高中英语定语从句
高中英语教师 赵宝丽
Ⅰ. 概念：
(1) 定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词后面。
(2) 先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词(名词或代词)，短语，或整个主句。
(3) 引导定语从句的词叫引导词，又叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。
关系词的作用：
1) 连接作用：引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于一个连词；
2) 在定语从句中充当句子成份（主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语）
3）指代先行词
. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：
1. 形式上，非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。
2. 语法上，非限制性定语从句一般不用that、why引导.
3. 语义上，限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密，起限定作用，如果去掉了这个定语从句，整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密，对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。
This is the book I like best. 这就是我最喜欢的那本书。
Beijing, which has been China's capital for more than 800 years, is rich in cultural and historic relics.
北京是中国八百年之久的古都，它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。
4. 翻译时，限制性定语从句可译为一句（较短的一般译为"的"字结构）；而非限制性定语从句可译为两句。
比较: He has a sister, who is a musician.
He has a sister who is a musician.
引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose ，which , as; 关系副词when，where.
1. He studied hard at school when he was young, which leads to his success in his later life.
2. Tom's father, who arrived just now, is a famous scientist.
. 几个关系代词的基本用法：
● that: 可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语。(指人时，相当于who或 whom；指物时，相当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句; 不可置于介词后作宾语) 如：
1. Do you know the gentleman that/who spoke just now?
2. You can take anything ( that) you like.
3. What is the question (that/which) they are talking about?
4. Here is the man ( who/whom/that ) you want to see.
5. She's no longer the girl that she used to be before.
● which: 指物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语。
1. The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father.
2. The book (which/that) I bought yesterday is very interesting.
● who, whom, whose:
who: 主格, 在从句中作主语，在口语或非正式用法中作宾语; 只可指人
whom: 宾格，在从句中作宾语; 只可指人
whose: 属格，是who的所有格，在从句中作定语，可指人也可指物。
1. I like the students who/that work hard.
2. All who heard the story were amazed. (代词如he, they, any, those, all, one等后多用who.)
3. He's a man from whom we should learn. = He's a man (whom/who/that) we should learn from.
4. A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.
5. I'd like a room whose window faces south. =I'd like a room of which the window faces south.
=I'd like a room the window of which faces south.
● as 的用法:(as 引导限制性和非限制性定语从句, 先行词可以指人或者物，as在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语)
1 as引导限制性定语从句的，多用于the same …as ; such …as …; as … as；so …as等结构中,as不能省略。如：
1. I have the same book as you (have). 我有一本和你的一样的书。
2. Don't do such things as you are not sure about.
比较：This is the same bike that I lost two months ago.（同类同物）
This is the same bike as I lost two months ago.(同类异物)
比较：Here is so big a stone as no one can lift. （定语从句）
Here is so big a stone that no one can lift it.（结果状语从句）
2 as引导非限制性定语从句，代替整个主句的内容，从句可放在主句前，主句后、主句中间。译为"正如，这一点"。（动词常为know, see, expect, point out, etc.）
As we all know, smoking is harmful to one's health . (as 作宾语，先行词是前面整个句子，)
=As is known to all, smoking is harmful to one's health . （as 作主语）
=Smoking is harmful to one's health, as we all know .（as 作宾语）
=Smoking, as we all know, is harmful to one' health.
as引导非限制定语从句常用的固定表达：
as we all know 众所周知 as is well know 众所周知
as you see如你所见 as we expect 正如我们预料的那样
as often happens正如经常发生的那样 as I can remember 正如我所记得的
as has been said before如前所述 as is\was expected正如预料的那样
as can be seen 正如所见 as may be imagined正如可以想象出来的那样
. 几个易混淆的关系代词的比较:
●that & which:
在定语从句中，which 和that 在指代事物时，一般可以互换使用，但并非在任何情况下都是这样。
先行词指物时只用that, 而不用which 的情况.
① 先行词为不定代词,all, much, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等,
1. We should do all that is useful to the people.
2. There's nothing that can be said about it .
3. Do you mean the one that was bought yesterday?
4. All that can be done has been done. = What can be done has been done.
② 先行词被only, any, few, little, no, just, very, one of等词修饰时。
1. The only thing that we could do was to wait.
2. That's the very word that is wrongly used.
3. The last place (that) we visited was the chemical works.
比较 *This is one of the best novels that were published last year.
