短暂性动词，延续性动词和现在完成时
延续性动词是指动作发生后还可以延续一段时间或者相当长的一段时间。如：live,
work, study, learn, sleep等，延续性动词可以和表示一段的时间状语连用。
短暂性动词是指动作一旦发生就立即结束。它不能和一段时间连用。这类动词有：go,
come, arrive, leave, begin, start, join, marry等；
★在否定句中，短暂性动词可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。
We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time.
★短暂性动词的肯定式不能与表示一段时间的for或since或how long等状语连用。★值得注意的是，表示一段时间的状语除了“for+一段时间”外，还有since+n./从句（时间点），since+时间段+ago，疑问词how long，in the past+时间段，all these+时间段，from…to（时间点）以及till/until+n./句子等等。例如：
.I have received his letter for three days（×） I have received his letter.（√）
How long did she leave .（×） How long has she been away? (√)
arrive→be here
★除了用上面的转化形式之外，还可以用其他的表达形式：
A. It is 或者 It has been+时间+since……（动词用过去式），
B.主语+谓语（过去时）+时间+ago。 例如：
It’s five days since I received his letter.
His father died three years ago.
看一个句子可以用以下几种说法：他离开上海已经3天了。
He left Shanghai three days ago.
He has been away from Shanghai for three days/since three days ago
It is/has been three days since he left Shanghai.
Three days has passed since he left Shanghai.
几点注意事项:
（1）have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别：
have been(to)表示“去过某地（现在已经回来了）”，可用于各人称；
have gone(to)表示“去某地了（说话时某人不在当地）”，可能在去的路上，可能已在某地，也可能在回来的路上，总之，人不在这里。常用第三人称作主语。
前者可与once,never, several times等连用，后者则不能。
如：They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。
He has gone to Beijing他去北京了。
注意比较 has gone to, has been to, has been in的意义：
He has gone to Amercia. （他到美国去了。 他不在这里）
He has been to Amercia. （他去过美国。 现已回来）
He has been in Shanghai. （他在上海呆过。 现在不在上海）
He has been in shanghai for years. （他在上海多年。 现在还在上海）
（2）终止性动词现在完成时的否定式，已变成一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。
如：I haven 't left here since 1997.自从1997年以来，我一直没有离开过这儿。
★另外，动词的延续性与非延续性还体现在这两种句型中：
延续性动词的肯定式+till/until
短暂性动词的否定式+till/ until
请看例句：We waited until he came.
I didn’t go to bed until my father came back home last night.
短暂性动词，延续性动词和现在完成时练习
I. 句型转换：
1. Mr. Li began to teach English in this school in 1999.（同义句）
Mr. Li ______ _______English in this school since 1999.
2. The factory opened ten years ago.（同义句
The factory _______ _____ ______ for ten years.
3. John left Beijing three years ago. （同义句）
Three years _____ _____ ______ John _____ Beijing.
John_____ ______ ______ ______ Beijing _____ three years.
4. His company opened in 2003. （同义句
His company _____ _____ _____ since 2003.
5. My father bought the car half a year ago. （同义句
My father ______ ______ the car ____ half a year.
6. We got to know each other for about 15 years.（同义句
We _____ _____ each other _____ about 15 years.
7. The film began ten minutes ago. （同义句
The film _____ _____ ____ for ten minutes.
8. I borrowed this book two weeks ago. （同义句
I _____ _____ this book for two weeks.
9. My father came back the day before yesterday.
My father has ______ ______ for two days.
10.My uncle bought the new car two months ago.
My uncle has______ the new car ______two months ago.
II. 用have been和have gone填空。
1. Mother isn’t here. She ______ to the barber’s.
2. ______ you ever ______ abroad before?
4. Tom and Mary have just come in. They ______ to a party.
5. Tom and Mary aren’t here. They ______ to a Party.
6. My father ______ to New York. He left this morning.
12. The students ______ to the cinema to see a film today. Now they are back.
14. Mr. and Mrs. Smith ______ to London now. They ______ there twice already.
18. Miss Li ______ never ______ to China before.
19. Where ______ you ______? The meeting has already begun.
20. Where ______ he ______? I can’t find him anywhere.
Ⅲ.选择题
1. The bookshop _____ for eight years.
A has been open B has been opened C has opened D has open
2. I ______ the club for 5 years so far. A. joined B. have joined C. have been in3. The factory ________ since the February of 1988. A . has been open B. has opened C. was open D. opened4. Mary and Rose _______friends since they met in 2000. A. have made B. have been C. made D. have become5.You mustnt ________ until he comes back. A. be away B. leave C. be left6.The meeting _______ for a week now. A. has finished B. has ended C. has been over7.Miss Gao ______ this school for nearly 5 years. A. has been in B. has come to C. has taught8.Ben ______ a teacher for 4 years . A. has been B. has become C. was D. became9. I ______ home for a week. A. have returned B. have been back C. returned10. How long _______ he ________ ? A. died B. has, died C. has, been dead11. He ______ at eight yesterday afternoon. A. slept B. was sleeping C. has sleep D. had slept12.He ________ the car for a week. A. bought B. has bought C. has had 13.-----How long _____ you _____ ill ? -----Two weeks. A. did fall B. have, fell C. have, been14.Since 2000, he _____ his hometown. A. has left B. has moved away C. has been away from15.Ill lend you the book , but you can only _____ it for 2 days. A. borrow B. keep C. take16.The bus ______ on the road for 2 hours so far. A. has stopped B. stopped C. has been17.Are you _____ the jacket these days? A. wearing B. putting on C. dressing D. on18.He ________ foe 2 hours. A. got up B. has got up C. has been up19. Tom is ill in hospital. He _______ a cold for several days. A. is B. catches C. has caught D. has had20.----- How long can I ______ the book? ------ Two weeks. A. borrow B. lend C. get D. keep
21. -- How long ____ you _____the army?
-- For one and a half years.
A. did, join B. have, been in C. have, joined D. will, join
22. —Oh, Mrs, King. Your dress looks nice. Is it new?
—No, I _____ it since two years ago.
A. had B. bought C. have had D. have bought
23. Jack has___for a week.
A. had a cold B got a cold C. caught a cold
24. “How long have you _____there?” “About six years.”
A. come B. gone C. left D. worked
25. Our workshop since two years ago.
A. was open B. opened C. has been open D. has opened
26. My grandpa ___ for half a year.
A. has been dead B. died C. has died D. was dead
27. -- What a nice bike! How long you_ it?
--Just two weeks.
A. will; buy B. did; buy C. are; having D. have; had
28. He has ____ the watch for a year.
A buy B bought C have D had
29. I _____this book for two weeks, I have to return it now.
A borrowed B have borrowed C kept D have kept
30. Her brother _____the Party since 1978.
A joined B has joined C has been in D was in
Ⅳ.改错
He has been to Beijing for over two yearsHe has joined the army since 2001I have borrowed the book for a weekHow long have you bought the bike My father has left for shanghai for two daysThe bag has been there three days agoLi Lei's grandfather has died since four years ago He has finished his homework last night
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