人教版高中英语选修八unit2 Cloning

unit2 Cloning

Ⅰ.阅读理解

A

There are many ways in which human cloning is expected to benefit humans.

Dr Richard Seed, one of the leading supporters of human cloning technology, suggests that it may someday be possible to completely change the aging process because of what we learn from cloning.

Scientists believe that they may be able to treat heart attack victims by cloning their healthy heart cells and injecting them into the areas of the heart that have been damaged. Heart disease is the number one killer in the US and several other industrialised countries.

There has been a breakthrough with human stem cells. Embryonic stem cells can be grown to produce organs to repair or replace damaged ones. Skin for burn victims, brain cells for the brain damaged, hearts, lungs, and kidneys could be produced. By combining this technology with human cloning technology, it may be possible to produce needed organs for suffering people that will be free of rejection by their immune systems. Conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, heart failure, and other problems can be cured if human cloning and its technology are not banned.

Though current treatments for infertility (不生育) are getting a fair amount of publicity in the news, they, in terms of percentages, are not very successful. Some data shows that current infertility treatments are less than 10 percent successful. Couples go through physically and emotionally painful procedures for a small chance of having children. Many couples run out of time and money without successfully having children. Human cloning could make it possible for many more infertile couples to have children than ever before possible.

语篇解读：本文作者从几个方面介绍了克隆人技术给人类带来了利益。

1．According to Dr Richard Seed, we can use cloning technology to ________.

A．produce more animals

B．make people live happily

C．make people look younger

D．cure people of many diseases

解析：选C　推理判断题。根据第二段中的“to completely change the aging process”可知，Richard Seed认为克隆技术可以彻底改变变老的进程。因此推知，克隆技术可以使人们看上去更年轻。

2．We can learn from the passage that ________.

A．cloning has already been used to treat heart disease

B．we can treat a man’s heart disease by cloning hearts

C．most people in industrial countries suffer from heart disease

D．more people die of heart disease than of other diseases in the US

解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句可知，心脏病是美国和其他工业化国家的头号杀手，因此在美国死于心脏病的人要比死于其他疾病的人多。

3．What is the main idea of the last paragraph?

A．With cloning infertile couples could have children.

B．Treatment of infertility is not successful.

C．Infertile couples suffer a lot physically and mentally.

D．It is difficult for couples to have more children now.

解析：选A　段落大意题。联系全文可知，本文的主题是人类克隆技术。最后一段点明了现在治疗不孕的成功率很低，许多夫妇饱受煎熬，最后说明了利用人类克隆技术可以使不孕的夫妇有自己的孩子，因此A项正确。

4．What is the author’s attitude towards human cloning?

A．Supportive.　　　　　　　 B．Doubtful.

C．Cautious. D．Curious.

解析：选A　推理判断题。根据文章第一句，特别是关键词benefit及第二至五段(都是讲人类克隆技术会给人类带来益处)可推知，作者对人类克隆技术持支持的态度。

B

Looking back on my childhood, I am convinced that naturalists are born and not made. Although we were brought up in the same way, my brothers and sisters soon abandoned their pressed flowers and insects. Unlike them, I had no ear for music and languages. I was not an early reader and I could not do mental arithmetic.

Before World War Ⅰ we spent our summer holidays in Hungary. I have only the dim(模糊的)memory of the house we lived in, of my room and my toys. Nor do I recall clearly the large family of grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins who gathered next door. But I do have a crystal clear memory of dogs, the farm animals, the local birds and above all, the insects.

I am a naturalist, not a scientist. I have a strong love of the natural world, and my enthusiasm has led me into various investigations. I love discussing my favorite topics and enjoy burning the midnight oil reading about other people’s observations and discoveries.Then something happens that brings these observations together in my conscious mind. Suddenly you fancy you see the answer to the riddle. Because it all seems to fit together. This has resulted in my publishing 300 papers and books, which some might honor with the title of scientific research.

But curiosity, a keen eye, a good memory and enjoyment of the animal and plant world do not make a scientist: one of the outstanding and essential qualities required is self­discipline, a quality I lack. A scientist can be made a naturalist. If you can combine the two, you get the best of both worlds.

语篇解读：作者认为自然主义者是天生的，不是后天造就的。而一个科学家应自我约束、刻苦训练，具备坚定的信念和明确的目标。从作者童年的经历和后来的成长判断，作者认为自己是自然主义者不是科学家。

5．According to the author, a born naturalist should first of all be ________.