*This is the only one of the best novels that was published last year.
③ 先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。
1. When we talk about Wuxi, the first that comes into mind is Tai Lake.
2. This is the third film that has been shown in our school this term.
④ 先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。
1. This is the best that can be done now.
2. The most important thing that should be done right now is how to stop him from going on.
⑤ 先行词既有人又有物，用which和who都不适合，这时宜用that. 如：
The writer and his novel that you have just talked about is really well known .
⑥ 被修饰词为数词时.
Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water .Now you can see the two that are still alive .
⑦ 如果有两个从句，其中一个关系代词已用which ,另一个关系代词宜用that，以避免语言的单调或重复。
Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
⑧ 疑问词是who或which，关系代词宜用that，以避免重复。
1. Which is the book that you like best?
2. Who is the man that is standing at the gate?
⑨ 主句是There be 结构，修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词. 如：
There is still a seat in the corner that is still free.
⑩ 被修饰成分为表语时，或者关系代词本身是定语从句to be表语时,该关系代词宜用that .
1. That's a good book that will help you a lot.
2. My home village is no longer the place that it used to be .
3.He isn’t the boy that he used to be.
定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that 的情况:
① 当关系代词的前面有介词时.
1. A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.
2. Is this the room in which Mr. White lives?
② 在非限制性定语从句中.
More and more people are beginning to learn English, which is becoming popular in our country.
③ 在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that, 另一个宜用which .
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.
④ 当关系代词后面带有插入语时.
Here's the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.
⑤ 先行词本身是that, 宜用which .
What's that which she is looking at?
⑥ 先行词是those+复数名词.
A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best.
● who & that:
先行词指人时，只用who, 不用that的情况
① 先行词为anyone, anybody, those, all, one, ones, they, he, people时. 如：
1. The person I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and works well.
2. Anyone who (= Whoever ) failed to come to the meeting yesterday must give his reason.
3. Those who are not fit for their work should leave office at once.
② 在There be 结构中，先行词指人时定语从句用关系代词who 引导. 如：
1. There is a gentleman who wants to see you .
2. There are several students in our class who are still not sure about the use of attributive clauses.
● as & which:
as & which 引导非限制性定语从句的区别：
①位置的不同：
which 引导的定语从句只置于所限制的句子后；as 位置较灵活，也就是说as可置于所限制的句子前面；插在句子中或放在句子后。如：
1. He was late again, which made his teacher very angry.
2. Jack, as you know, is an honest man. =Jack is an honest man , as you know.
=As you know, Jack is an honest man.
② 先行词的不同：
as引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词多为一个句子；
which引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词可以是一个词，一个短语或一个句子。
1. She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.
2. He was proud, which I dislike very much.（先行词是一个句子）
3. He is an honest man, as is known to all.
③ as 一般译为"正如" "就像"，"这一点"
as we all know； as you know; as is known to all; as you see; as we can see;
as has been expected; as we have imagined.
④ 表示顺从关系用as； 表示转折、因果关系用which
He has passed the exam, as we expect.
He has passed the exam, which we don’t expect.
Bamboo is hollow, which makes it light.
⑤ as后面多加系动词，which后面多加实义动词
The earth travels around the sun, as is known to all.
Bamboo is hollow, which makes it light.
. 关系副词引导的定语从句:
● When 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。其先行词是表时间的名词：time, day, week, year, month, etc.
He came last night when I was out.
We will put off the picnic until next week, when the weather would be better.
注意：先行词为"时间名词"，当定语从句缺少状语时用when引导，when在定语从句中作时间状语；当定语从句缺少主语或者宾语时用which或that 引导。
比较: 1. I still remember the day when /on which my brother joined the army.（作状语）
2. I still remember the days which/that we spent together. （作宾语）
● Where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。其先行词是表示地点的名词：place, school, factory, room, etc.
This is the place where I was born.
I live in the room where /in which he used to live.
