大学英语（四） 教案
张媛
滁州学院外国语学院
一、课程简介
二、教学计划：
Unit 1 Mathematics
I. The Definition of EST (English for Science & Technology)
EST (English for Science & Technology or Technical English or Scientific English) is a special language variety widely used in the fields of science and technology. It’s believed that it first came to being in the 1950s along with the rapid development of science and technology, and it many researchers and scholars began to conduct investigation of this common features of this special genre including reading comprehension, writing and even translation.
II. Reading Techniques for EST
Nominalizaiton(名词化结构)
1. 单纯名词化结构：指由一个或多个名词修饰一个中心名词构成的名词化结构。
water purification system
该结构的中心名词是system，purification 修饰water，因此该结构相当于a system for the purification of water
2. 复合名词化结构：指由一个中心名词和形容词、名词、副词、分词及介词短语等多个前置或后置修饰语构成。
acute bacterial peritonitis 急性细菌性腹膜炎
3. 由动词派生的名词化结构：通常是由实义动词派生的名词搭配介词短语构成，在句子中充当主语、宾语或介词宾语。
The building of these giant iron and steel works will greatly accelerate the development of the iron and steel industry of our country.
句中的名词化结构the building of these giant iron and steel workds由build的动名词加上介词短语构成，充当句子的主语，其逻辑结构为动宾结构。
III. Translation Techiniques for EST
1. 将名词化结构译为动词
All substances will permit the passage of some electric current, provided the potential difference is high enough.
这里的名词passage在翻译时要译为动词“通过”。
全句译为：只要有足够的电位差，电流便可通过任何物体。
2. 将名词化结构译为动宾关系
As a small-scale illustration of the artificial modification of physical weather processes, take the frost prevention in an orchard.
划线部分的名词化结构译为“对天气的物理过程进行人工影响”
全句译为：我们可举果园中防霜作为说明对天气的物理过程进行小尺度人工影响的例子。
IV. Text Analysis Game Theory
1. Warm-up questions
a) What are the basic elements of games and what is the goal of the participants in the game?
b) In order to win in a game, what kind of approach or strategy should be applied?
2. Language Points
a) The games it studies range from chess to chld rearing and from tennis to takeovers. (para.1)
Paraphrase: The games it (game theory) studies extends from chess to child brnging-up and from tennis to handovers.
takeover: n. the act or an instance of assuming control or management of or responsibility for sth.
b) Game theory was pioneered by Princeton mathematician John von Neumann. (para.2)
pioneer: v. to be a pioneer; to originate (course of action etc., followed later by others)
3. Text Organization
Part One: paras. 1-3
Game theory can be defined as the sciene of strategy which studies both pure conflicts (zero-sum games) and conflicts in cooperative forms.
Part Two: paras. 4-11
There are two distinct types of strategic imterdependence; sequential move game and simultaneous-move game.
Part Three: paras: 12-19
The typical examples of game theory are given as basic principles such as prisoners’ dilemma, mixing moves, strategic moves, bargaining, concealing and revealing information.
Part Four: para. 20
The research of game theory has succeeded in illustrating strategies in situations of conflict and cooperation and it will focus on the design of successful strategy in future.
V. Assignments:
a) background knowledge search for each lecture;
b) preview work for each lecture;
c) exercises after each lecture;
d) self-study of Text B and its exercises
Unit 2 Medicine
I. Reading Techiniques for EST
Compound Words 复合词
1. 复合词的构成：
a) 名词+名词 computer capacity 计算机能力
b) 形容词+名词 synchronous orbit 同步轨道
c) 分词+名词 combined carbon 结合碳
d) 名词+动名词 altitude charging 高空增压
e) 形容词+动名词 dynamic programming 动态规划
f) 多词复合名词 industrial distribution equipment 工业配电装置
2. 复合形容词的构成：
a) 名词/形容词/副词+形容词 red-hot 炽热的
b) 形容词/数词+名词 high-frequency 高频的
c) 名词/形容词/数词+名词-ed medium-sized 中型的
d) 名词/代词/形容词/副词+分词 well-equipped 设备精良的
e) 多词复合形容词 out-of-date 过时的
3. 复合动词的构成
a) 动词+介词/连词+动词 point-and-click 点击
b) 动词+介词 sign-on 登录
c) 形容词+动词 mass-produce 成批生产
II. Translation Techiniques for EST
1. 意译：通过对原词的仔细推敲和理解，准确地译出其表达的科学概念。
deep space 航天术语：外层空间，而非“深层空间”
2. 音译：根据英语单词的发音译成读音与原词大致相同的中文。
hertz 赫兹（频率单位）
e-mail 伊妹儿—电子邮件
3. 意音结合译：在音译之后加上一个表示类别的词，或者把原词的一部分音译，而另一部分意译。
Kuru 库鲁病
4. 直译：在科技文献里，有些词可以直接使用原文，如商标、牌号、型号和表示特定意义的字母。
IBM system IBM系统
III. Text Analysis Making a Little Progress
1. Warm-up Questions
a) What do you know about medicines or therapies for cancer?