A．full of ambition B．self­disciplined

C．full of enthusiasm D．knowledgeable

解析：选C　细节理解题，作者认为一个科学家应自我约束、刻苦训练，并具备坚定的信念和明确的目标，根据第三段第一、二句“I am a naturalist, not a scientist. I have a strong love of the natural world, and my enthusiasm has led me into various investigations.”可知，作者认为天生的自然主义者首先应该有热情。故选C。

6．The first paragraph tells us that the author ________.

A．lost his hearing when he was a child

B．didn’t like his brothers and sisters

C．was interested in flowers and insects in his childhood

D．was born in a naturalist’s family

解析：选C　推理判断题，第一段中的“convinced that naturalists are born and not made”告诉我们自然主义者是天生的，不是后天造就的。他的姐妹兄弟对于花、虫等不感兴趣，但作者unlike them所以作者在童年对花草是感兴趣的。故选C。

7．The author says that he is a naturalist rather than a scientist probably because he thinks he ________.

A．just reads about other people’s observations and discoveries

B．lacks some of the qualities required of scientist

C．has a great deal of trouble doing mental arithmetic

D．comes up with solutions in most natural ways

解析：选B　细节理解题。根据最后一段中“one of the outstanding and essential qualities required is self­discipline, a quality I lack”作者明白自己缺少科学家的素质，因为一个科学家的基本素质就是“self­discipline”。故选B。

8．Which of the following statements is true?

A．The author believes that a born naturalist cannot be a scientist.

B．The author read a lot of books about the natural world and oil industry.

C．The author’s brothers and sisters were good at music and languages.

D．The author spent a lot of time working on riddles.

解析：选C　推理判断题。根据第一段的句子“... my brothers and sisters soon abandoned their pressed flowers and insects. Unlike them, I had no ear for music and languages.”可知作者不像他的兄弟姐妹，他对音乐和语言没有欣赏能力，也就是作者的兄弟姐妹是擅长音乐和语言的。故选C。

C

The European Union announced plans on Tuesday to temporarily ban the use of animal cloning for food production, while allowing imports of food derived from the offspring (后代) of clones from the United States and elsewhere.

The report from the European Commission followed a call by EU lawmakers in July for a total ban on food derived from cloned animals and their traditionally bred offspring, citing ethical concerns over the industrial production of cloned meat.

The Commission said a temporary five­year EU ban on cloning for food production was justified on animal welfare grounds, but said banning imports of food from the offspring of clones was unnecessary and would disrupt global trade.

“Food from cloned animals is safe. In fact, the scientific opinion is that it cannot be differentiated in any way from food from normally bred animals. The issue is animal welfare，” EU Health and Consumer Commissioner John Dalli told reporters.

“Food derived from the offspring of clones presents no such animal welfare issues, and banning its sale and import would be impossible because the origin is untraceable，” Dalli said.

“Such a prohibition would lead to a ban of imports of any food of animal origin (meat, milk and processed products) from third countries allowing the cloning technique，” the report said.

“We’re not going to regulate for the world，” Dalli added.

But animal welfare groups criticized the Commission’s decision, saying it had bowed to pressure from third countries.

“We do not accept the Commission’s position that it would be impossible to enforce a ban that includes the offspring of cloned animals, as (other) meat traceability systems are already in place，” said Sonja Van Tichelen, director of the Eurogroup for Animals.

语篇解读：欧盟委员会近日宣布，将在近期就克隆食品提出一项立法建议，建议欧盟在今后5年暂停用于食品生产的动物克隆，但是克隆动物通过传统方式繁殖的后代用于食品生产和销售不在禁止之列，因为这些产品的源头无法追踪。

9．From the passage we can infer the ban is ________.

A．justified B．welcome

C．controversial D．meaningless

解析：选C　推理判断题。 文章首先介绍了该禁令的内容意义及产生的背景，后文有介绍了对该禁令的异议“But animal welfare groups criticized the Commission’s decision ... We do not accept the Commission’s position that ...”，由此可以推断，人们对于这一禁令是有争议的(controversial)。justified“合乎情理的”；welcome“受欢迎的”；meaningless“没有意义的”。

10．The text is most probably a ________.

A．news report B．book review

C．newspaper ad D．science fiction story

解析：选A　文章出处推断题。由文章大意可以看出，这是一篇新闻报道，由此可以看出A项正确。

11．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A．The ban is permanent.

