

—议论文【体裁解读】

议论文也是一种运用十分广泛的文章体裁。同学们在阅读议论文时不仅要把握文章的论点、论据和论证，还要把握文章的结构和语言。

像汉语一样，英语议论文通常也为三段式，即“论点、论据、结论”三部分组成。首先借助某一现象引出论点，然后通过一定论据从各个层面上加以推理论证，最后得出结论。议论文体主要考查学生对论点及论据的把握。因此，阅读议论文体时，应采取抓主题句的方法来把握文章主旨，弄清作者观点。一般来说，作者的论点通常在文章首段被引出，接下来是对这一论点的逻辑推理和论证，最后为结论。同学们还应注意的是：在对论点论证的过程中，每一段的首句都是该段的主题句。把握全文论点。弄清论证各段的主题句、理解文章层次，找出中心论点的位置是理解议论文的关键。

体裁演练(2017·北京卷)

Hollywood's theory that machines with evil (邪恶的) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly.The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence (AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want.In 1960 a well­known mathematician Norbert Wiener，who founded the field of cybernetics (控制论)，put it this way：“If we use，to achieve our purposes，a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere (干预)，we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.”

A machine with a specific purpose has another quality，one that we usually associate with living things：a wish to preserve its own existence.For the machine，this quality is not in­born，nor is it something introduced by humans；it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead.So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee，it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task.If we are not careful，then，we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined，super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own，with the real world as the chessboard.

The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists.Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall，using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world.Unfortunately，that plan seems unlikely to work：we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans，let alone super intelligent machines.

Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy.There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines.But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand，as it has been by some AI researchers.Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams—yet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans.Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility.Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen.On September 11,1933，famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated，with confidence，“Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However，on September 12,1933，physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron­induced (中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction.

1．Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may ________.

A．run out of human control

B．satisfy human's real desires

C．command armies of killer robots

D．work faster than a mathematician

2．Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to ________.

A．prevent themselves from being destroyed

B．achieve their original goals independently

C．do anything successfully with given orders

D．beat humans in international chess matches

3．According to some researchers，we can use firewalls to ________.

A．help super intelligent machines work better

B．be secure against evil human beings

C．keep machines from being harmed

D．avoid robots' affecting the world

4．What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?

A．It will disappear with the development of AI.

B．It will get worse with human interference.

C．It will be solved but with difficulty.

D．It will stay for a decade.

【能力提升】

A

I read somewhere that we spend a full third of our lives waiting.But where are we doing all of this waiting，and what does it mean to an impatient society like ours？To understand the issue，let's take a look at three types of “waits”．

The very purest form of waiting is the Watched­Pot Wait.It is without doubt the most annoying of all.Take filling up the kitchen sink (洗碗池) as an example.There is absolutely nothing you can do while this is going on but keep both eyes fixed on the sink until it's full.During these waits，the brain slips away from the body and wanders about until the water runs over the edge of the counter and onto your socks.This kind of wait makes the waiter helpless and mindless.

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