b) Can you give examples of the application of nanotechnology in our daily lives?
2. Language Points
a) … to bring blood to an old and desperate fight. (para.1)
new blood: n. new member, new comer
b)… as they revert to their original spins.(para. 4)
revert to: to return to a previous state
c) …usher the protons to their original spins. (para. 4)
usher: v. to lead ab. politelyl to some place
eg: The waitress ushered us to our seats reserved.
3. Text Organization
Part One: para.1
The government decided to take an initiative to fight against cancer by means of nanotechnology.
Part Two: para. 2
Nanotechnology holds promise for cancer treatment on account of two main reasons: size and function.
Part Three: paras. 3-8
Two kinds of nanoparticles –nanocrystals of iron oxide and quantum dots—have been used for cancer detection in tests on mice.
Part Four: paras. 9-18
Three kinds of nanoparticles—dendrimers, carbon nanotubes and liposomes—have been used in tests for cancer killing.
Part Five: paras. 19-21
In spite of great progress in cancer nanotechnology, there are still many problems to solve.
IV. Assignments:
a) background knowledge search for each lecture;
b) preview work for each lecture;
c) exercises after each lecture;
d) self-study of Text B and its exercises
Unit 3 Genetic Engineering
I. Reading Techiniques for EST
Abbreviation (缩略词)
1. 截短词
cpd (compound) 化合物 maths (mathematics) 数学
2. 字母缩略词
AMPS (advanced mobile phone system) 高级移动电话系统
3. 首字母拼音词
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 北大西洋公约组织
II. Translation Techiniques for EST
1. Conversion (词的转译)
a) 动词转译成名词
The addition of 2 percent sodium carbonate to boiling water increase the bactericide effect.
Addtion转译成“加入”
全句译成：在沸水中加入2%的碳酸钠会增加杀菌效果。
b) 具体词义转译为抽象词义
the study of the brain is one of the last frontiers of human knowledge and of much more immediate importance than understanding the infinity of space or the mystery of the atom.
划线部分具体含义是“最后的边疆”，译为抽象隐身意义“最新领域”
c) 抽象词义转译为具体词义
The pupil of the eye responds to the changes of light intensity.
respond to，作具体化转译“随…扩大或缩小”
2. Amplification (词的增译)
semi-permanent coupler 半永久性结构
infinite adjustment 将adjustment的含义补充为speed adjustment，译为“ 无极调速 ”
3. Omission （词的省译）
Best varieties have good resistance to loading.
最好的品种抗倒伏力强。
III. Text Analysis Ready or Not? Human ES Cells Head Toward the Clinic
1. Warm-up Questions
a) What do you know about human ES cells? Give some examples to show its application in the medical field.
b) In your opinion, what’s the prospect of cell therapies?
2. Language Points
a) But several hurdles reamain.
Hurdle: n. obstacle or difficulty
b) …pleaded with his colleagues to vote with him.
Plead with: to ask for; to beg
c) But these same traits also increase the risk…
trait: n. characteristic
d) …ending up in the wrong place…
end up: to be in a particular place or state finally
3. Text Organization
Part One: paras.1-6
Although hES cells hold promise for the clinic, they still carry some risks in practice that discourage most groups from clinical trials except one companyy—Geron.
Part Two: paras. 7-12
Keirstead and his colleagues have chosen spinal cord injuries as the first trial and carried out several experiments with the main purpose to indicate that the treatment can be safe.
