2016年东北林业大学大学博士研究生考试英语真题

发布时间:   来源:文档文库   
字号:

东北林业大学
2016年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷
第一部分基础英语试题PartI:Grammar&Vocabulary(15%
Directions:ChoosethewordorphrasethatbestcompleteseachsentenceandthenmarkyouranswersonyourANSWERSHEET1.
1.Thegovernorwas___bythepublicformisusinghispowerforpersonalinterests.
2.He___athiswatchbeforehelefttheoffice.
3.Arecentpollshowsthat,while81percentofcollegestudentsareeligibleforsomeformoffinancialaid,only63percentofthesestudentsare__________suchaid.[A]complainingabout[C]dissatisfiedwith
4.The____landlordrefusedtoreturnthesecuritydeposit,claimingfalselythatthetenanthaddamagedtheapartment.
1


[A]sneaked[B]praised[C]flailed[D]rebuked
[A]glanced[B]glimpsed[C]glared[D]scribbled


[B]recipientsof[D]turneddownfor



[A]unscrupulous[B]resplendent
[C]divine[D]deceased
5.MobyDick,nowregardedasagreatworkofAmericanliterature,wasvirtually____whenitwasfirstpublished,anditwasnotuntilmanyyearslaterthatMelvillesachievementswere____.
[A]renowned...relegated[C]hailed...understood
6.Herefusedto_____thathewasdefeated.[A]burlesque
7.Thepeoplestood______atthebeautifulpicture.[A]glaring
8.Thejudgeiscommittedtomaintaininga_____ofimpartiality.[A]stance
9.Dellquitdealinginsouped-upversionsofothercompaniesproducts,andstarteddesigning,_______andmarketinghisown.[A]fashioning
10.Thislaw______thenumberofaccidentscausedbychildrenrunningacrosstheroadwhentheygetoffthebus.
2



[B]notorious...justified[D]ignored...recognized

[B]conceive[C]acknowledge[D]probe
[B]gazing[C]peeping[D]gasping
[B]motto[C]pretense[D]commotion
[B]assembling[C]pruning[D]slashing


[A]intendsreducing

[B]intendstobereduced[D]isintendedreducing
[C]isintendedtoreduce
11.BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,we_____inEuropefortwoweeks.
[A]shallstay[B]havestayed[C]willhavestayed[D]havebeenstaying
12.Withoutfacts,wecannotformaworthwhileopinionforweneedtohavefactualknowledge_____ourthinking.[A]whichtobebasedon[C]uponwhichtobase
13.Thelittlemanwas_____onemeterfiftyhigh.
[A]almostmorethan
[B]hardlymorethan
[B]whichtobaseupon
[D]towhichtobebased
[C]nearlymorethan[D]asmuchas
14.Theyoungapplicantisundergreat___atthethoughtofup-comingjobinterview.
[A]comprehension[B]apprehension[C]miscomprehension[D]concern
15.ThesuccessfullaunchoftheSpecialOlympicGameshasdemonstratedthat___Shanghaiis
wellonitswaytobecomeoneofthemostinternalizedmetropolisesworldwide.
3


[A]imperceptibly[B]conceivably[C]deceivably[D]imaginatively


16.Iwouldrather______troubleandhardshiplikethatthan____byothers.
[A]had….takecareof[B]have…takencareof[C]had…takencareof[D]have…betakencareof
17.Onedifficulty_______thecomponentsofeconomicmovementsliesinthefactthatthosecomponentsarenotcompletelyindependentofoneanother.
18.Interestonshort-termgovernmentdebtsoaredtoanalmostunimaginable210%,which_____atotalcollapseofinvestorconfidence.
19.It’sageneralpracticeforsmallfactoriesto_____moreworkersduringtimesofprosperity,andlayoffsomewhenrecessionhits.
20.To______freedomagainsttyranny,ourfatherslaiddowntheserules.
21.Merdineisherownwoman,withanidentityfromhermother's.[A]discrete[B]distinctive[C]distinct[D]discreet
22.Shegavehimbackthemoneyshe'dstolenforthesakeofher.
4


[A]ofisolation[B]inisolating[C]willisolate[D]toisolate
[A]amountsto[B]equalsto[C]isaddedupto[D]reachesto
[A]takein[B]takeover[C]takeon[D]takeup
[A]ensure[B]guarantee[C]assure[D]fulfill


[A]conscientious[B]consciousness[C]conscious[D]conscience

23.TheyhadtheattempttoAndersontothepresidency.
24.I’mafraidourfoodstockwillbe___beforelong.
25.Mr.Morrisonhasagreat___foranythingthatisorientalandexotic
26.Thesubwaysandbusestendtobe___duringtherushhours.
[A]overcrowded
[B]overwhelmed
[A]vision

[B]emotion
[C]contribution[D]passion
[A]putup

[B]stayedup
[C]savedup
[D]usedup

[A]evolve[B]elevate[C]evoke[D]evince
[C]overshadowed[D]overgrown
27.Every___hasbeentakentoevacuatethestrandedsailorsfromHurricaneBetty.
28.Weweregreatlysurprisedbythewaythingsweredonehere.
[A]what[C]as

[B]inwhich

[A]pleasure

[B]measure
[C]pressure
[D]leisure
[D]which
29.I__________tocallonyou,butwaspreventedfromdoingso.
5




[A]meant
[B]hasmeant[C]wasmeaning[D]hadmeant
30.Whenitcomes__________hiswifewiththehousework,Johnnevergrumbles.
[A]tohelp
PartII:ReadingComprehension(20%.
Direction:Thereare2readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecenter.
PassageOne
Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
ThreeYaleUniversityprofessorsagreedinapaneldiscussiontonightthattheautomobilewaswhatoneofthemcalled“PublicHealthEnemyNo.1inthiscountry.”Besidespollutingtheairandcongestingthecities,carsareinvolvedinmorethanhalfthedisablingaccidents,andtheycauseheartdisease“becausewedon’twalkanywhereanymore,”saidDr.H.RichardWeinerman,professorofmedicineandpublichealth.Dr.Weinerman’ssharpcriticismofautomobilecameinadiscussionofhumanenvironmentonYaleReports,aradioprogrambroadcastbyStationWTICinHartford,Connecticut.Theprogramopenedathree-partserieson“StayingAlive.”“Forthefirsttimeinhumanhistory,theproblemofman’ssurvivalhastodowithhiscontrolofman-madedangers,”Dr.Weinermansaid.“Beforethis,theproblemhadbeenthecontrolofnaturaldangers.”
6


