一、 动名词的作用
1、 作主语
谓语用单数。It代替动名词作主语，常用于如下结构：
It’s no good/use doing···如：
Seeing is believing.
Playing with fire is dangerous.
It’s no good waiting here.
2、 作宾语
I enjoy listening to music.
He often practices playing the piano in the evening.
He is fond of playing basketball.
He has given up smoking.
Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
(1) 只能接动名词作宾语的动词：
admit，advise建议，risk，appreciate，envy嫉妒，avoid避免，
consider考虑，delay延迟，deny否认，dislike不喜欢，enjoy，escape逃避，excuse原谅、宽恕，
finish完成，forgive原谅，understand理解，give up放弃，imagine想象，keep保持，mind介意、在乎，miss未达到，practise训练，put off推迟，resist抵抗，suggest建议、暗示
can’t help 禁不住，can’t stand无法忍受，devote to(to为介词)致力于···，look forward to 期望、盼望，
stick to坚持，be used to习惯于，object to反对，be busy忙于···，fee like想要···
be surprised at 对……感到惊讶 be proud of 以……为骄傲 succeed in 在某方面成功
be afraid of害怕 give up 放弃
(2) 只能接不定式作宾语的动词：
happen 碰巧，offer 主动提出，promise 答应，agree 同意，refuse拒绝，decide 决定，
determine 决定、决心，pretend 假装，fail 未能够，learn，wish希望，hope，expect，afford 负担得起。
(3) 接动名词、不定式均可，意义相同的动词：like，love，dislike，hate，begin，star，continue，prefer，can’t bear/endure 无法忍受，cease停止
(4) 下列词接动名词和不定式均可，但意义不同的动词：forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，try等
Stop to do 停下来去做 stop doing 停止做
Forget to do 忘记要做 forget doing 忘记做过
Remember to do 记得要做 remember doing 记得做过
Regret to do 遗憾要做 regret doing 后悔做过
Try to do 企图做，尽力做 try doing 试着做
Go on to do 继续做（另一件事） go on doing 继续做（同一件事）
Mean to do 打算做 mean doing 意味做
(5) Need, require, want作“需要”讲，其后用动名词的主动式表示被动意义，be worth也有类似用法。如：
The flowers need watering/to be watered.
The problem is worth discussing.
3、 作表语
有时的动名词可以和主语调换位置。如：
My hobby is collecting stamps.
Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the child.
The film is touching.
4、 作定语
动名词作定语，一般表示用途。如：
a waiting room，a diving board，a reading room，a dining hall
there are a lot of swimming pools in the city.
注：（1）现在分词作定语表动作，它与所修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，可改写成一个定语从句。
如果为单词，放在被修饰n之前，为短语，放在被修饰n之后。
如：a sleeping boy =a boy who is sleeping
a developing country =a country which is developing
（2）动名词作定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途或性质，可改写成一个for的短语，两者不存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
如：a washing machine = a mashine for washing
a swimming pool = a pool for swimming
5.作状语
（1）现在分词在句中作时间、原因、伴随、条件、结果等状语。
①时间状语（分词作状语前面可加when, while等）
Hearing the good news, he jumped with greatjoy.
Not having finished her work in time, the boss fired her.
②原因状语
Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave them a note
③伴随状语
The girls came in, following their parents.
④结果状语
The poor old man died, leaving nothing to his children.
注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。①时间性。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般时，如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式having done。②语态性。与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关系或动宾关系。遵循的规则“主动进行，被动完成”。③人称一致性。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。
6. 作宾语补足语：We can see steam rising from the wet clothes.
可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep等。
二、 动名词的时态和语态
动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常要用完成式，否则都用一般式。如：
We are interested in playing chess.
He was praised for having finished the work ahead of time.
I’m sorry for not having kept my promise.
若主语是动名词所表示的动作的对象，动名词用被动语态。如：
We must do something to prevent water from being polluted.
I remember having been told a story.
He was afraid of being scolded by the teacher.
三。. -ing形式的复合结构。在-ing前加物主代词或名词所有格即构成-ing的复合结构。其中的物主代词或名词所有格为-ing的逻辑主语。这种结构在句中可作主语、宾语或表语，
如：Your smoking and drinking too much will do harm to your health.
四。-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作主语、表语、宾语时的区别。一般说来，表示一个比较抽象或泛指的动作时多用-ing形式。表示一个具体某一次的动作时，多用动词不定式，
如：Our job is making steel. She likes playing the piano, but she doesn’t want to play it today.
五。-ing形式与动词不定式在作宾语补足语时的区别。（1）不定式作宾补时，其动作一般发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，如：I have told them to come again tomorrow.（2）在see, watch, hear, feel等之后，如果用-ing形式作宾补，表示其动作正在进行中，而用不带to的不定式作宾补时，不定式所表示的动作是一个动作的过程，如：I hear her singing in the room.我听见她正在屋里唱歌。 I hear her sing in the room.我听见她在屋里唱过歌。10. -ing形式与动词不定式在句中作状语的区别。-ing形式在句作状语表示时间、原因、方式或伴随情况，而动词不定式一般式在句中作状语时，一般是作目的或结果状语，
如：Not receiving his letter, I wrote to him again./ I looked into the window to see what was going on inside.
六。独立主格结构：有时v.ing和过去分词在句中也有自己的独立的主语，这种独立的主语一般为名词或代词，和v.ing还有过去分词构成独立主格结构。该结构在句中一般只作状语。 独立主格中是使用v.ing还是过去分词，则要根据它们的主语和其所表示的动作的主动或被动关系来定，如：The bell ringing, we all stopped talking.
注意：①独立结构中的being或having been常可省去，如：
The_meeting_(being)_over,_all left the room.
②作伴随状语的独立结构常可用with短语来代替， 如：
She read the letter, tears rolling down her cheeks.
＝ She read the letter with_tears_rolling_down her cheeks.
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