Part Three: paras. 13-22
Some potential problems may turn up with the clinical trials, such as improper differentiation, tumor formatioon, animal contamination and new mutations in culture.
Part Four: paras. 23-26
There is still a long way to go befoere cell therapies come onto the stage.
IV. Assignments:
a) background knowledge search for each lecture;
b) preview work for each lecture;
c) exercises after each lecture;
d) self-study of Text B and its exercises
Unit 4 Telecommunication
I. Reading Techiniques for EST
Blending (拼缀词)
1. 前词首部+后词尾部
Chunnel (channel+tunnel) 英吉利海峡隧道（铁路）
2. 前词全部+后词尾部
Copytron (copy+technology) 高科技
3. 前词首部+后词全部
Autocamp (automobile+camp) 汽车宿营地
4. 前词首部+后词首部
Biotech (biology+technology) 应用生物学；生物技术
II. Translation Techiniques for EST
形容词和副词的比较级
1. 比较级单独使用的译法：译为“较、更、些”
2. 比较级+than的译法
More…than: 可译为“与…相比”，“更”
Less than 可译为“不到”
3. 程度状语+比较级
在比较级前会加上much,far, even, still, a bit, a little, yet, 译为“…得多”，“大大…”
4. more and more “越来越”
5. the more…the more “越…越”
III. Text Analysis 10 Hottest Telecom Technologies
1. Warm-up Questions
a) Can you name some of the hot telecom technologies?
b) How do telecom technologies influence our daily life?
2. Language Points
a) The slightest linkling of a recovery…
inkling: n. a slight hint or indication
eg: Can you give me some inkling of the technological trend
b) …technology development never really went out of vogue…
out of vogue: no llonger popular
c) …broadband has become a commodity service
broadband: n. a wide band of electromagnetic frequencies
3. Text Organization
Part One: paras.1-3
The industry is thinking technology again and it’s time to check out 10 hottest technology picks for the year.
Part Two: paras. 4-8
PacketCable Multimedia sets cable operators’ offering from a basic telephony service from an ILEC .
Part Three: paras. 9-12
Wi-Fi roaming technology allows wireless user to wander from a narrowband cellular network onto a broadband Wi-Fi network without changing handsets.
Part Four: paras. 13-16
Meshed networks proide city-or metro-wide broadband wireless coverage without requiring wired backhals.
Part Five: paras. 17-19
With the advent of hosted BoIP telephonu, users will be able to manege all their calling feature over a web-based interface and gain access to productivity-enhancing applications.
Part Six: paras. 20-23
Active Ethernet is offered as as alternative to PON and it leverages the best of Ethernet and IP.
IV. Assignments:
a) background knowledge search for each lecture;
b) preview work for each lecture;
c) exercises after each lecture;
d) self-study of Text B and its exercises
Unit 5 Wireless Communication
I. Reading Techiniques for EST
Derivative （派生词）
Microscope显微镜 词根：scope 词根的含义：look
Monoraph 专著 词根：graph 词根的含义：written
II. Translation Techiniques for EST
Non-finite Verb （非限定动词）
1. 分词：包括现在分词和过去分词。通常分词作主语的定语，以半年采用逆序合译法，放在被修饰词之前。但是如果定语成分太长，则采用顺序分译法，译为单独的词组或分句。
The MEMS part, made by Analog Devices Inc. of Wilmington, Massachusetts, and other firms, is a tiny chunk of silicon suspended in a cavity.
由麻省威明顿市模拟设备公司与其他公司合作制造的MEMS部件是悬挂在凹处的一小块硅。
2. 动名词：应当根据动名词短语在句中充当的成分来确定翻译时它正在汉语中的位置。
Squeezing fullerenes and nanotubes is unlikly to be an inexpensive, practical synthetic route.
句中的动名词短语squeezing fullerenes and nanotubes作主语放在句首。译为：“靠挤压形成富勒烯和纳米碳管绝非一个经济实用的途径。”
3. 不定式：不定式在科技文章中用得很多。可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。应根据在句中的成分及上下文确定在汉语中的位置。
Materials to be used for structural purposes are chosen so as to behave elastically in the environmental conditions.
译为：所选择的结构材料在环境中应当能够保持其弹性。
4. 分词独立结构。一般采用顺译法，放在句子的后面。
At the same time the waves are fanning out, they are also separating b wavelength, a process known as dispersion.