[B]andhelps[C]tohelping[D]tohavehelped


Relatingmanyofthesedangersoftheautomobile,ArthurW.Galston,aprofessorofbiology,saiditwaspossibletomakeakerosene-burningcarthatwould“lessensmogbyaverylargefactor.”ButheexpresseddoubtthatAmericanswerewillingtogiveupmovingaboutthecountrysideat90milesanhourinalargevehicle.“Americaseemsweddedtothemotorcar-everyfamilyhastohaveatleasttwo,andonehastobeaconvertiblewith300horsepower,”ProfessorGalstoncontinued.“Isthisthewayoflifethatwechoosebecausewecherishthesevalues?”
ForPaulB.Sears,professorofconservation,partoftheblamelieswith“asocietythatregardsprofitasasupremevalue,underthefalseideathatanythingthat’stechnicallypossibleis,therefore,ethicallyjustified.”ProfessorSearsalsocalledthecountry’sdependenceonitsmodernautomobile“lousyeconomics”becauseofthelargehorsepowerusedsimply“movingonepersontowork.”ButheagreedthatAmericanshavepaintedthemselvesintoacornerbyallowingthenationaleconomytobecomesoreliantontheautomobileindustry.
AccordingtoDr.Weinerman,automobiles,notthefactories,areresponsiblefortwo-thirdsofthesmoginAmericancities,andthesmogpresentsthepossibilityofawholenewkindofepidemic,notduetoonegerm,butduetopollutedenvironment.“Withinanotherfivetotenyears,it’spossibletohaveanepidemicoflungcancerinacitylikeLosAngeles.Thisisanewphenomenoninhealthconcern,”hesaid.
Thesolution,hecontinued,is“nottofindalessdangerousfuel,butadifferentsystemofinner-citytransportation.Becauseoftheincreasinguseofcars,publictransportationhasbeenallowedtowitheranddegenerate,sothatifyoucan’twalktowhereyouwanttogo,youhavetohaveacarinmostcities,”heasserted.This,inturn,Dr.Weinermancontended,isresponsibleforthe“arteriosclerosis”ofpublicroads,fortheblightoftheinnercityandforthemiddle-class
7




movementtothesuburbs.
31.Themainideaofthisarticleisthat_______.[A]Americansaretooattachedtotheircars.
[B]Americancarsruntoofastandconsumetoomuchfuel.[C]theautomobileindustryhascausedallthistohappen.[D]automobilesendangerboththeenvironmentandpeople.
32.Inparagraph2,ProfessorGalstonimpliesthat_______.
[A]peoplearemoreinterestedinfastautomobilesthanintheirhealth.[B]kerosene-burningcarswouldpollutetheenvironmentmoreseriouslythangasoline-burningenginesdo.
[C]Americansfeelmorecloselyconnectedtotheircarsthantotheenvironment.[D]itisnotrightforeveryfamilytohaveatleasttwocars.
33.Inparagraph3,ProfessorSearsimpliesthat_______.[A]technologyisalwaysgoodforpeople.[B]technologyisnotalwaysgoodforpeople.
[C]financialprofitismoreimportantthantechnologicaladvancement.[D]technologicaladvancementwillimprovefinancialprofit.
34.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5that_______.
8




[A]afuellessdangerousthangasolinemustbefound.[B]peopleshouldgetridoftheircarsandtakethebustowork.
[C]publictransportationshouldbeimprovedsothatpeoplecanbecomelessdependentupon
theircarsforinner-citytransportation.
[D]theonlysolutiontothisproblemistobuildmorehighwaysandmoresubways.
35.Dr.Weinermanwouldprobablyagreethat_______,ifpublictransportationwereimproved.[A]theinnercitymightimprove
[B]themiddleclasswouldmovetothesuburbs[C]publicroadswouldgetworse
[D]therewouldstillbeanurgentneedtobuildmorehighways
PassageTwo
Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
TheFoodandDrugAdministrationsaidonWednesdaythatitistryingtotrackdownasmanyas386pigletsthatmayhavebeengeneticallyengineeredandwrongfullysoldintotheU.S.foodsupply.
ThefocusoftheFDAinvestigationisonpigsraisedbyresearchersattheUniversityofIllinoisinUrbanaChampaign.Theyengineeredtheanimalswithtwogenes:oneisacowgenethatincreasesmilkproductioninthesow;theother,asyntheticgene,makesthemilkeasierforpigletstodigest.Thegoalwastoraisebiggerpigsfaster.
9




Therehasbeennoevidencethateithergeneticallyalteredplantsoranimalsactuallytriggerhumanillness,butcriticswarnthatpotentialsideeffectsremainunknown.Universityofficialssaytheirtestsshowedthepigletswerenotbornwiththealteredgenes,butFDArulesrequireeventheoffspringofgeneticallyengineeredanimalstobedestroyedsotheywon’tgetintothefoodsupply.TheFDA,inaquicklyarrangednewsconferenceonWednesdaypromptedbyinquiriesbyUSATODAY,saidtheUniversityofIllinoiswouldfacepossiblesanctionsandfinesforsellingthepigletstoalivestockbroker,whointurnsoldthemtoprocessingplants.
BoththeFDAandtheuniversitysaythepigsthatenteredthemarketdonotposearisktoconsumers.ButtheinvestigationfollowsactionbytheU.S.DepartmentofAgricultureinDecembertofineaTexascompanythatcontaminated500,000bushelsofsoybeanswithcornthathadbeengeneticallyalteredtoproduceavaccineforpigs.
Criticsseesuchcasesasevidenceoftheneedformoregovernmentoversightofaburgeoning(兴的areaofscientificresearch.“Thisisasmallincident,butit’sincidentslikethisthatcoulddestroyconsumerconfidenceandexportconfidence,”saysStephanieChildsoftheGroceryManufacturersofAmerica.“WealreadyhaveEuropeshakyonbiotech.Thecountriestowhichweexportaregoingtolookatthis.”
TheUniversityofIllinoissaysittestedtheDNAofeverypigleteighttimestomakesurethattheanimalhadn’tinheritedthegeneticengineeringofitsmother.Thosepigletsthatdidwereputbackintothestudy.Thosethatdidn’tweresoldtothepigbroker.“Anypigthatwastestednegativeforthegenessince1999hasbeensentofftomarket,”saysCharlesZukoski,vicechancellorforresearch.
10




ButFDAdeputycommissionerLesterCrawfordsaysthatunderthetermsoftheuniversity’sagreementwiththeFDA,theresearcherswereforbiddentoremovethepigletswithoutFDAapproval.“TheUniversityofIllinoisfailedtocheckwithFDAtoseewhetherornottheanimalscouldbesoldontheopenmarket.Andtheywerenottobeusedunderanycircumstanceforfood.”TheFDAisresponsibleforregulatingandoverseeingtransgenicanimalsbecausesuchgeneticmanipulationisconsideredanunapprovedanimaldrug.
36.The386pigletswrongfullysoldintofoodsupplyarefrom________.[A]Europe
[B]anAmericanresearchorganization[C]ameatprocessingplant[D]ananimalfarm
37.Thepurposeofthetransgenicengineeringresearchisto________.[A]getpigsoflargersizeinashortertime[B]makesowsproducemoremilk[C]makecowsproducemoremilk[D]makepigsgrowmoreleanmeat
38.The4thparagraphshowsthattheUniversityofIllinois________.[A]wascriticizedbytheFDA[B]isingreattrouble
[C]isrequiredbytheFDAtocallbackthesoldpiglets
11




