1.不可数名词
I’ve read two pieces of sports news. 不可数名词news前加量词piece
much bread
get much information about EXPO
balance平衡experience经历 surface表面 service服务：
The customers are satisfied with the service of the restaurant.
2.可数名词
some Christmas cards. some+可数名词复数
be crowded with cars and buses
some potatoes
many historical movies
many gifts
century=hundred years
1.There is a report:辅音音素前用a. There be 后一般不用the
2.play the piano/violin/trumpet/drum/guitar
play basketball/volleyball/football/soccer/badminton/pingpong/tennis
3.固定短语，不加冠词:go to work/school
固定短语,加a/an: take an active part in; have a look at;
1.动词+宾格interview him: tell us about your trip; asked me lots of questions;
2.all大于等于3；none大于等于3； both=2； neither=2； either=2.
both of them
Neither of the two hats looks good. Do you have another one?
3.something 某物everything 一切事物anything 任何事物nothing 没有东西somebody/someone某人 everybody/everyone所有人 anybody/anyone任何人 nobody/no one没有人：不定代词作主语时用作单数，动词形式为is/was/动词+s
nobody answered
4.物主代词+形容词+名词my favourite table tennis player
双重所有格：a friend of his=one of his friends
it~its: (a lovely dog)…its name is Oliver
The volunteers love their students.
Whose uniform is that, yours or mine?
5.总数为2:one…,the other…
总数为3: one…,another…,the third/another…
总数为5:Two of them…,the others /the other three…
确定范围：some…,the others…
不确定范围：some…,others…
6.反身代词：靠自己by oneself:
tie up her shoes by herself
help oneself to…
enjoy oneself = have a good time
1.序数词ten~tenth: on the tenth floor
six~sixth: Kevin’s sixth birthday
three~third: Eric, the third son of the family,…
2.基数词in her fifties 在她五十多岁时
ninth~nine: nine more chairs
fourth~four: four years old
at the age of 50
1.a few/a little=some:
few/little=no: have little money
few/a few+可数名词复数
little/a little+不可数名词:
have a few meetings to attend;
could speak only a little Chinese;
2.many+可数名词复数，用于肯定句、否定句、疑问句
much+不可数名词，用于肯定句、否定句、疑问句
a lot of+可数/不可数名词，仅用于肯定句：
many engineers and workers
3.isn’t as popular as…: as 形容词/副词原形 as…
as expensive as that one
listening is as important as speaking
4.比较级+than：
…is developing more quickly than…:副词比较级
much/far/a lot/even/still /a little/a bit +比较级:
our lives are much more convenient than before;
5.the+形容词最高级: the biggest island of China; the heaviest in recent years
(注：副词的最高级一般省略the)
6.肯定意义so lucky that…=lucky enough to…
否定意义too…to…:
He was very nervous. He couldn’t go on with the interview.=
He was too nervous to go on with the interview.
7. be keen on+n/doing=be fond of +n/doing 喜爱，热衷于(考到三次):
…are keen on playing computer games
be worried about her son’s eyesight担忧
be proud of sb 以某人为自豪：we’re very proud(adj.) of him. (pride n.)
be satisfied with: the farmers are satisfied with their harvest
I’m thankful to them.
be helpful to do: it’s helpful to read the map
be angry with…对某人生气
be late for…迟到
be familiar with…对…很熟悉
be responsible for…对…负责：invite her to be responsible for the English Festival;
be bad for=be harmful to(考到两次)
8.speak English well
9.more than=over (+数词)
accurately=without mistakes
over and over=again and again
everywhere=here and there
sooner or later=at some future time
at most=almost (+动词/数词)
bright=smart
at present=now
at once=immediately
finally=at last
at the moment=then
well-known=famous
in December,2004
in spring/summer/autumn/winter
at eight o’clock/midnight/noon/dawn黎明/night
on Saturdays
1.前后相反：or 否则but 但是unless除非though/although尽管except that除了…之外instead of而不是
We should…, or we won’t…
unless=if…not: unless he studies harder than before=if he doesn’t study harder than before
Money is important, but it can’t buy everything.
Keep an English diary, and your English will improve.=If you keep an English diary, your English will improve.