句中分词独立结构代替同位语从句，作主句的同位语，采用顺译法，放在句子的后面。译为：当这些波向外扩散时，它们也在按波长分开，这一过程叫频散。
III. Text Analysis Your Next Computer
1. Warm-up Questions
a) Do you know anything abou the brief history of mobile phones?
b) Nowadays most college students have got a mobile phone. What do you think about this?
2. Language Points
a) ...that pops up on his small screen each morning…
pop up: to appear, sometimes unexpectedly
eg: Click here, and a list of files will pop up.
b) …but at 32 he’s too old to indulge his hobby…
indulge: v. to let someone do or have sth. That someone enjoys, esp. sth. That is considered bad for someone
c) AT&T rolled out the first cellulalr network in 1977…
roll out: to produce in large quantities
eg: The factory rolls out 300 boxes of its products every day.
3. Text Organization
Part One: paras.1-3
Now peole spend countless/many hours using their mobile phone’s Internet connection to download, check or send messages.
Part Two: paras. 4-5
There are 1.5 billion cell phones in the world today, more than three times the number of PCs. The emergence of mobile phone around the world has been slow but overwhelmingly momentous.
Part Three: paras. 6-9
As our phones get smarter, smaller and faster and enable users to connect at high speed, it has, in one sense, already turned into the next computer.
Part Four: paras. 10-12
The future mobile phones one day could actually perform many of the functions of PC, like word processing and Web browsing.
Part Five: paras. 13-14
Our cell phones aren’t likely to take the fastest road to its bright future. Innovation in the mobiel industry is full of zigzags and wrong turns, but one day we’ll leave all PCs behind.
IV. Assignments:
a) background knowledge search for each lecture;
b) preview work for each lecture;
c) exercises after each lecture;
d) self-study of Text B and its exercises
Unit 6 Computer Science
I. Reading Techiniques for EST
Finding out context clues根据上下文的线索猜测词义
1. 释义线索
2. 近义词、反义词线索
Technology revolutions come in two flavors: jarringly fast and iimperceptibly slow.
文中的fast和slow互为反义词，根据句子结构，可判断出jarringly和imperceptibly也应互为反义词，jarringly意为“震动地，刺耳地”，imperceptibly意为“不易察觉地”。
3. 同位语线索
They have already gotten goats and mice to produce pieces of MSP-1, a protein displayed on the surface of the malaria parasite.
这句话中对专业词汇MSP-1的含义用同位短语来进行解释，通过理解同位语的意思可以猜测出MSP-1是一种蛋白质。译为：他们已经培育出山羊和老鼠以产生MSP-1的碎片，MSP-1是显示于疟疾寄生虫表面的一种蛋白质。
4. 举例线索：科技英语常用的引导用语： for example、for instance、such as、like、especially等。
II. Translation Techiniques for EST
Multiples 倍数的译法
1. 倍数增加的译法
英语中表示倍数增加的表达法有：1）表增加意义的词(by) n times + 或 by a factor of n; 2) n times + 表示增加意义的词的比较级
The production of various stereo recorders has been increased four times as against 1977.
各种立体声录音机的产量比1977年增加了三倍。
2. 倍数比较的译法
1）n times + larger than + 被比较对象，译为“其大小为…的n倍”，“比…大n-1倍”
This thermal power plant is four times larger than that one.
这个热电站比那个热电站大三倍。
2）n times + as + 原级 + as + 被比较对象，译为“是… 的n倍”
Iron is almost three times as heavy as aluminum. 铁的重量几乎是铝的三倍。
3）n times + that (或表比较方面的词) of + 被比较对象，译为“是…的n倍”
This reservoir is four times the size of that one. 这个水库是那个水库的四倍。
3. 倍数减少的译法
1) 表减少意义的词（by）n times + 或 by a factor of n;
2) n times +表示减少意义的词的比较级
The automatic assembly line can shorten the assembling period (by) ten times.
自动装配线能够使装配期缩短十分之九。
III. Text Analysis Get Mean, Go Green
1. Warm-up Questions
a) What do you know about the computing power of today’s computers?
b) What are the fundamental computing performance bottlenecks?