[D]mayhavetopaythepenalty
39.TheFDAdeclaresthatthewrongfullysoldpiglets________.[A]mayhavesideeffectsonconsumers[B]maybeharmfultoconsumers[C]aresafetoconsumers[D]maycausehumanillness
40.Itcanbeinferredfromthispassagethat________.[A]alltheoffspringhavetheirmothers’geneticengineering[B]partoftheoffspringhavetheirmothers’geneticengineering[C]noneoftheoffspringhavetheirmothers’geneticengineering[D]halfoftheoffspringhavetheirmothers’geneticengineering
PartIII:EnglishWriting(15%
DIRECTIONS:Forthispart,youaregoingtowriteashortessayonthetitle.Youshouldwriteabout250wordsandwriteyouressayontheANSWERSHEET2.Title:
Howtohandlepsychologicalpressureintodayscompetitivelife
NOTES:Markswillbeawardedforcontent,organization,grammarandappropriateness.Failure
12




tofollowtheinstructionmayresultinalossofmarks.
第二部分专业英语试题PartI.Readingcomprehension
Therearealtogether12sections.Pleasechoosefromtheitemsgivenundereachquestionthebestoneasyouranswer.2marksforeachquestionwithatotalof40marks.
NoteYoushouldanswerquestionsto5sectionsonlyoneofwhichshouldbethesectioncorrespondingtothemajoryouareapplyingforandtheother4sectionscanbeselectedatyourwill.每名考生最多回答5节下的选择题,其中必须有一节与考生所报专业对应,其余4
考生可以任选。

I.Jurisprudence
Itispracticallyimpossibletoimagineconstitutionallawwithoutdissent.TheveryfirstopinionintheChartererathePatriationReferencewasmarkedbyit.Dissentispowerfulandevocative,evenmythic;itsuggestsroadsnottakenandparalleluniverses.Itevokesafundamentaland,sometimes,unsettlingcontingencyaboutlaw.Itcanbeproblematic,disruptingeasyunderstandingsofhowtoacourt“getsitright”and,thus,damagingtoacourt’slegitimacy.Yet,dissenthaspositiveaspects,too.Itcan:betterarticulatenormsandunderstandingsunderlyingkeydecision-rules;provideacounternarrativetoprevailingorthodoxy;laythefoundationforfuturedevelopmentoflaw;provideanecessaryoutletfordisagreementthatotherwisemightconstrainandfrustratejudicialactors;andevensecurebroaderacceptanceofamajoritydecisionbyshowingthatitisaproductofdeliberation.
13




Inthispaper,Ipresentanotherpossible“upside”todissentthatfocusesontheissueinQuebec(AttorneyGeneralv.A:equality.First,IcanvasstwowaysthatdissentmanifestsinCharterjurisprudence:one(functionalrelatingtothejudiciary’sappropriateroleinconstitutionaldisputes;andtheother(principledrelatingtotheidentification,scopeorapplicationofrulesandnorms.Thetwomodelsarerichlyrepresentedinequalityjurisprudence.IntheSupremeCourt’sfirstSection15case,Andrewsv.LawSocietyofBritishColumbia,theCourtdividedoverthefunctionalquestionofhowcloselytheCourtshouldscrutinizelegislateddifference.Insubsequentcases,theCourthasstruggledtoreachconsensusonthemeaningofequalityitselfanissueofprinciple.
Thefactthatequalityjurisprudencehasbeencharacterizedbychronicdisagreementmightappearunfortunate.Butmyreviewofsection15caselawsuggeststhat,byprovidingthespacetofullyfleshoutpointsofdisagreement,dissenthascontributedtoricheraccountsofequality.BorrowingthelanguageofCassSunstein,Isuggestthatadividedequalitydecisionthatistheresultoffailuretoreachagreementon“deep”issuesispreferabletoonethat,asthepriceofunanimity,remains“shallow”.IconcludethatthedecisioninQuebec(AttorneyGeneralv.Aisdeepratherthanshallowandso,despiteitsfrustratingdivisions,itisonthewholebetterthanmanyoftheunanimousequalitydecisionsthatprecededit.
41.TheauthorlistedthefollowingpositiveaspectsofdissentBUT((aItprovidesacounternarrativetoprevailingorthodoxy.(bItcanlaythefoundationforfuturedevelopmentoflaw.(cItcanprovideanecessaryoutletfordisagreement.(dItcanbedamagingtoacourt’slegitimacy.
14




42.Fromthethirdparagraph,onecanknowthefollowingBUT(
(aTheauthordiscussesthecasesinwhichthefunctionofdissentsisobviousintwoways.(bThesubsequentcasesweredecidedbyconsensus.
(cAndrewsv.LawSocietyofBritishColumbiaisaconstitutionalcaserelatingtoSection15.(dAndrewsv.LawSocietyofBritishColumbiawasnotdecidedunanimously.43.Theauthorthinksthatadividedequalitydecisionispreferablebecause((aitcontributestoricheraccountsofequality.(bitisdeep.
(citisonthewholebetter.(disfrustratinglydivided.
44.Whatisthemostsuitabletopicfortheseparagraphs?((aTheDissentinEqualityJurisprudence(bTheUpsideofDissent
(cTheUpsideofDissentinEqualityJurisprudence(dTheEqualityJurisprudence
II.LegalHistory
ThereisalargelyforgottenstorytobetoldofU.S.legalimperialisminChina,despiteChina’slocationfaroutsideofAmerica’sterritorialborders.Thestory’sprotagonistisaratherarcanesoundinglegaldoctrine,extraterritorialjurisdiction.Exclusiveterritorialjurisdictionisoneofthedefiningfeaturesofthesovereigntyofthemodernnation-state.Withlimitedexceptions,itiswhereapersonisthatdetermineswhatlawappliestohimorher.However,whenastateassertsextraterritorialjurisdiction,itclaimstherighttoapplyitslawsbeyondthebordersofitsterritory.
15