B．The imports of food from the offspring of clones is not banned.

C．Animal welfare groups support the ban.

D．The ban has been into effect.

解析：选B　细节理解题。 由文中的“... but said banning imports of food from the offspring of clones was unnecessary and would disrupt global trade”可知B项正确。由“The Commission said a temporary five­year EU ban on cloning for food production was justified ...”可知A项错误；由倒数第二段可知，C项错误； 由文章的第一句话可以看出，该计划目前仍在计划中，因此D项错误。

12．What might be most suitable title for the passage?

A．The plans of the European Union

B．A temporary five­year EU ban

C．EU proposes ban on animal cloning for food

D．The danger of food derived from cloned animals.

解析：选C　标题判断题。纵观全文可以看出，文章向我们报道了欧盟委员会近日宣布，将在近期就克隆食品提出一项立法建议，建议欧盟在今后5年暂停用于食品生产的动物克隆，故C项最能概括全文。

D

For expectant parents in Finland, their “bundle of joy” isn’t just the baby. Since 1938, new mothers and fathers have received a cardboard box, often used as the baby’s first baby bed, filled with a small mattress (床垫), blankets, infant clothes, outerwear, toiletries, and more.

The Finnish government supplies the boxes, saying the gift encourages good parenting habits and aims to give all children an equal start.

Some experts think that the starter kit (工具包) has even helped Finland achieve one of the world’s lowest infant­mortality (婴儿死亡率) rates.

Before the tradition began, when many Finnish babies slept in their parents’ beds, 65 out of 1,000 babies died each year. Since the introduction of the box — and the custom of having babies sleep separately from their parents — Finland’s infant­mortality rate has decreased to only 3.4 deaths for every 1,000 babies.

Over the years, the box’s contents have often reflected historical trends. Until 1957, the kits contained plain fabric that mothers would use to sew the baby’s clothes. Stretchy fabrics appeared in the 1960s; disposable diapers (一次性尿布) debuted in 1969. As more women began careers in the 1970s, the layette came in easy­to­clean stretch cotton. In 2006, cloth diapers reappeared for environmental reasons, and bottles were removed to promote breast­feeding.

“It’s easy to know when babies were born because the box changes a little each year，” Titta Vayrynen, 35 and the mother of two young boys, told a reporter for the BBC. “It’s nice to compare clothes and think. That kid was born the same year as mine.”

语篇解读：这是一篇说明文。主要介绍芬兰政府给准父母们提供婴儿床，大大减少了婴儿的死亡率，这一举措大大鼓舞人们养成良好的育儿习惯。

13．What have new parents in Finland got since 1938?

A．The baby bed with the baby products.

B．A small mattress.

C．Blankets and infant clothes.

D．Outerwear and toiletries.

解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第一段的第二句话可知A项是正确的，B、C和D项只是其中的一部分。

14．Which of the following is NOT the purpose of the Finnish government providing the boxes?

A．To let new parents have good raising habits.

B．To give all children an equal start.

C．To encourage new parents to have more babies.

D．To reduce infant­mortality rates.

解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第二段的“the gift encourages good parenting habits and aims to give all children an equal start”和第三段的“helped Finland achieve one of the world’s lowest infant­mortality (婴儿死亡率) rates”可知，C项不是芬兰政府给那些刚做父母的婴儿床的目的。

15．What does the passage mainly talk about?

A．The Finnish government encourages good parenting habits.

B．The baby’s bed appeared widely.

C．The Finnish government’s action makes infant­mortality rates lower.

D．The Finnish government helps poor people.

解析：选A　主旨大意题。根据第二段的“The Finnish government supplies the boxes, saying the gift encourages good parenting habits and aims to give all children an equal start.”芬兰政府给准父母们提供婴儿床，大大减少了婴儿的死亡率，这一举措大大鼓舞人们养成良好的育儿习惯。

Ⅱ.任务型阅读

How to communicate effectively

Effective communication is a must for everyone who hopes to be successful. It helps express your thoughts and improves your career prospects (前景) as well as strengthens relationships. Therefore, it’s necessary to work hard to improve your communication skills.

__16__

Before you are ready to talk to a group of people, you should think about what you are going to talk about. Although a printed copy of a speech may not be always necessary, highlighting a few important issues in your mind is a must. __17__ And it reduces the possibilities of getting away from the main issues.