注意：先行词是"地点名词"，当定语从句缺少状语时用where引导，where在定语从句中作地点状语；当定语从句缺少主语或者宾语时用which或that 引导。
比较: 1. This is the factory where /in which he worked last year. （作状语）
2. I think you have got to the point where a change is needed, or you would fail.
3. He's got himself into a dangerous situation where he's likely to lose control of the plane.
4. This is the park which/that they visited last year. （作宾语）
● Why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。当定语从句缺少状语时用why引导，why在定语从句中作原因状语；当定语从句缺少主语或者宾语时用which或that 引导，先行词一般为reason 时，可用for which指代。
1. The reason why / for which / (that) he didn't attend the meeting was that he was ill.
2. I don't believe the reason (that/which) he gave me. （作宾语）
3. Have you asked him the reason that may explain his success? （作主语）
Ⅵ 介词+关系代词（介词+ whom / which）引导的定语从句
在定语从句中，“介词+关系代词”结构是考试重点，关系代词只能用which指物，用whom指人，不可以用that。使用“介词+关系词”结构，关键是要确定其中的介词。归纳起来，有以下几种方法：
1、根据与定语从句中动词的搭配来确定介词。如：
In the dark street， there wasn’t a single person to whom she could turn for help.
在漆黑的大街上，没有一个她可以向之求助的人。（注意相关搭配turn to sb for help“向某人求助”）
注意；有些固定短语动词如listen to， look at，look after， depend on， look for， take care of，
hear of\about\from, care for, look forward, pay attention to, 等短语里面的介词都不可前置。
The boy （whom） my sister is looking after is getting better
不能说成：The boy after whom my sister is looking is getting better.
2、根据与定语从句中形容词的搭配来确定介词。如：
He was generous with his time， for which I was grateful.
他在时间方面很慷慨，对此我非常感激。（注意相关搭配be grateful for“对……感激”）
我们应该多记一些相关的结构，如be interested in， be famous for， be pleased with， be satisfied with，be popular with， be good at， be proud of等等。
3、根据与先行词的搭配来确定介词。如：
This is our classroom， in front of which there is a teacher’s desk.
这是我们的教室，前面是老师的讲台。（注意相关搭配in front of our classroom）
I’ll never forget the day on which she said goodbye to me.
我永远不会忘记她与我们告别的那一天。（注意相关搭配on the day）
4、根据句意来确定介词的使用。如：
This is the book from which I got the story.
这就是那本书，从中我读到这个故事。（由于句子含有“从……”的意思，所以用介词from）
5、根据句中的习惯表达来确定介词。如：
There were two possessions of Green in which he took great pride.
格林拥有两样他特别感到自豪的东西。（相关的习惯表达take pride in “对……感到自豪”）
6、根据定语从句与先行词之间的关系，如所属关系，部分关系，同位关系，构成 ... of which/whom结构。
He has read lots of books， some of which are English ones.
他读过许多书，其中一些是英语书。（some of which 与 lots of books 是一种部分关系）
7、还有in which case，by which time， “in whose+名词”这样的一些结构引导非限制性定语从语，相当and
in that/this case， by that time， in his/her ... +名词。如：
I may have to work late， in which case I’ll telephone.
我可能得晚点下班，那样我会打电话的。
Tom is the manager in whose department my brother works.
汤姆是我哥哥工作所在部门的经理。
Ⅶ 定语从句高考考点：
● 定语从句的主谓一致原则
关系代词作定语从句的主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致。
Those who say such things have shown more about their character than about their wealth and power.说此类话的人表现出他们的人品多于他们的财富与权力。
He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man.不到长城非好汉。
* 在句型“one of the +复数名词+who\that\which引导的定语从句”的结构中，从句的谓
语动词用复数形式。
Tom is one of the boys who are on time.汤姆视准时的那些男孩中的一个。
* 但是在“the (only )one of the +复数名词+who\that\which 引导的定语从句”的结构中，
先行词为one，从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
He is the only one of the students who has been a winner of scholarship for three years.
他是学生中唯一的连续三年获得奖学金的那个。
● that和 why不能引导非限制性定语从句，在非限制性定语从句中用which 代替that，用
for which代替why。
He didn’t pass the exam, which disappointed his teacher.