2. Language Points
a) Businesses may not put much stock in recycling, but when it comes to computing power, …
put stock in sth: to have confidence or credence in sth.
Eg: put much/little stock in sb./sth
b) …where existing technology would falter.
falter: v. to poerate or perform unsteadily or with a loss of effectiveness
eg: The automobile engine faltered.
c) …computing performance come at a steep price.
Come at a steep price: to be very expensive; to get with sth. unpleasant happening as a result
eg: Fame comes at a steep price.
3. Text Organization
Part One: paras.1-2
Reversible computing is the key to unlocking the power of tomorrow’s computing platforms.
Part Two: paras. 3-9
Reasons why computing architectural changes are inevitable.
Part Three: paras. 10-13
When reversible computing will be largely adopted depends on their applications.
Part Four: paras. 14-17
How reversible computing works.
Part Five: para. 18
Conclusion: It’s time to investigate reversible computing further.
IV. Assignments:
a) background knowledge search for each lecture;
b) preview work for each lecture;
c) exercises after each lecture;
d) self-study of Text B and its exercises
Unit 7 Internet
I. Reading Techiniques for EST
Post-attributive （后置定语）
1. 介词短语作后置定语
1) of 表示所属关系，意为“…的”
2）for表示“供…之用的，对…来说的”
3）with表示特征，意为“具有…的，用…的”
2. 分词作后置定语
现在分词和过去分词在句中置于名词后，通常作定语，修饰先行词，仍保持较强的动词含义。
Cryptography also enables Bob to check that the message sent by Alice was not modified by Eve and that the message he receives was really sent by Alice.
密码学知识可以帮助鲍勃核查由爱丽丝发出的信息未经夏娃修改，并且他所获取的信息确实由爱丽丝发出。
3. 形容词及形容词短语作后置定语
A player can use threats and promises to alter other players’ expectations of his future actions, and thereby induce them to take actions favorable to him or deter them from making moves that harm him.
博弈者可以通过恐吓和承诺来改变其他博弈者对他的未来策略预期，从而促使其他博弈者采取对其有利的行为或阻止其他博弈者的破坏性行为。
4. 副词作后置定语
The air outside pressed the side in. 外面的空气将桶壁压得凹进去了。
II. Translation Techiniques for EST
Attributive Clause
1. 逆序合译法
In 1952，scientists working with frogs transferred nulei into unfertilized eggs whose own nuclei had been removed.
1952年，科学家们用青蛙做实验，把细胞核移植入已除去细胞核的未受精卵中。
2. 顺序分译法
A doctor cell is fused to the egg b pulses of electricity, which break down the donor cell’s outer membrane and allow the egg to envelope its new nucleus.
供体细胞由电脉冲注入到卵子中。电脉冲刺破供体细胞的外层薄膜，使得卵子能拿包住其新核。
II. Text Analysis We Know Where You Are
1. Warm-up Questions
a) Are you aware of locaiton technologies? If yes, please give your partner a general introduction of these technologies?
b) What do you know about E911?
2. Language Points
a) With conventional 911, the caller’s location must be provided by the caller…
conventional: a. following what has been customary
eg: His opinion are rather narrow and conventional.
b) …country’s valid street addresses.
Valid: a. effective because made or done with correct formalities
Eg: The tourists are prevented from entering a country if they do no have a valid passports.
c) …the dispatcher can send help to a caller’s location even if the caller is incapacitated.
incapacitated: a. incapable of doing things
Eg: An 82-year-old man suffered a series of heart attacks that left hime imcapacitated, and other medical problems soon developed.
3. Text Organization
Part One: para.1
In the future, location-aware networking will present great oportunities for users and improve the security and effectiveness of Wi-Fi networks.
Part Two: paras. 2-11
It summarizes the demand for location-aware technology due to wider application of VoIP and VoIP over Wi-Fi and E911 legislation and present deployment situation in the U. S..
Part Three: paras. 12-16
It compares different location-aware technologies and summarizes the approaches for Wi-Fi vendors, which are through – current access points, triangulation and RF finerprinting.
Part Four: paras. 17-22
Location-aware presence will improve Wi-Fi security in a number of ways.
IV. Assignments:
a) background knowledge search for each lecture;
b) preview work for each lecture;
c) exercises after each lecture;
d) self-study of Text B and its exercises
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