名词单复数

第一章 名 词

一、定义

名词是表示人或事物名称的词。它既可以表示具体的东西，也可以是表示抽象的东西。

二、分类

1. 名词可以根据意义分为普通名词和专有名词

如： John is a student

student是普通名词，John是专有名词

普通名词前可以用不定冠词a/an, 定冠词the 或不加冠词，专有名词前一般不加冠词，专有名词的首字母要大写。

2. 普通名词又可以分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词，其中个体名词与集体名词是可数名词，物质名词和抽象名称是不可数名词。

3. 专有名词

专有名词是表示人名、地名、团体、机构、组织等的专有名词，多为独一无二的事物。

三、名词的数

1、名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。

可数名词——可以数的名词

不可数名词——数不清（没有复数）

Drink : milk  tea  water  orange  juice  coke  coffee  porridge

Food :rice  bread  meat  fish  fruit  cake  dumplings

2、可数名词与不定冠词a(an)连用有数数形式，不可数名词不能与不定冠词a(an)连用，没有复数形式

many+可数名词复数

much/a little+不可数名词

some, any , a lot of (lots of) 两者都可以修饰。

3、可数名词可以直接用数词来修饰

不可数名词  数词 +量词 +of + 名词

对可数名词的数量提问用how many

对不可数名词的数量提问用 how much

4、不可数名词的量有以下两种表示方法：

1） some, much ,a little ,a lot of  ,a bit of , plenty of 用等表示多少。

注意既可以与可数名词复数，又可以与不可数名词连用的有：plenty of ,some ,a lot of ,lots of  ,most of 等。

如there is much water in the bottle .瓶中有很多水。

I'll tell you much good news.我要告诉你许多好消息。

We should collect some useful information我们应该收集一些有用的消息。

2） 用单位词表示。

用a ... of 表示。

如　a cup of （　一杯......），a bottle of （一瓶......）

　　a piece of （　一张......），a pair of shoes（一双鞋）

如two cups of tea（两杯茶）,five pieces of paper（五张纸）

注意单位词后的动词单复数形式往往取决于单位词的单复数形式；千、百等数词与名词加用，表示复数时，数词仍保持单数，名词变复数。

如 two hundred students（200名学生）

　　ten thousand trees（10000棵树）

测试点he caught a lot of fish他抓到了许多鱼（此处为许多条鱼，fish的复数仍为fish或fishes）

=he caught a lot of fishes.

the paper is about some fresh-water fishes.这篇论文是有关几种淡水鱼的。（此处fish表示不同种类的鱼，加复数词尾-es）

5、可数名词分为单数和复数。

名词单数就是该词本身，在其前面加a或an。

1）单数

如a desk（一张桌子）

　　an old desk（一张旧书桌）

2）复数：要表示一个以上概念时，要用名词复数形式

规则变化

1）一般情况下加-s　

如book--books（书）　desk--desks（书桌）

2）以s ,x ,ch , sh结尾加-es

如box--boxes（盒子）　bus--buses(公共汽车)

注意:①以 th 结尾加-s, month--months

②stomach--stomachs

3)以辅音字母+结尾，变y为i再加- es。

如city--cities(城市)  country--countries(国家)

注意:以元音+y，直接加s。如：day--days(天)，boy--boys(男孩)

4)以f或fe结尾，复数变f或 fe 为v再加-es

如knife-knives(书) ,  half-halves(一半)

(thief ,wife ,life ,shelf ,knife ,leaf ,self ,half ,wolf)

注意:①有少数词后直接加s，如roof-roofs (屋顶)

5)以o结尾

(1)辅音字母加o结尾名词的加-es

如tomato-tomatoes(西红杮)

potato-potatoes(土豆)

(2) 元音字母加o结尾名词的加-s

如piano-pianos (钢琴),  zoo-zoos(动物园)

photo-photos (照片),  kangaroo-kangaroos(袋鼠)

kilo-kilos(千克)

注意zero 两种方式都可：zero-zeros或 zeroes(零)

不规则变化

1) 元音字母发变化。

如man--men(男人) ， woman--women(妇女)

tooth--teeth(牙齿)  ， foot--feet(脚)

mouse--mice(老鼠)  ， policeman--policemen(警察)

policewoman--policewomen(女警察)

2) 词尾发生变化。

如child--children(小孩)  ， ox--oxen(公牛)

3) 单、复数形式相同。

如fish--fish(鱼) ，sheep--sheep(绵羊) ，deer--deer(鹿) ，chinese--chinese(中国人) ，yuan--yuan(元) ，jinn--jinn(斤)

  注意 不说an English，要说an Englishman.