Choose your words

Choice of words is the most important part of any communication. Simple, clear words are appropriate for the issue you are discussing. Needless to say, words that could make your audience unpleasant are best kept out of the communication. Most people tend to be careful about their language while at work. __18__ This may hurt your loved ones beyond your imagination.

Body language

Many people use body language by mistake and end up making a fool of themselves. Body language means keeping eye contact and using hand gestures only wherever required. __19__ This will make your talk more of a stage performance and defeat its purpose.

Listen and concentrate

Communication is an exchange of ideas. Once you are done with your part, listen carefully to what other people plan to say. __20__ Get rid of all distractions (分散注意力的事物) such as a phone before you begin communication. A distraction not only disturbs your focus, but it also causes your audience’s attention to wander.

A．Gather your thoughts

B．Prepare a copy of a speech

C．However, when they get home they often use colorful language.

D．This will help you remain focused throughout your communication.

E．If you are giving a speech, it is important that you focus on that activity only.

F．Effective communication is a gradual process and requires efforts on your part.

G．Remember, there is no need to speak every word with a gesture or facial expression.

答案：16～20　A　D　C　G　E

Ⅲ.完形填空

When John Gurdon was 15, he ranked last out of the 250 boys in his grade at biology. He also came in last for every other science subject. His teacher wrote in a __21__： “I believe he has ideas about becoming a __22__； on his present showing this is quite foolish.”

Luckily, the teacher’s words didn’t __23__ Gurdon’s love for science. He kept working hard. He went to labs earlier and left __24__ than anyone else.

On Oct 8, 2012, 64 years later, the British professor __25__ the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. Japanese scientist Shinya Yamanaka had contributed to the research and therefore __26__ the award.

Gurdon got the honor __27__ his research into cells and cloning. When he was studying at Oxford, he did some __28__ on cells. He took a cell from an adult frog, moved its __29__， and put them into an egg cell. The egg cell then __30__ into a clone of the adult frog. His research __31__ for the first time that every cell in the body contains the same genes.

At that time, many people __32__ accept Gurdon’s idea. But later it helped to __33__ Dolly the sheep in 1996, the first cloned mammal in history. It also led to important findings in the __34__ use of cells. For example, __35__ from someone’s skin can turn into any type of tissue in the body. This is good news for those __36__ who have diseased or damaged tissue.

Gurdon always remembers the __37__ he had when he was 15. He even put the report on his desk as a daily __38__ to himself.

“When you have __39__， like an experiment doesn’t work, it’s nice to remind yourself that perhaps you are not so good at your job and the teacher may be __40__.” he said.

However, the facts suggest Gurdon is pretty good indeed.

语篇解读：英国诺贝尔奖获得者Gurdon曾是全年级最差的学生，并被老师认定是愚蠢的学生，但是Gurdon通过自己的不懈努力证明了自己，并在研究细胞和克隆方面取得很大成就，获得诺贝尔医学奖。

21．A.report B．letter

C．passage D．program

解析：选A　从文章倒数第3段可知，这是老师在报告里写的内容，故选A。

22．A.musician B．scientist

C．manager D．millionaire

解析：选B　从下文Gurdon’s love for science可推知老师认为他有成为科学家的想法，但是现在看这是很愚蠢的。

23．A.stop B．mean

C．inspire D．reflect

解析：选A　老师的话并没有阻止他对科学的爱。

24．A.sooner B．later

C．more hurriedly D．more happily

解析：选B　他去实验室比别人早而离开的比别人晚。

25．A.won B．founded

C．dreamed of D．applied for

解析：选A　这个英国教授获得诺贝尔生理或医学奖。

26．A.accepted B．refused

C．collected D．shared

解析：选D　从句子前面的Japanese scientist Shinya Yamanaka had contributed to the research可知两个人分享了这个奖。