I have told them the reason, for which I didn’t attend the party.
● 分隔定语从句
定语从句一般直接放在先行词之后，但有时也被一个较短的定语或者谓语动词将它与先
行词分隔开来，这时被称为分隔定语从句。
After graduation she reached a point in her career where she needed to decide what to do.
毕业后，她到了一生中需要决定该做什么的阶段了。
● whose +n.=of which +the +n.= the + n. + of which
Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, whose price\the price of which\ of which the
price was very reasonable. 最近我买了一个中国古代的花瓶，其价格非常合理。
● 先行词是case, point, condition , business , position ,situation, stage等抽象地点名
词时，定语从句不缺少主语或者宾语时用 where引导，否则用that或者which引导。
We’re just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk .
我们正在寻求达成一个双方能坐下来谈的共识。
There is one point that\which we must insist on.
有一点我们必须要坚持。
● 定语从句中的虚拟语气
It is (high\about) time +that 从句的句型中，that从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。
即用过去式或should +动词原形，should不能省略。
It is time that children should go to bed. =》 It is time that children went to bed.
● 关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省略，而非限制性定语从句的所有关系代词
均不可省略。
This is a good film (which\ that)I saw a few days ago.
The summer holiday, which we are looking forward to, is drawing near.
我们盼望的暑假就要来了。
● 关系代词、人称代词、指示代词的选择
关键是要分清句子结构，非限制性定语从句用关系代词；并列句用人称代词或者指示代词。
He has three sons, none of whom is an engineer.
He has three sons, who are engineers.
He has three sons, but none of them is an engineer.
He has three sons; they are engineers.
He has three sons, and they are engineers.
● The reason why he didn’t come to school yesterday is that he was ill.
● All that can be done has been done. = What can be done has been done.
All that = what
● 当先行词为way时，the way（方式）在从句中作状语时，定语从句常用that, in which,或
省略；the way(方法)在从句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that 引导。如:
This is the way (that) /in which I do such things.
Please do the experiment in the way（that/which）I have shown you.
定语从句基本练习
一、 相似结构对比
A） A、where B、which C、that D、the one E、\
1、Is this museum__________ they visited yesterday？
2、Is this the museum__________ they visited yesterday？
3、Is this museum_______ they stayed yesterday？
4、Is this the museum________ they stayed yesterday？
5、It was the museum________ you saw many treasures.
6、It was in the museum_________ you saw many treasures.
7、It was in the museum_______ you dropped in that you saw many treasures.
B） A. Where B. in which C. at which D. that E. which
F. its G. with H. of which I. whose J. \
1、She lived in the house______ she used to live.
2、She lived in the house______ she used to live in.
3、She lived in the house______ she used to drop in.
4、She lived in the house______ she used to visit.
5、She lived in the house______ windows were broken.
6、She lived in the house______ the windows were broken.
7、She lived in the house the windows_______ were broken.
8、She lived in the house and_______ windows were broken.
9、She lived in the house_______ the broken windows .
C） A. It\ it B. As\ as C. Which\ which D. What\ what E. that
1. _____ is known is that he has gone to college.
2. _____ is known that he has gone to college.
3. _____ is known, he has gone to college.
4. We all known_______ he has gone to college.
5. He has gone to college, ______ made us surprised.
6. He has gone to college and______ made us surprised.
7. He has gone to college, ______ surprised us.
8. He has gone to college, ______ I was surprised at.
9. ______ surprised us most was_______ he has gone to college.
D) A. as B. that C. which
1. He is such a good teacher_______ we all like.
2. He is such a good teacher_______ we all like him.
3. He is such a good teacher_______ we all know.
4. He is a good teacher, ________ makes us respect him.
E) A. when B. where C. which D. there E. that
1. He arrived in Beijing in 1984, _______ he became a manager, some years later.
2. He arrived in Beijing in 1984, ________ was important for him.
3. He arrived in Beijing in 1984, ________ he was already in his fifties.
4. He arrived in Beijing in 1984, and_______ he became famous.
5. It was in 1984______he arrived in Beijing.
本文来源：https://www.2haoxitong.net/k/doc/a69c044bc381e53a580216fc700abb68a882ad75.html
文档为doc格式