Toanticipatethestory,theextraordinarytreatythatlaidthefoundationforAmericanextraterritorialitywasnegotiatedbyCalebCushing,thefirstAmericanministertoChinaaswellasaMassachusettscongressman,alawyer,andafutureattorneygeneraloftheUnitedStates.CushingwaschargedbyPresidentJohnTylerwiththepre-textualmissionofgoingtoPekingtoinquireaftertheemperor’shealthandtocarryoutthepresident’swishesforhislongevity.BackedbyhisownlittlearmadaaswellasthepresenceoftheU.S.navalforcesinthePacific,CushingpersuadedtheQingEmpiretoenterintoaTreatyofPeace,Amity,andCommercewiththeUnitedStates.ThetreatywassignedonJuly3,1844,inthevillageofWanghiainMacao.Underitsterms,ChinawasobligatedtoallowAmericanstotradefreelyinCantonaswellasinfourotherpreviouslyclosedports.Moreover,AmericansobtainedtherightofextraterritorialjurisdictioninChina.From1844until1943,U.S.citizensinChinawereformallysubjectonlytothelawsoftheUnitedStates.Stateddifferently,whenAmericansenteredChina,Americanlawtraveledwiththem,effectivelyattachingtotheirverybodies.
Howdidtherelativelyrecentlyemancipatedworld’sleadinganti-colonialpowerreconcileitsextraterritorialjurisdictioninChinawithChiefJusticeMarshall’sringingstatementin1812,“Thejurisdictionofanationwithinitsterritoryisnecessarilyexclusiveandabsolute...beingaliketheattributeofeverysovereignandincapableofconferringextraterritorialpower”?ItturnsoutthattheforgottencenturyofAmericanextraterritorialjurisdictioninChinaisastorynotonlyaboutChinaandtheUnitedStatesbutalsoofinternationallaw.Thisessayisthusalsoastoryaboutlaw’soperationtransnationally,andacasestudyofhowlawdynamicallybothconstitutesanddeconstitutessovereignsatbothnationalandinternationallevels.
45.Whichoneofthefollowingisextraterritorialjurisdictionaccordingtotheauthor?((aCountryAimposesfinetoitsowncitizenwhoviolatestrafficrulesinCountryA.
16




(bCountryAimposesfinetoacitizenofCountryBwhoviolatestrafficrulesinCountryA.(cCountryAchargescrimeresponsibilitytoacitizenofCountryAwhocommitsacrimeinCountryB.
(dCountryBchargescrimeresponsibilitytoacitizenofCountryAwhocommitsacrimeinCountryB.
46.WhichdescriptionaboutCalebCushingisNOTtrueaccordingtothesecondparagraph?((aHewasaMassachusettscongressman.(bHewasthefirstAmericanenvoytoChina.(cHewasalawyer.
(dHewastheattorneygeneraloftheUnitedStatesbeforevisitedChina.47.WhatisNOTincludedinthe1844Sino-Americabilateraltreaty?((aWhenAmericansenteredChina,theyallcarriedUSlaws.(bAmericanswereallowedtotradefreelyinCanton.
(cAmericanswereallowedtotradefreelyinfourotherpreviouslyclosedports.(dUScitizensinChinawerenotsubjecttoChineselaws.
48.ThecontradictionbetweentheAmericanextraterritorialityandJusticeMarshall’sstatementin1812canbereconciledwhen(
(athecenturyofAmericanextraterritorialjurisdictionisforgotten.(bonelooksattheissuefrominternationallevel.
(ceverysovereignisincapableofconferringextraterritorialpower.(dlawdynamicallyconstitutesanddeconstitutessovereigns.
III.ConstitutionalandAdministrativeLaw
17




RobertPostnotesthatthreeinterestshavetraditionallybeenadvancedtojustifycampaignfinancereform:equality,antidistortion,andtheeliminationofcorruption.Eachofthesethreeinterestsisfundamentalwithinasystemofrepresentativegovernment.Eachconstituentisentitledtoequalinfluenceintheselectionofherrepresentative;electionresultsshouldtransparentlyrepresent,withoutdistortion,theviewsofthepeople;andelectedrepresentativesshouldperformtheirappropriateroles,withoutcorruption.
Noneofthesethreeinterests,however,makessensewithinthediscursivedemocracyestablishedandprotectedbyFirstAmendmentrights.Indiscursivedemocracy,asdistinctfromdirectdemocracy,publicopinionisalwaysevolving;itdoesnotmakedecisionswithrespecttowhichcitizenscanexerciseanequalinfluence.Indiscursivedemocracy,publicopinionisneverrepresented,sothatthereisnobaselinefromwhichdistortionscanbemeasured.Andthestate’sinterestinpreservingtherolemoralityofrepresentativesfromcorruptioncanatmostcountasaconstitutionalinteresttobeweighedagainstFirstAmendmentinterestsinpreservingtheintegrityofself-governmentthroughdiscursivedemocracy.ItisnowonderthattheconstitutionaljurisprudenceofcampaignfinancereformhasbeenamuddlesincethedaysofBuckleyv.Valeo.
CitizensUnitedconcludesthatneitherequality,nordistortion,noreliminatingcorruption,cancountasconstitutionallycompellinginterestscapableofjustifyinglegislationprohibitingcorporationsfrommakingindependentcampaignexpendituresdirectlyfromtheircorporatetreasuries.Butinleapingtothisconclusion,CitizensUnitedfailstoengageinasufficientlydeepanalysisofrelevantFirstAmendmentrights.FirstAmendmentrightsprotectfreedomofspeechinordertopreservethepossibilityofself-government.TheFirstAmendmentassumesthatpersonsshouldbefreetoinfluencethecontentofpublicopinionandthatthegovernmentwillberesponsivetopublicopinion.Weassumethatelectionswillensurethatgovernmentisresponsive
18




topublicopinion.Ifelectionsdonotselectforrepresentativeswhoareattentivetopublicopinion,however,thelinkbetweenFirstAmendmentrightsandthevalueofself-governmentwilldisappear.Ifwedenominatethecapacityofelectionstoselectrepresentativeswhoareresponsivetopublicopinionaselectoralintegrity,legislationaimingtopreserveelectoralintegrityservesacompellingconstitutionalinterestforpurposesofFirstAmendmentanalysis.CitizensUnitedfailedtoaskwhetherthecampaignfinancelegislationitwasconsideringservedthepurposeofmaintainingelectoralintegrity.

49.WhichofthefollowingisNOTaninteresttojustifycampaignfinancereform,accordingtoRobotPost?(
(aEachpersonhasanequalopportunitytoberepresented.(bTheelectionresultshouldbepublished.
(cPeople’sviewshouldbepresentedwithoutalteration.
(dTheelectedrepresentativesshouldperformtheirroleswith“cleanhands”.
50.Whatisthemajordifferencebetweendiscursivedemocracyanddirectdemocracy?((aPeopledonotvotedirectly.
(bItdoesnotmatterwhetherarepresentativecorrupts.
(cThereisnobenchmarktomeasurewhetherpublicopinionisdistorted.(dTheFirstAmendmentinterestsaremoreimportant.
51.WhatcausesthelinkbetweenFirstAmendmentrightsandthevalueofself-governmenttodisappear?(
(aWhenelectionsdonotselectforrepresentativeswhoareattentivetopublicopinion.(bAgovernmentisresponsivetopublicopinion.
19




