高中英语 动词不定式和动名词

动词不定式和动名词

一、动词不定式用法

动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能独立作谓语。但动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词特征，在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、表语和状语等多种成分。另外，动词不定式具有动词特点，可以有自己的宾语和状语，组成动词不定式短语。动词不定式的肯定形式是to＋do；其否定形式是not to＋do。

下面以动词不定式在句中的作用来予以详细说明。

1．作主语 可以直接作主语。如： To see is to believe．

(1)但在英语中，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语即动词不定式放在后面。如： It's wrong to play tricks on other people． It's our duty to keep our environment clean and tidy． 点击规律：动词不定式在句中作主语时，常放在It is ＋adj．（形容词）＋to do sth．或 It is ＋n．（名词）＋to do sth．句型中，it仅作形式主语。

(2)如果要表示不定式动作的执行者，就在It + be +形容词+to do sth该句型中的不定式之前加for sb或of sb。

①在形容词hard, difficult, easy, necessary, important, impossible, good, helpful, useful, dangerous, safe等之后常用for sb，即构成句型：It + be + 形容词+for sb to do sth。e.g. It’s not easy for us to learn a foreign language well.

It’s dangerous for you to swim in the river.

该句型中的形容词修饰的是不定式，强调的是做某事怎么样。

②在形容词nice, kind, clever, foolish(愚蠢的), polite(有礼貌的), careless, careful等之后，常用of sb，即构成句型：It + be + 形容词+of sb + to do sth e.g. It is very kind of you to help me. It was wrong of them to cut the trees.

该句型中的形容词主要修饰人，表示某人的性质或特征，强调的是这个人怎么样。

(3)it作形式主语时，其后的谓语也可以是实义动词。e.g. It took us five hours to get there. It made me happy to find my friends there.

(4)动词不定式与疑问词how, what, when, where, which等构成不定式短语，也可作主语。e.g. How to use the computer is the question. Where to go has not been decided.

注意：主语，表语都为动词不定式时，不能用形式主语it代替不定式。e.g. To see is to believe. 眼见为实。

2．作宾语 a．want，decide ，agree等动词后面跟并且只能跟不定式。如We agreed to start early． She wants to be a doctor．

b．love，like ，begin，start，hate ，prefer等词后面可以接不定式。 点击规律：上述动词后面除接不定式外，还可以接动名词，意思无很大区别。

提示板：like doing指经常性动作，而like to do指一次性的动作。如： I like swimming，but I don't like to swim now．我喜欢游泳，但我现在不想游。

c．stop，forget，remember，go on ，try等词或短语后面可以接不定式。 点击规律：上述动词后面接不定式和接动名词意思大不相同。

提示板：1）stop to do sth．：停止一件事，去做另一件事。 stop doing sth．：停止正在做的事。

例句：When the teacher came in，the students stopped talking；when he came out，the students stopped to talk． 当老师走进来时，学生们停止说话；当老师走出去时，学生们又开始说话。

2）思考：forget，remember，go on，try等词或短语后面接不定式和动名词用法有何区别

d．在find／feel＋it＋adj．＋to do sth．句型中，it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式。如： The man downstairs found it difficult to get to sleep． I feel it easy to recite the text．

点击规律：某些动词或短语后面既可以接动词不定式作宾语，又可接动名词作宾语，二者用法上的区别可以通过造句子加以区分，如上面stop例句。

3．作宾语补足语 a．tell，ask，want，order，teach，invite，warn，wish，help，get，wish，help等词后面常接不定式作宾补。如I tell him not to go there by bus ． Edison's mother taught him to read and write．

b．let，make，have，see，hear，feel，watch， notice后面接不带to的不定式作宾补。如： The boss makes them work 16 hours a day． I heard her sing in the next room．

提示板：若变成被动语态，在上述结构中，不定式符号to要加上。如： They are made to work 16 hours a day by the boss．

She was heard to sing in the next room．

4．作定语：放在被修饰的名词、代词后面例句：I have a lot of work to do.The doctor said he could do nothing to help the boy．

点击规律：动词不定式若在句中作定语，常放在被修饰的名词、代词之后。

提示板：如果动词不定式和前面所修饰的词构成动宾关系，若动词是不及物动词，切记不要忘掉介词。如：I have a small bedroom to live in． Have you got some pens to write with？

5．表语：放在连系动词be后面 例句：His wish is to become a scientist．The first important thing is to save the soldiers' lives．

点击规律：动词不定式在句中作表语时，通常对连系动词前面的名词进行诠释说明。

6．作状语a．目的状语：放在go，come，use，live，in order等词后面。如I come to see you． He runs fast in order to get there in time．

b．原因状语：放在sorry，glad，surprised， disappointed，excited等词后面。如I am glad to see you here． I am sorry to trouble you．

c．作结果状语。如：Some of the apples are hard to reach． The room is large enough to hold 1000 people．

7．与what，who，whose，when，where， how等疑问词连用，作宾语、宾语补足语、主语等。如： I don't know what to do next．（宾语） He taught us how to use the computer．（宾语补足语） It's still a question how to get there．（主语）

二、动名词的用法

动名词是动词的一种非谓语形式，由动词 + ing构成，否定形式为not doing，具有动词和名词的性质，在句中起名词作用，可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。

1.作主语 动名词是由动词变化而来，所以，动名词的意义往往是表示某个动作或某件事情。

例如：Walking is good exercise. Seeing is believing. Smoking may cause cancer. Coming to Hangzhou by train takes about 16 hours.  Swimming develops the muscles.

