Cause-Effect tools

一、 通过句子形式来表达因果关系

1. 最常见的是原因状语从句（强调原因）

i. 由从属连词because, as, since引起。这三个词均可用来表示原因，但具体含义和用法有区别。Because通常表示说话人认为这种理由或原因是正式的，全句强调的重点在原因。Since只是说明一种附带的原因，不是对原因的强调，常译为“既然”。As所表示的也是附加的原因，但语气比since更弱。

a) He distrusted me because I was new.

b) As all the seats were full, he stood up.

c) Since we’ve no money, we cannot buy it.

ii. 表示原因的从句可以由seeing (that), now that, in that等引起

a) Seeing (that) she’s lawfully old enough to get married, I don’t see how we could stop her.

b) Now that you are well again, you can travel.

2. 用并列分句来表达因果关系，这样的并列连词由for, and, so 等。

i. For可表示原因，引起并列分句

a) He shook his head, for he thought differently.

ii. So/and引起并列分句，表示结果

a) The play began at night, so they must dine at seven.

iii. 还有一些副词也可以引起并列分句，表示结果。如：It rained; therefore, the game was called off. 可以这么用的副词还有thus, consequently, accordingly, then等

3. 通过结果状语从句来表达因果关系。（强调结果）通过从属连词so…that, such…that等引起。That有时省略

a) It was so dark (that) they couldn’t see each other’s faces.

b) There was such a draught (that) it is no wonder he caught a cold.

二、 因果关系也可以由短语来表达

1. 由介词短语作状语来表达

i. 可以由介词短语引起原因状语来表达。常见的如：

a) Owing to意为“由于”“因为”在句子中通常作标语或状语，可置于句首和句末。Owing to my absence, they had to put off the meeting till tomorrow.

b) Due to意为“由于”，它引导的短语在句中一般作表语和定语，但在很多场合可与owing to通用作状语。He was injured due to/owing to a car accident.

c) Because of意为“因为”、“由于”，在句中一般作状语，可置于句首和句末。We had to stay at home because of a heavy rain.

ii. 由介词短语引起结果状语来表达。

a) As a result意为“结果”，“因此”，直接在句中作状语，引出句子，表示结果。He was ill. As a result, we had to put off our meeting.

2. 由动词短语来表达

i. 由强调原因的短语来表达，如result…from, arise from, ascribe…to…

a) Emotional or mental problems can result (arise) from a physical cause.

b) He ascribed his failure to bad luck.

3. 分词短语作状语表示原因更是常见。

a) Being a party member, he is ready to go anywhere and do anything for the party.

b) Inspired by the excellent situation, the workers worked even harder.

三、 因果关系还可以由动词和表示原因、动机及理由的介词连用来表达

i. From: he acted from a sense of duty.

ii. At 常和表示情绪或情感的动词连用表示原因。They are juiced at the news of his safe return.可以这么用的动词还有wonder, marvel, tremble, shudder, hesitate, laugh等。

iii. With: 表示原因时，常与如下动词tremble, shiver, shake, shudder, cry, weep等连用。His voice trembled with anger.

iv. Over: 指由于某事而产生的心理活动或情感冲动。We laugh over his foolish operation. 常和如下动词连用cry, weep, laugh, rejoice, mourn, grieve等。

v. For: 与dismiss, punish, blame, suffer, reward等动词连用，表示赏罚的理由。Heaven has rewarded him for his honesty.

四、 表示原因理由，也可以单纯由介词引起

i. Through: I opened the book through curiosity.

ii. Of：be proud of, be fond of, be glad of, be ashamed of, be afraid of, be tired of等。

iii. At: 与形容词alarmed, astonished, amazed, dismayed, shocked等连用表示原因。

iv. For: 常和表示喜欢、悲哀、恐怖的抽象名词连用，如anxiety, shame, grief, fear, joy等。He is anxious for his son’s welfare.

v. With: 表示因外界影响到体内的原因。He is not satisfied with the book. 可以这么用的动词由tired, content, contented, satisfied, gratified, pleased等。

vi. Out, out of因为，为了，出于。I asked out of curiosity.

vii. By (置于不带the的名词前，表示原因) I did it by mistake.

五、 直接由动词、名词表达的因果关系句子: the proposal has generated a lot of interest。

i. 可以这么用的动词由cause, pose, present, generate等。

a) I’d like to know the reason why you’re so late.

b) Unemployment is a major cause of poverty.

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