(cLegislationprohibitscorporationsfrommakingindependentcampaignexpendituresdirectlyfromtheircorporatetreasuries.
(dWhenpersonsarefreetoinfluencethecontentofpublicopinion.52.WhatwasthemajorfailureofCitizensUnitedaccordingtotheauthor?(
(aItsconclusionthatnoneofthethreeinterestsjustifiesthelegislationprohibitingcorporationsfrommakingindependentcampaignexpenditures.
(bItmadenoanalysisofrelevantFirstAmendmentrights.
(cItdidnotaskwhetherthecampaignfinancelegislationwascorrect.(dItjumpedtoitsconclusionwithoutanalyzingthelegislativepurpose.
IV.CriminalLaw
Threatstonationalsecurityandpublicsafety,whetherrealorperceived,resultinanatmosphereconducivetotheabuseofcivilliberties.Historyislitteredwithexamples:TheAlienandSeditionActsof1798,thesuspensionofhabeascorpusduringtheCivilWar,thePalmerRaidsduringWorldWarI,andMcCarthyismintheaftermathofWorldWarII.
Unfortunately,thepost-9/11worldrepresentsnodeparturefromthisage-oldtrend.Evidenceofpost-9/11tensionbetweennationalsecurityandcivillibertiesisseenintheheightenedregulationofphotography;scholarshavelabeleditthe“WaronPhotography”—aconflictbetweenlawenforcementofficialsandphotographersovertherighttotakepicturesinpublicplaces.Inmanycases,policeofficersandprivatesecurityguardshaveinvokedblanketnotionsof“nationalsecurity”toprohibitthepressandprivatephotographersfromtakingpicturesofstructuresthatareinplainviewofthegeneralpublic.Inothercases,lawenforcementofficialshaveusedbroadlywordedcriminalstatutessuchas“obstructionofjustice”or“interferingwithapoliceofficer”to
20




prohibitthepressandprivatephotographersfromtakingpartinwhatisconstitutionallyprotectedbehavior.AsimpleGooglesearchrevealscountlessincidentsofoverzealouslawenforcementofficialsdetainingorarrestingphotographersand,inmanycases,confiscatingtheircamerasandmemorycards,despitethefactthattheseindividualswereinlawfulplaces,atlawfultimes,partakinginlawfulactivities.
Foratleasttworeasons,theargumentthattheheightenedregulationoftherighttotakepicturesinpublicplacesenhancesnationalsecurityorpublicsafetyisdeeplyflawed.
First,theprevailingevidenceindicatesthattheperpetratorsofpastterroristattacksneverphotographedtheirtargets.Whywouldtheyneedto,afterall?TheInternetandmoderntechnologyhavemadeitpossibletoobtainpicturesofmoststructures,especiallyoneslocatedinurbanareas,withtheclickofamouse.Forexample,GoogleEarthprovidesimagesofalmostanyaddressinthecountryfromavarietyofdistancesandangles.
Second,evenifterroristsdidphotographtheirtargets,itwouldbetotallyimpracticaltotrytostopthem.QuestioningforthepurposeofidentifyingpotentialterroristspersonstakingpicturesoftheEmpireStateBuildinginNewYorkCityortheWhiteHouseinWashington,D.C.,makeslesssensethantryingtofindaneedleinahaystack,because,chancesare,theneedledoesnotexist.
53.Theauthorusestheexamplesinthefirstparagraphtoshowthat((aduringtheCivilWarhabeascorpuswassuspended.
(baftertheWorldWarIItherewasforaperiodoftimeMcCarthyism.(ctheAlienandSeditionActswasadoptedin1798.
(dnationalsecurityandpublicsafetymaycauseanatmosphereencouragingtheabuseofcivilliberties.
21




54.Whichofthefollowingdescribes“WaronPhotography”mostproperly?((aItisawarbetweenlawenforcementofficialsandphotographers.(bItisthetensionbetweennationalsecurityandcivilliberties.
(cItisafightbetweenpolicemenandphotographersovertherighttotakepicturesinpublicplaces.
(dItisadeparturefromtheage-oldtrend.
55.ThereasonsusedbylawenforcementofficialstoprohibitpeoplefromtakingpicturesofstructuresthatareinthegeneralpublicDONOTinclude(
(anationalsecurity(boverzealousnessoflawenforcementofficials(cobstructionofjustice(dinterferingwithapoliceofficer
56.Theauthorthinksthattoprohibittakingpicturesinpublicplacesenhancesnationalsecurityorpublicsafetyisdeeplyflawed.WhichofthefollowingisNOTareason?(aTofindoutpotentialterroristsisliketryingtofindaneedleinahaystack.(bTheperpetratorsofpastterroristattacksneverphotographedtheirtargets.
(cThereisnoneedtotakepicturesbecausemoderntechnologyhasmadeitpossibletoobtainpicturesofmoststructures,withtheclickofamouse.
(dItisdifficulttryingtofindoutthepurposeoftakingpictures.
V.CivilandCommercialLaw
Theabsenceofprivityofcontractprecludedapersonfromrecoveringagainstanegligentactorwhocausedthatpersonharm,whereverthenegligentactconstitutedabreachofcontractwithsomeoneelse.TheHouseofLordsinDonoghuev.Stevensonruledthatmanufacturersdidoweadutyofcaretotheultimateconsumernottocreaterisksofharmthroughthemanufacturing
22




process.InreachingthisconclusiontheCourtexaminedthespecifickindsofdutieswhichthelawhadimposedinavarietyofsituationsandderivedtherefromageneralprincipleforthelawofnegligence.
InthewordsofLordAtkin:AtpresentIcontentmyselfwithpointingoutthatinEnglishlawtheremustbe,andis,somegeneralconceptionofrelationsgivingrisetoadutyofcare,ofwhichtheparticularcasesfoundinthebooksarebutinstances.Theliabilityfornegligence,whetheryoustyleitsuchortreatitasinothersystemsasaspeciesof"culpa",isnodoubtbaseduponageneralpublicsentimentofmoralwrongdoingforwhichtheoffendermustpay.Butactsoromissionswhichanymoralcodewouldcensurecannotinapracticalworldbetreatedsoastogivearighttoeverypersoninjuredbythemtodemandrelief.Inthiswayrulesoflawarisewhichlimittherangeofcomplainantsandtheextentoftheirremedy.Therulethatyouaretoloveyourneighbourbecomesinlaw,youmustnotinjureyourneighbour;andthelawyer'squestion,Whoismyneighbour?receivesarestrictedreply.Youmusttakereasonablecaretoavoidactsoromissionswhichyoucanreasonablyforeseewouldbelikelytoinjureyourneighbour.Who,then,inlawismyneighbour?Theanswerseemstobe-personswhoaresocloselyanddirectlyaffectedbymyactthatIoughtreasonablytohavethemincontemplationasbeingsoaffectedwhenIamdirectingmymindtotheactsoromissionswhicharecalledinquestion.TheunderlyingstructureofthereasoningofLordAtkin'sjudgmentmaybestatedasfollows:(1Thereareasetofcaseswherecourtshavefoundliabilityforfailingtotakecare.(2Inthesecasesthecourtsestablishedastandardofcare.(3Inthesesituationswecaninferfromthefactthatthelawimposesaduty(standardofcaretotakecare.Thelawofnegligenceextendstothiskindofactivity.
57.Accordingtothefirstsentence,apersoninjuredmaynotbeabletorecoveragainstanegligent
23