前后一致：so 因此and 和，又because/since/as/for因为if如果in order that/so that以便于
We’ll have no water to drink if we don’t protect the earth.
Chris has gone to… Karen has gone to…,too.~Both Chris and Karen have gone to…
Peter was late because he missed the ferry.
2.when 当…时候before 在…之前until 直到though 尽管（句中）although尽管（句首/句中） :
when you’re in trouble
Although John failed to …,he didn’t give up.
3. A… and B as well=not only A…but also B…
(I’ll make an early start)…in order not to miss the train=in order that I won’t miss the train=so that I won’t miss the train
because it has delicious food=because of its delicious food
4.which would you like, A or B?
动词
1.take charge of 负责；take hold of握住 ; take care of照料 ; take the place of 代替;
take care of his sick mother
2.turn over翻转; turn off关;turn on开 ; turn down开小 ; turn up开大 .
all the lights are turned off;
people take part in “turn off lights” activity to help save energy;
3.create创造，connect连接 correct 校正control控制：
just correct some mistakes ;
4.get on the bus上车get off the bus下车get up 起床get to到达
5.花费sb spend time/money doing sth/on sth
it take sb time to do
sth cost sb money
sb pay money for sth:
Laura spent one week finishing…=It took Laura one week to finish…
James spent ten years making the film.=It took James ten years to make the film.
The house cost her 1 million yuan.=She spent 1 million yuan on the house.=She paid 1 million yuan for the house.
It took several years to build the railway.
6.enjoy/practice/finish doing; prefer doing A to doing B=like …better than…:
she practiced singing for years;
he had finished writing the email
7.have/let/make(使役动词)/help/see/hear/watch（感官动词） sb do sth:
make the climbers stop halfway；
let’s go bowling;
let her son make his own decision;
8.ask/tell/want/would like/wish sb (not) to do:
ask us to write a report
told us to obey public rules
9.过程/结果：look for sth everywhere, but … can’t find it.
I can’t see anything;
10.show around带领…参观…:he is showing a proffessor around our company
take off 脱掉衣服/飞机起飞：The plane will take off in an hour.
speak English
play with his chilren
watch the 48th World Table Tennis Championships
11.enjoy yourself/yourselves=have a good time
make better=improve
run=walk quickly
wonder=want to know
work out=solve
set out=start
came to an end=was over
return to our motherland=come back to our mother land
arrive at our school=reach our school=get to our school: arrive in Beijing
disappeared=could no longer be seen
be taken good care of=be well looked after
raise your hands=put up your hands
enter=come into
hear from=receive a letter from
get everything ready=prepare everything
be careful=look out
enable people to do=make it possible for people to do
系动词+形容词：
The lake looks beautiful.
She looks lovely.
taste so delicious;
The home-made ice-cream tastes nice;
your idea sounds good
His face turned pale.变得苍白
1.can/must/need/may/should do sth 能够/必须/需要/可以/应该做某事;在过去时的句子中can-could, may-might，need和must没有过去时态：
Must I …? No, you needn’t.
can make dumplings;
students must be careful;
Everyone must go through the security check..
Alex could play chess when he was four.
2.had better (not) do: We’d better turn off mobile phones
现在完成时态标志：for,since,so far,up till now,ever,never,already,yet,just,in the past 10years:
has stayed for 2 years;
has attracted many visitors since 1995;
she has done lots of charity work since she entered college;
students began to learn chemistry a year ago.=
students have learned chemistry for a year.
I have told you already that…
The books have become popular since they were published.
过去完成时态标志：before,by,
had never been there before
过去进行时态：过去进行时+when+一般过去时：
People were sleeping when … took place
过去进行时+while+过去进行时：
He was still working while others were having a rest.
一般将来时态标志：next,tomorrow,in the future,in 2025,in 3 days,as soon as+一般现在时，when+一般现在时，in the future:
will study Chinese… next year
When summer comes, children will go to the seaside.
现在进行时态标志：Look!/now/at the moment/ :
Look! Jane’s grandmother is dancing!
My mother is preparing a special dinner now.
一般过去时态标志：when+过去时/after+过去时/ago/last/in 1980/yesterday
Kevin went to work after she graduated from university.
…went to England last summer.