动名词作主语时，对于一些比较长的动名词短语，一般采用"It is …"和"There is …"两种句式来表示。例如： It's nice talking with you.  It's no use arguing with him.  It is no good learning without practice. It is worthwhile consulting your tutor about it again. There is no joking about such matters. There is no harm in doing so. 

 2、作定语  动名词作定语的情况并不是很普遍，一般只限于单个的动名词作定语，表示“用于……的”或表示“处于某件事情中的……”含义。

例如： swimming pool 游泳池    reading material 阅读材料 walking stick 手杖    

opening speech 开幕词    listening aid 助听器 running water 自来水

developing countries 发展中国家  working people 劳动人民 sleeping child 熟睡孩子

当分词短语做后置定语时，可以转换成定语从句。 例：She went on board the train leaving for Shanghai. = She went on board the train, which was leaving for Shanghai. There are two roads before us, one leading to the beach, the other to the park.
= There are two roads before us, one which leads to the beach, the other to the park.

 3、作表语  动名词作表语的时候，特别要注意：不要与正在进行时混淆。动名词作表语，表达的是“某件事”等。例如：His part-time job is promoting new products for the company. （动名词）
Their task is exploring oil mines in the west. （动名词） 他们的任务是在西部探查油矿。
 动名词作表语，容易与现在分词作表语相混淆。记住：动名词表语表达的是“某件事”(与不定式短语的意义相近)，而现在分词表语表示“具有某个作用”。例如：
 The situation is very much encouraging.（现在分词）His present job is not that stimulating as he expected. （现在分词） Their plan is to build another dormitory for their staff this year. （不定式）His wish is to become a pilot. （不定式）
4、作宾语。如：He is fond of playing football. I like swimming.

①admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，face，feel，like，finish，forgive，give up，imagine，include，keep，mention，mind，miss，practise，put off，resist，risk，suggest，can’t help（情不自禁），can’t stand（无法忍受）等动词成词组后可以用动名词作宾语，但不能用不定式。

②forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，try等动词或词组可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别。Let’s go on studying Lesson 6. （让我们继续学第六课。说明前面已学了一部分。）

Let’s go on to study Lesson 6. （让我们接着学第六课。说明前面已学了第五课。）

I remember doing the exercise. （我记得做过练习。）I must remember to do it. （我必须记着做这事。）

I tried not to go there. （我设法不去那里。） I tried doing it again. （我试着又干了一次。）

Stop speaking. （不要讲话。） He stopped to talk. （他停下来讲话。）

I mean to come early today. （我打算今天早些来。）Missing the train means waiting for another hour. （误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时。）

③在allow，advise，forbid，permit等动词后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。如：We don’t allow smoking here. We don’t allow students to smoke.

④动词need，require，want作“需要”解，其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语表示事情需要做，这时，动名词的主动式表示被动意义。be worth后必须用动名词的主动形式来表示被动意义。如：The window needs/requires/wants cleaning/to be cleaned. Her method is worth trying.

⑤在短语devote to，look forward to，stick to，to be used to，object to，thank you for，excuse me for，be(kept) busy，have difficulty/trouble/problem(in)，have a good/wonderful/hard time(in)，there’s no use/good/need，feel/seem like/get down to等后的动词也必须用动名词形式，例如：I look forward to hearing from you soon.

⑥在love，hate，prefer，like等动词后用动名词或不定式无多大区别。有时用动名词作宾语时，指一般情况，而跟不定式作宾语时指某一具体行为。

⑦start，begin，continue在书面语中多后接动名词，在口语中多后接不定式。但start和begin在下列情况下一般跟不定式作宾语：当主语是物而不是人时；当start或begin以-ing形式出现时，当后面作宾语的动词表示感情、思想或意念时。如：

It started to snow. He is beginning to cook dinner. I began to understand what he meant.

⑧在should(would) like/love等后须用不定式。

5、动名词作状语  动名词作状语表示在进行一动作的同时所进行的另一动作，它对谓语动词起修饰和陪衬的作用。动名词作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、方式或伴随情况。
Having cleaned the rooms we began to weed the garden. (时间) Being ill, he couldn't go to school. (原因)
Working diligently, you will certainly succeed. (条件) Granting the achievements to be great, there is still something to be desired. (让步) My car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. (结果) Traveling by train, we visited a number of cities. (方式) Mary sat by the window of the classroom, reading a book. (伴随)

小结

一．后面可跟动词的ing形式的情况

1.动词： finish doing sth.完成做某事；enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事；practice doing sth. 练习做某事；imagine doing,想象做某事；avoid doing sth.避免做某事；consider doing sth.考虑做某事；suggest doing sth.建议做某事；mind doing sth.介意做某事； keep doing sth.持续做某事