①fish作鱼肉讲时不可数，没有复数。

②fishes指各种不同种类鱼或指几条鱼。

4) 形似单数，实为复数意义。

如people(人，人们)these people

(不说a people，可说a person)

police(公安，警察)ten police

(不说a police，可说a policeman)

5) 由man和woman构成的合成名词，变复数将名词及man或woman都变成复数。

如a man driver-men drivers(男司机)

a woman doctor-women doctors (女医生)

注意①hair和fruit通常作单数，表示总体。若表示若干根头发或若干种水果，则需用这两个词的复数形式。

如Would you like some more fruit?  你要不要再吃点水果？

We bought a lot of fruit from the market.  我们从市场上买了许多水果，

China has some good frits.  中国有一些好的水果。(指种类)

She has a few white hairs.  她有几要白头发。

His black hair is going white.  他的黑发逐渐变成灰白色。

注意:②wind ,snow和rain这类词，有时也可以有复数形式，表示多次的风、雪或雨。

注意: 以boy 和girl开头的复合名词变成复数时，一般只把后一名词变成复数。

如  boy student-boy students(男学生)

girlfriend--girlfriends(女朋友)

7) 有些名词只有作复数。

如scissors(剪刀) a pair of scissors(一把剪刀) trousers(裤子) shorts(短裤)

jeans(工装裤) compasses(两脚规) scales(天平)

sunglasses(太阳镜) surroundings(环境) savings(储蓄) writings(作品)

名词+man(woman)构成的复合名词，其复数形式通常与简单名词一样，即把man(woman)改成men(women)。

如Englishman--Englishmen(英国人)

  Frenchwoman--Frenchwomen(法国妇女)

注意German不是复合词，它的复数是Germans。

1)写出下列词的复数

watch _______ child _______ photo ________

diary ______ day ________ foot ________

book _______ dress ________ tooth _______

sheep ______ box_______ strawberry _____

thief _______ yo-yo ______ peach ______

sandwich ______ man ______ woman _______

paper _______ juice____________ water ________

milk _________ rice ____________ tea_____________

dish ________ baby _______ piano _________　

radio _________ library ________　　goose　＿＿＿

knife _________ toy _______ man doctor ________

Japanese _______ Chinese _______ I __________　　

this ________　　 that ______ he ________

her _＿＿＿＿　　 ａ　＿＿＿＿　　 is __________　

2)．选择题：

1. They come from different ______

A. country B. countries C. a country D. countrys

2. How many ______ do you see in the picture?

A. tomatos B. tomatoes C. tomato D. the tomato

3. They are______.

A . woman teachers B. women teachers

C. women teacher D. woman teacher

4. Would you like _______ ,please?

A. two glass of water B. two glasses of water

C. two glass of waters D. two glasses of waters

5. Most of ______ live in _______.

A. Germans, German B. German, Germen

C. Germen, Germany D. Germans, Germany

6. There are some ______ in these _______.

A.knifes…pencil-boxes B.knives…pencils-box

C.knives…pencil-box D.knives…pencils-boxes

7. ______ like ______ by air.

A. Greens, travelling B. The Green, traveling

C. The Greens, travel D. The Greens, traveling

8. I wonder why ______ are interested in action films(武打片).

A. the people B. people C. peoples D. the peoples

9. There is no ______ in the plate.

A. apples B. oranges C. rice D. eggs

10. _______ are good for our health.

A. Tomatos B. Tomatoes C. Tomato

11. I like to eat cake with ______.

A. cherries B. cherry C.cherrys

12. ______ and ______ are not friends.

A. Foxs…wolfs B. Foxes…wolfs C. Foxes…wolves

13. These are the ______ of our national ______.

A. photos … heroes B. photoes … heroes C. photos … heros

14. The ______ are running on the ______.

A. deer … grasses B. deers … grass C. deer … grass

15. I was so hungry and I ate two ______.

A. bowls of noodle B. bowls of noodles C. bowl of noodles

3）请用括号中名词的复数形式填空

1 Look at those ____________. (child)

2 I can see a ________________ standing near the door. (policeman)

3 Do you want some ___________ for dinner? (potato)

4 In autumn, you can see a lot of __________ on the ground.(leaf)

5 He has two ___________.One is blue , the other is yellow.( box)

6 Two ___________ live in this building .( family )

7.  I have two_____ (knife)

8.  There are many _____ on the road. (bus)

9.  A few _____ are drawing on the wall. (boy)

10.There are so many________(wolf)in the forest.

11.There are three ______(chair) in the classroom.

12.These _______(tomato) are red.

13.______(hero) are great.

14.My brother looks after two ______(baby)

15.There are some ______(deer) eating the grass.

16.My father likes to eat _______(potato).

17.Chinese ______(people)like to eat noodles.

18.I have a lot of ______(toy) in my bedroom.

19.I help my mother wash ______(dish) in the kitchen.

20.I have two ______(pencil-box).

21.There are some ______(bus)in the street.

22.Peter has eight _____(foot).

23.Linda has three _______(tooth).

24.There are some ______(child) in the garden.

25.Michael likes the ______(mouse).

26.There are some ______(goose)in the river.

27.My uncle and father are _____(man).

28.Tom and King are _____(boy).

29.Linda has three ______(tooth).

4）选择正确的词形

1 How many (radioes, radios) can you see?

2 There are 36 (boys, boies) in my class.

3 Look at those (sheeps, sheep).

4 I don’t want (a, an) old cup.

5 Give me that (box, boxes), please.

6）将以下单复数句进行转换

1 This is a knife.

______________________________________

2 That is a tomato.

______________________________________

3 That child is very good.

_____________________________________

4.This is a big map.

_______________________________________

5. This is a pink orange on the table.

________________________________________

6. It is an apple in the bag.

__________________________________________

7. She is a good doctor.

_________________________________________

8. What’s this?  

__________________________________________________

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