actorwhocausedtheharmbecause(
(atherelacksarelationofcontractbetweenthetwo.(btheydonotknoweachother.(ctheactorisnegligent.
(dmanufacturersdonotoweadutyofcaretotheultimateconsumer.58.LordAtkinthinksthat(
(aEnglishlawdoesnothaveageneralconceptionofdutyofcare.(btheliabilityfornegligenceshouldbestyledasaspeciesof"culpa".
(ctheliabilityfornegligenceisbaseduponapublicunderstandingthatoffendersmustpayfortheirwrongdoing.
(deverypersoninjuredshouldbegivenarighttodemandrelief.59.Inthesenseoftortlaw,aneighbourisonewho((alivesnextdoortoyou.(byouoweadutyofcare.(cshouldbetakengoodcareof.(dhasfriendlyrelationshipwithyou.
60.WhichofthefollowingisNOTareasoningforthelawofnegligence((aThereisadutytotakecareimposedbylaw.(bThedoerfailedtotakecare.
(cThefailurecauseddamagesorinjurytoothers.(dThedoerhasforeseentheresult.
VI.ProcedureLaw
24




Evenifweweretoacceptthisdeflationaryviewofproceduraljusticeasourstartingpoint,itwouldnotfollowthatproceduresareunimportant.Ifwebeginwithcriteriaforajustoutcome,thenitfollowsthatoursystemofdisputeresolutionshouldbedesignedtodecidecontroversiesinaccordwiththesecriteria.Fromthebarepremisethatoutcomescountfromtheexpost(
perspective,wecanderiveaminimalnotionofproceduraljustice.Aperfectlyjustprocedure
wouldguaranteecorrectoutcomes;aprocedurewouldbemoreorlessfairorjustinsofarasitapproximatesthisideal.Ifwetaketherulesofsubstantivelaw(torts,contracts,property,andsoforthasappliedtothefacts(thestateoftheworldasthecriteriaforjustoutcomes,thentheidealprocedurewoulddiscernthetruthaboutthefactsandapplythelawtothosefactswithone-hundredpercentaccuracy.Fromthemodestpremisethatoutcomescount,wecanderivetheviewthatproceduraljusticeisafunctionofaccuracy.
Thereare,however,obviousproblemswiththissimpletheory.Evenfromtheexpostperspective,formallegaloutcomes,suchasjudgmentsforplaintiffsanddefendants,arenottheonlyeffectsofadjudication.Disputeresolutionsystemsimposecostsonthepartiestothedisputeandonsocietyatlarge.Ifweenlargeourviewofoutcomestoencompassallofthecostsandbenefitsimposedbythelitigationsystem,thenourviewofproceduraljusticewillbeenlargedaswell.Anoutcomethatincludesadamageawardthatreflectsanaccurateapplicationofthesubstantivelawtothefactsmightnonethelessbeunjustiftheplaintiffwhowasentitledtoprevailhadtopaymoreinattorneys’feesthanthevalueofthejudgment.Adisputeresolutionsystemthatachievedone-hundredpercentaccuracywouldbeviewedasmonstrouslyunfairifitrequiredeachdisputanttodevoteherentirelifetoapainstakingprocessoffact-findingandconsumedthegreatbulkofthesocialproducttofinancetheenterprise.Theadditionoftheseuncontroversialpremisestoourmodestassumptionthatoutcomescountyieldstheconclusionthatevenfromtheexpost
25




perspectiveafairproceduremust,ataminimum,strikeafairorreasonablebalancebetweenthebenefitsofaccurateoutcomesandthecostsimposedbythesystemofprocedures.
Proceduralperfectionisunattainable:noconceivablesystemofprocedurecanguaranteeperfectaccuracy.Approachingproceduralperfectionisunaffordable:asystemthatachievedthehighestpossibledegreeofaccuracywouldbeintolerablycostly.
61.Fromthefirstparagraph,wecanknowthattheauthoris((arebuttingsomeone’sviewthatproceduresareunimportant.(barguingthatproceduresareunimportant.
(cdistinguishingprocedurelawfromsubstantivelaw.(dsettingthecriteriaforjustoutcomes.62.AnidealprocedurewouldNOT((adiscernthetruthaboutthefacts.(bapplythelawtothefactswithaccuracy.(cguaranteecorrectoutcomes.
(dbedifferentevenifthesubstantivelawappliedisdifferent.
63.Theauthorthinksthatafairproceduremuststrikeafairorreasonablebalancethebenefitsandthecosts.Accordingtothe2ndparagraph,whichoneisNOTacostmentionedbytheauthor?((aanunjustawardwheretheplaintiffhastopaymorethanthevalueofjudgement(balife-longfact-findingprocesstoachieve100%accuracy(cthegreatbulkofproductsproducedbyanenterprise(dthesocialproductsconsumedtosupportthesystem64.Fromthelastparagraphonecaninferthat(
26




(aproceduralperfectionisunattainable.
(bafairprocedurecanonlyexistwhenkeepingabalancebetweenbenefitsandcosts.(capproachingproceduralperfectionisunaffordable.(dnosystemofprocedurecanguaranteeperfectaccuracy.
VII.EconomicLaw
AstheU.S.SupremeCourtaddresseditinDaraPharmaceuticals,Inc.v.Broudo,thelosscausationrequirementexiststoassurethatprivatesecuritiesfraudactionsare"available,nottoprovideinvestorswithbroadinsuranceagainstmarketlosses,buttoprotectthemagainstthoseeconomiclossesthatmisrepresentationsactuallycause."
CodificationofthecausationrequirementinthePSLRAbrokenonewsubstantiveground.But,astheSupremeCourtalsocounseledinDura,thePSLRA"makesclearCongress'intenttopermitprivatesecuritiesfraudactionsforrecoverywhere,butonlywhere,plaintiffsadequatelyallegeandprovethetraditionalelementsofcausationandloss."InthewakeofDura,losscausationhasbecomethecriticalelementinbothpleadingandproofinsecuritiesfraudactionsbroughtunderthefraud-on-the-markettheory,firstembracedbyapluralityoftheSupremeCourtinBasic,Inc.v.Levinson.InBasic,theCourtcreatedarebuttablepresumptionofinvestorrelianceonthemarketpriceofasecuritythattradesinan"efficient"market-oneinwhichthemarketpriceispresumedtoreflectallinformationdisseminatedintothatmarketplace.Therebuttablepresumptionofreliancebasedonthefraud-on-the-markettheoryiscriticaltocertificationofinvestorclassactionswhere,withoutit,certificationwouldbevirtuallyimpossibleasindividualquestionsofreliancewouldpredominateoveranycommonquestions.AlthoughtheSupremeCourthasheldthatlosscausationisnotanindividualquestiontobeaddressedasamatterofclass
27