2.固定短语： feel like doing sth.喜欢做某事；be busy doing sth.忙于做某事；be worth doing 值得做某事；spend time (in) doing sth.花费时间（金钱）做某事； have difficult/trouble in doing sth做某事有困难；have fun doing.做某事高兴

3.介词后(on, in, of, about, at, with, without, for, from, up, by等)

如：be good at doing sth.；thank you for doing sth.；give up doing sth.；stop sb. from doing sth.；do well in doing sth.；be afraid of doing sth.；be interested in doing sth.；be proud of；instead of；be fond of

4.to作介词的情况look forward to doing sth期望做某事； prefer doing sth. to doing sth与…相比较更喜欢…； pay attention to doing注意做某事； be/get used to doing sth.习惯于做某事；make a contribution to为…做贡献

二．后面可跟动词的不定式形式的情况

1.动词：agree to do同意去做；afford to do买得起；decide to do决定去做某事；hope to do希望去做；wish to do希望去做；fail to do做某事失败去；plan to do打算去做；pretend to do假装去做； refuse to do拒绝去做；would like to do想要去做；want to do想要去做某事；learn to do 学做；prefer to do sth. 喜欢（爱）做某事；sb. seem to do sth好像做某事；want/would like to do sth. 想做……；used to do sth. 过去常做某事

2.句型.

allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人去做某事 asked sb. (not) to do sth. 叫某人做事某事（叫某人不要去做某事）

tell sb. (not) to do sth. 叫某人去（不要）做某事 follow sb. to do sth. 跟随某人去做某事

get sb. to do sth. 让某人做某事 warn sb. (not) to do sth. 警告某人做某事（或不要做某事）

be amazed to do sth. 对做某事感到惊讶 be afraid to do sth. 害怕做某事 be excited to do sth. 对做……感到兴奋

be frightened to do sth. 害怕去做某事 be glad/happy to do sth. 高兴去做某事 be/get ready to do sth.准备做某事

be sorry to do sth. 对做某事感到抱歉 be surprised to do sth. 对做某事感到惊奇can’t wait to do sth. 迫不急待地去做某事

get/have a chance to do sth. 得到一个做某事的机会 It’s + adj.+(for sb.) to do sth. 做某事（对某人来说）怎么样

It’s +adj. +(of sb.) to do sth. It takes sb. some time/money to do sth. 花费某人多长时间做某事（常考）

It’s best for sb. to do sth. 对某人来说做某事是最好的 It’s time for sb. to do sth. 是某人做某事的时候了

too…(for sb.) to …太……以致不能…… ==not… enough to do prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. 宁愿……而不愿……something to eat/drink 一些吃/喝的东西（词不定式放在something等后修饰这些

Sth. is hard/difficult/easy to do 做好某事很难/容易 take turns to do sth. 轮流做……

There is no time (for sb. ) to do sth. 对（某人来说）没时间做某事了

There is no need (for sb.) to do sth. 对某人来说没必要做某事 try/do one’s best to do sth. 尽力去做某事

三、后既能跟不定式也能跟动名词的情况：
1、后加不定式或动名词意思相近的动词

有些动词接doing和to do意义相近像like(喜欢)，love(喜欢)，hate(憎恨)，prefer(宁可)，begin(开始)，start(开始)，continue(继续)。如：等词后加不定式或动名词区别不大：如：like to do表示想要做某一具体的动作 like dong表示一般或抽象的多次动作 它们在实际使用中区别很小。
2、后加不定式或动名词区别较大的动词：

remember to do(记住去做) remember doing(记得做过) forget to do(忘记去做) forget doing(忘记做过)

try to do(设法做) try doing(试着做) go on to do(接着做另一事) go on doing(继续做同一事)

stop to do(停下来去做) stop doing(停止做) can’t help to do(不能帮助做) can’t help doing(情不自禁做)

四、后跟不带to的不定式（动词原形）的情况。

1．在感官动词和使役动词后

feel， hear，listen to，watch，look at，see， notice ，make，let，have等后跟动词不定式作宾语补足语时应省去不定式符号to。注意：将此句改为被动句时，省去的不定式符号to应加上。 在动词help后跟不定式作宾语或宾语补足语时，既可带to，也可不带to。

2.助动词或情态动词后：

do, did, does, will, shall, would, should, can, may, must等后面接不带to的动词不定式。

3.某些固定句型中

1）Will（Would）you please（not）．．．？请（不要）做某事好吗？2）had better最好做某事3）Why not．？为何不做某事

4) would rather(not)...宁可(不)；宁愿(不)此句型也可以扩展成：would rather...than...=would...rather than...。

5）在祈使语气(或口语)中。

五．既可跟动词原形又可跟动词ing形式的情况。

see,watch,hear等动词，后面既可跟原形又可跟动名词形式，跟原形时表示做过或经常做，跟动名词时表示正在做。

see/watch sb. do sth.看到某人做过(经常做）某事 see/watch sb. doing sth.看到某人正在做某事

hear sb. do sth.听到某人做过（经常做）某事 hear sb. doing sth.听到某人正在做某事

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