被动语态的各种时态：
am/is/are done; was/were done; will be done; am/is/are being done; have/has been done; had been done:
will be held;
will be pulled down next year;
will be built in the near future;
publish our school newspaper~our school newspaper is published
it was built many years ago
destroyed houses~houses were destroyed
Many houses were damaged in the big fire a few days ago.
感叹句：what a/an 形容词+可数名词单数+主+谓！
what 形容词+不可数名词+主+谓！
how 形容词/副词+主+谓！
What an exciting event!
Yao Ming is an excellent player. ~What an excellent player Yao Ming is!
What an exciting sport it is to climb the mountains!
It is very convenient to travel by underground.
~How convenient it is to travel by underground!
否定句：wants~doesn’t want; realized~didn’t realize; will go~won’t go; am/is/are going to do~am not/isn’t/aren’t going to do; have/has been~haven’t/hasn’t been; had gone~hadn’t gone
Tell Harry the news.~Don’t tell Harry the news.
疑问词：(每年考一个新的疑问词)
in 1851/at 8:00~when;
will…in three days~how soon will…?
twice~how many times
for three years~how long
ten kilometres~how far
in a hotel by the sea~where
（没考到的疑问词有：what.which.who.whose.how old. how often…）
反意疑问句：前肯后否/前否后肯。
Tom didn’t take…, did he?
Plastic bags have caused…, haven’t they?
Let’s …,shall we?
Let us/me…,will you?
…few/little/no/nothing/nobody/seldom/never…,（肯定语气问句）？
mother has never tried …,has she?
一般疑问句：does housework~Does … do housework?
They work…~Do they work…?
Peter often helps…~Does Peter often help…
宾语从句用陈述语序，时态与主句一致：
he wanted to know when the conference would begin
Will Bob …?~ Please tell me if Bob will…
Do you know when the Beijing Olympic Games will end?
Could you tell us when you will visit the World Expo?
I want to know when we should arrive at the airport.
宾语从句转换成不定式：
tell me when I should water…=tell me when to water…
I have no idea how I can operate the machine.=
I have no idea how to operate the machine.
间接引语用陈述语序，时态与主句一致：
she asked the monitor why Bill didn’t come to school.
道歉的应答：-Sorry. –That’s all right./That’s OK./Not at all./It doesn’t matter./Never mind.
-I’m really sorry to have broken your coffee cup.
-That’s all right.
致谢的应答：-Thank you. –That’s all right./That’s OK./Not at all./You’re welcome./It’s my pleasure.
建议的应答：-Would you mind doing…? –Of course not.
-How about raising money for the charity? –Good idea.
祝福的应答：-Have a good day! –Thank you.The same to you!
对方提供帮助时的应答：-Would you like me to bring you a cup of coffee? –Yes, please.
赞扬的应答：-You’ve done a great job. –Thanks a lot.
命令的应答：-Remember to lock the door. –OK. I will.
-Don’t drink too much coke. –I won’t.
动词+er/or/ist=从事…的人：drive~driver: a bus driver
write~writer: the writer of the book;
名词后缀ence/ance /tion/sion/ure：important~importance:the importance of…
suggestion ~suggest: I suggest we see a film.
I’d suggest you call a taxi home.(I would+动词原形)
discuss~discussion: have a discussion in class
mixture~mix: mix them
different~difference: tell the difference between…
动词+ed=描述人的或表被动的形容词：freeze~frozen: frozen food冷冻食品
My dog is gentle,so you needn’t be frightened.
动词+ing=描述事物的形容词：freeze~freezing: freezing wind凛冽的风
名词+less=反义形容词：home~homeless: make children homeless
名词+ful=形容词: power~powerful: knowledge is more powerful than money
help~helpful: a helpful guide
名词+y=形容词：wind~windy: on windy days
fun~funny: The short play was very funny.
形容词后缀able: enjoy~enjoyable: had an enjoyable tour;
形容词否定前缀：un: usual~unusual: It’s unusual for him to be so active as he is a man of few words. 形容词+ly=副词：heavy~heavily: rain heavily
beautiful~beautifully: are singing beautifully
soft~softly: is singing softly
easy~easily: we found the address easily
注意：什么时候去掉‘e’:
possible~possibly
complete~completely
特殊变形：speech~speak: learn to speak Chinese
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