certification,itisacentralelementofanyprivateactionunderExchangeAct§10(bandRule10b-5,andmustaccordinglybesufficientlypledtowithstandamotiontodismiss,andultimatelysupportedbyevidence,whetheronsummaryjudgmentorattrial.
Duraistheseminalpronouncementonthenecessaryshowingoflosscausationasamatterofbothpleadingandproofinfraud-on-the-marketcases.TheSupremeCourtinstructedthatlosscausationisneithersufficientlypleadednordemonstratedmerelybyanartificiallyinflatedmarketpriceandalatereconomicloss.Indeed,theCourtcautionedinthesecasesthat"thelogicallinkbetweentheinflatedpurchasepriceandanylatereconomiclossisnotinvariablystrong,"andthatwhileanartificiallyinflatedpurchasemightmeanalaterloss,thatisnotinevitablyso.TheCourtspokeofa"tangleoffactors"affectingmarketpricesofsecurities,andthateventhoughfalseormisleadinginformationdisseminatedintothemarketplacemay"touchupon"alatereconomiclossforinvestors,totouchuponalossisnottocauseit,anditisactualcausationthatthelawrequires.
65.FromthefirstparagraphoneisNOTabletosaythatDaraPharmaceuticals,Inc.v.Broudo((awasheardbytheUSFederalSupremeCourt.(bwasanactionaboutsecuritiesfraud.
(cwasacasewherethecausationrequirementwasdiscussed.(dprovidedinvestorswithbroadinsuranceagainstmarketlosses.
66.Whichofthefollowingstatementdescribes“fraud-on-the-markettheory”mostsuitably?((aItiscodifiedinthePSLRA.
(bItiscriticaltoofficialrecognitionofinvestorclassactions.
(cItreflectstheCongress'intenttopermitprivatesecuritiesfraudactions.(dItisaboutlosscausation.
28




67.LosscausationisNOT(
(aanindividualquestiontobeaddressedasamatterofclasscertification.(bacentralelementofanyprivateaction
(cthecriticalelementinbothpleadingandproofinsecuritiesfraudactions.(dnecessarytobesufficientlypledtowithstandamotiontodismiss.68.Losscausationcanbesufficientlydemonstratedby((aanartificiallyinflatedmarketpriceandalatereconomicloss.(b"tangleoffactors"affectingmarketprices.
(cplaintiffs’adequateallegationandproofofthetraditionalelementsofcausationandloss.(dfalseormisleadinginformationdisseminatedintothemarketplace.
VIII.Internationallaw
Legalconceptsofdomesticlawprofoundlyinfluencethewayhowoneapproachesandconceptualizesinternationallaw.JamesCrawfordhasobservedthat“itcannotbesaidtoooftenthatourthinkingaboutlawisinfiltrated,marinated,drenchedwiththeinfluenceofnationallegalsystems,withtheircharacteristicwaysofenforcingobligationsandvindicatingrights.Wewereallnationallawyersfirst”.Thatissurelyright(althoughthetrendtowardsspecializationthaterodestheauthorityofgeneralistsmightalsoeventuallyexpungethememoryofthedomesticoriginsoftheinvisiblecollege.
Thedomesticlawperspectiveapplieswithparticularforcetointernationaltreatiesthatcombineaconsensualform,primafaciereminiscentofthestructureemployedinthedomesticlawofcontracts,withasubstantivebreadth,primafacieextendingbeyondthelegalrelationshipsthatwouldbeaddressedbythelawofcontractsindomesticlaw.Aconvenientpointofdepartureisthe
29




propositionmadebyArnoldMcNairaslongagoasin1930,contrastingthevarietylegalformsemployedbythedomesticlegalorderwiththesparsenessofformbywhichinternationallawaddressedsubstantivelycomparablelegalrelationships:Theinternallawsofthemodernstateprovideitsmemberswithavarietyoflegalinstrumentsfortheregulationoflifewithinthatcommunity:thecontract;theconveyanceorassignmentofimmovableormovableproperty,whichmaybemadeforvaluableconsiderationormaybeagiftoranexchange;thegratuitouspromiseclothedinaparticularform;thecharterorprivateActofParliamentcreatingacorporation;legislation,whichmaybeconstituent,suchasawrittenconstitution,fragmentaryorcomplete,ormaybedeclaratoryofexistinglaw,orcreatenewlaw,orcodifyexistinglawwithcomparativelyunimportantchanges.Further,thoughrarely,wemayfindaconstitutionaldocumentwhichcloselyresemblestheinternationaltreatyitself.
Ifthedebateisputinahistoricalperspective,itmaybesaidthattheappropriatenessofdomesticanalogieshasbeendebatedinslightlydifferingtermsbyeachsucceedinggenerationofinternationallawyers.Inthelate19thcentury,HeinrichTriepeldrewthedistinctionbetweentreatiesanalogoustocontractsproperlyso-called,wherethecontractualpartiespursuedopposinginterests,andthelaw-makingtreatiesanalogoustoagreements,wherethecontractualpartiespursuedcommoninterests.
Intheinter-Warperiod,HerschLauterpachtdismissedanypracticalvalueofthedistinction,andmadeapowerfulargumentofanalogybetweendomesticcontractlawontheonehandandthelawoftreatiesandparticulartreatyregimesontheotherhand.Conversely,McNairmadeanequallypowerfulargumentforabroaderlistofpossibleanalogiesfromdomesticlaw,shiftingtheattentiontopubliclaw,andinparticularcasesshowingscepticismaboutthevalueofrelyingonprivatelaw.
30