27．A.instead of B．in spite of

C．because of D．in place of

解析：选C　Gurdon获得这个荣誉是因为他对细胞和克隆的贡献。

28．A.reading B．writing

C．change D．research

解析：选D　在牛津大学的时候，他对细胞做过一些研究。

29．A.baby B．power

C．genes D．features

解析：选C　他取出成年青蛙的细胞，改变它的基因，放进卵细胞里面。

30．A.cut B．grew

C．went D．formed

解析：选B　卵细胞然后长成成年青蛙的复制品。

31．A.predicted B．studied

C．proved D．provided

解析：选C　他的研究第一次证明身体的每一个细胞都有同样的基因。

32．A.couldn’t B．shouldn’t

C．mustn’t D．needn’t

解析：选A　当时很多人不能接受Gurdon的想法。

33．A.save B．drive

C．feed D．create

解析：选D　但是后来它有助于第一个克隆羊Dolly的诞生。

34．A.everyday B．medical

C．physical D．illegal

解析：选B　它也导致了细胞在医学方面的使用的重要发现。

35．A.cells B．hairs

C．water D．blood

解析：选A　比如人皮肤里面的细胞可以变成身体任何一个器官。

36．A.fools B．scientists

C．patients D．doctors

解析：选C　这对那些有患病器官或受损器官的病人来说是好消息。

37．A.friend B．teacher

C．classmate D．neighbor

解析：选B　从第一段的句子： His teacher wrote in a ...可知他一直记得老师在他15岁的时候给他写的内容。

38．A.rule B．paper

C．reminder D．reward

解析：选C　他甚至把报告放在桌子上每天提醒他。

39．A.prizes B．diseases

C．meals D．problems

解析：选D　从后面的like an experiment doesn’t work可知是当你有问题的时候。

40．A.right B．wrong

C．happy D．welcome

解析：选A　从前面的句子：perhaps you are not so good at your job可知老师这样说可能是对的。

Ⅳ.语法填空

A: I can’t believe my English teacher is making me read Pride and Prejudice!

B: Why? It’s a classic; in fact, it’s one of my favorite __41__ (novel)．

A: But it’s so old.

B: Don’t judge a book __42__ its cover. Do you know what it’s about?

A: No, not at all.

B: First of all, it’s a romance novel, __43__ (set) in the early 19th century.

A: What’s the main storyline?

B: It’s basically about a father __44__ tried to marry off one of his five girls.

A: Why does he want to do that?

B: Since he doesn’t have a son, he hopes that one of the girls will marry a(n) __45__ (wealth) man. That way, all of his daughters __46__ (care) for.

A: Won’t they get his inheritance (遗产)?

B: No, that’s the problem. __47__ they are well­off, once he dies, his house will go to his cousin. The girls will have __48__.

A: Oh. It sounds interesting!

B: So, are you going to read the novel or watch the movie?

A: There’s a movie? My teacher didn’t tell me that!

B: That’s __49__ (probable) because she wants you to read the book first.

A: I see. Then it will be __50__ (easy) for me to enjoy the movie.

B: When you finish reading, I’ll get the movie and watch it with you.

A: Sounds great. Thank you!

41．_________42._________43._________44._________

45．_________46._________47._________48._________

49．_________50._________

答案：41.novels　42.by　43.set　44.who　45.wealthy　46.will be cared　47.Although/Though　48.nothing　49.probably　50.easier

Ⅴ.短文改错

The food chain is the order in that animals and plants eat every other in order to survive. Every living creature need to eat other creatures below it. Every ecosystem had a different food chain, depending on which animals and plants live there. The balance of plants or animals within a food chain is often determined by the nature. At the bottom of the food chain are plants. They called producers because they produce their own food used the sunlight’s energy. Animals are the consumers of the food chain. They eat plants or other animal. Some animals only eat plants; therefore, some eat other animals.

答案：第一句： that → which; every → each

第二句： need → needs

第三句： had → has

第四句： or → and; 去掉the

第六句： called前加are; used → using

第八句： animal → animals

第九句： therefore → however

Ⅵ.书面表达

假期即将来临，你班同学讨论了假期活动的计划，提出了不同的看法。请根据下表的内容为校报的英语专栏写一篇英语稿件，并谈谈你的看法。

注意：1.词数100左右；

2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

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参考范文：

As the long holiday is drawing near, the students in our class have had a discussion about their holiday plans. Our opinions are varied.

Some students plan to stay at home, saying that it can save money and is more comfortable. More importantly, they can make better use of the time to learn their lessons. However, they are worried that their life may be boring.

Others prefer to travel for pleasure. When traveling to strange places, they can relax themselves and broaden their horizons. But they will spend a lot of money on their journey. Besides, they have to put up with some inconveniences.

As for me, I’d like to travel because we are tired physically and mentally after a whole term. Traveling is a good way to refresh ourselves.

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