69.JamesCrawfordthinksthat(
(athecharacteristicwaysofenforcingobligationsinnationallegalsystemdecidestheinternationallegalsystem.
(binfluenceofnationallegalsystemsgetintoone’sthinkingaboutlaw.(cnationallawyerscandothingsbetter.(dinternationallawismarinatedbynationallaw.
70.ArnoldMcNaircomparedlegalformsindomesticlawwiththoseofinternationallawin1930andfoundthat(
(aforsubstantivelycomparablelegalrelationshipsthereweremuchlessformsofinternationallaw.
(binternationaltreatiesresemblethestructureemployedinthedomesticlaw.(cthedomesticlawperspectiveapplieswithparticularforcetointernationaltreaties.(dthegratuitouspromiseisclothedinaparticularform.71.HeinrichTriepelmadethedistinctionbetween((atreatiesandcontracts.
(binternationallawyersanddomesticlawyers.(ccontractualparties.(ddifferenttypesoftreaties.
72.Fromthelastparagraph,wecanseethatHerschLauterpachtandMcNair((adisagreedonthenatureofinternationallaw.
(bbothmadeanalogiesofinternationallawtodomesticlaw.
(capplieddifferentmethodologyinanalyzingtherelationbetweeninternationallawand
31




domesticlaw.
(dhaddifferentviewinpossibleanalogies.
IX.ForensicAppraisal
ManycriminalprocedurescholarswhovaguelyfollowedtheKingcasehadahardtimeunderstandingwhatthefusswasabout.Theirpositionmightbesummedupbythemajority’sassertionthat“DNAidentificationisanadvancedtechniquesuperiortofingerprintinginmanyways,somuchsothattoinsistonfingerprintsasthenormwouldmakelittlesensetoeithertheforensicexpertoralayperson.”ConsideringthattheFBIdatabasecontainsover100millionsetsoffingerprints,andthatitprocessedmorethan61millionten-printsubmissionsin2010alone,thisequationofDNAidentificationwithfingerprinttechnologysuggestsabrightfutureforlawenforcement’sDNAcollectionpractices.Sowhatdifferencewoulditmakeifpolicehadmillionpeople’sgenetic,ratherthanbiometric,material?
ThisPartaddressesthreemisconceptionsaboutforensicDNAtypingthatpermeatetheKingopinion:first,thatDNAtypingwillonlybeofconcerntocriminals;second,thatthepolicewillnotprobesensitiveorprivategeneticinformation,andthatlawsprotectagainstmisuse;andthird,thatcollectingmoreDNAsamplesfromknownindividualswillsolvealotofcrime.Inshort,thepriorPartarguesthattheKingopinioncanbereadasanembraceofexpansiveforensicDNAtesting.
KingmightbeviewedlessasastatementaboutthelegalstatusofDNAsamplingthanaboutthelegalstatusofarrestees.ItcouldbeseenassimplyanaturaloutgrowthofSamsonv.California,thecasethatjustifiedrandomsearchesofparoleeswithoutawarrantorsuspicionbasedontheirdiminishedstatusassubjectswithconditionalliberty.Inthistelling,Kingisnotadeclarationof
32




generaldisinterestingeneticprivacy,butsimplyanexpressionoftheCourt’slackofsolicitudeforthoseentangledinthecriminaljusticesystem.ButifwhatdecidedtheissuefortheCourtwasthatarresteesdeservelessprotectionthan“theaveragecitizen,”thenitseemsthattheCourtcouldhaveresteditsopiniononthosegroundsalone.Inotherwords,theCourtcouldhavesaid,“DNAtestingisaseriousandsignificantintrusiononbodilyintegrity.ButtheConstitutionpermitsthestate,withacompellingenoughinterest,toimpingeonthemostfundamentalaspectsofbodilyprivacywhenitcomestoarrestees.Thus,theConstitutionpermitstheDNAsamplingofanarrestee,despitetheseriousnessoftheintrusioninvolved.”Itcouldhavewalledofftheopinionasacategoricalexceptionthatappliesonlytoconvictedoffendersandarrestees,anddeclaredthelaw-abidingpublic’sDNAoutofbounds.
73.Fromthefirstparagraph,onecanknowthatfingerprintis____andDNAis_____.((agenetic,biometric(bbiometric,genetic(cgenetic,genetictoo
(dbiometric,biometrictoo
74.WhichoneisNOTamisconceptionsaboutforensicDNAtyping?(
(aDNAtypingwillnotbeofconcerntoordinarypeople.
(bThemoreDNAsamplesfromindividualsarecollected,morecrimeswillbesolved.(cPolicewillnotlookintosensitiveorprivategeneticinformation.
(dAlotofcrimeswillbesolvedifmoreDNAsamplesarecollectedfromknownindividuals.75.TheauthorthinksthattheKingcase(
(aisastatementaboutthelegalstatusofDNAsampling.(bastatementaboutthelegalstatusofarrestees.
(cacasethatjustifiedrandomsearchesofparoleeswithoutawarrant.
33




(disadeclarationofgeneraldisinterestingeneticprivacy.
76.FromwhichofthefollowingcanyouseethattheauthorthinksthattheissuefortheCourtwasnotthatarresteesdeservelessprotectionthan“theaveragecitizen”?(aDNAtestingisaseriousandsignificantintrusiononbodilyintegrity.(bConstitutionpermitstheDNAsamplingofanarrestee.
(cTheConstitutionpermitsthestatetoimpingeonthemostfundamentalaspectsofbodilyprivacy.
(dTheCourtcouldhaveresteditsopiniononthosegroundsalone.
X.PoliticalScience
Whatdifferencedoesitmakeifmore,orfewer,peoplevote?Whatdifferencewoulditmakeifthestatemakespeoplevote?Thesequestionsarecentralbothtonormativedebatesabouttherightsanddutiesofcitizensinademocracyandtocontemporarypolicydebatesinavarietyofcountriesoverwhatactionsstatesshouldtaketoencourageelectoralparticipation.Toaddressthem,thispaperfocusesonthephenomenonofcompulsoryvotinglegalrequirementsthatcompelcitizenstoparticipate.Specifically,byfocusingonararecaseofabolishingcompulsoryvotinginVenezuela,weexaminewhethercompulsoryvotingreducesincomeinequality.
Ourresultssupportawell-knownpropositionadvancedbyArendLijphartinhis1996presidentialaddresstotheAmericanPoliticalScienceAssociation.ForLijphart,classbias“theinequalityofrepresentationandinfluence…notrandomlydistributedbutsystematicallybiasedinfavorofmoreprivilegedcitizens…andagainstlessadvantagedcitizens”isthecentral“unresolveddilemma”ofdemocracy.Thenormativefoundationofthisargumentisthat,inademocracy,thepreferencesofeverycitizenshouldhaveequalweightinelectingrepresentatives
34




anddeterminingpolicy.Lijphartcontendsthatlowvoterturnoutmeansunequalandsocioeconomicallybiasedturnout…[and]unequalparticipationspellsunequalinfluence”,andthatcompulsoryvotingis“thestrongestofalltheinstitutionalfactors”initspotentialtoremedytheperniciouseffectsofclassbiasinturnout.
Despiteitsnormativeimportanceandpracticalrelevanceinpolicydebates,rigorousempiricalscrutinyofLijphart’sclaimhasbeenlimited.Numerousscholarshaveinvestigatedtheimpactofvoterturnoutonvariousoutcomevariables.Mostofthesestudies,however,facemethodologicalshortcomingsbecausetheyarebasedonrelativelysimplecross-sectionalregressionwithoutaconvincingidentificationstrategyforcausalinference,orbecausetheyrelyoninstrumentalvariablesbasedonexogenous“shocks”toturnout(e.g.weathereventsthatarenotrelevanttohowthelevelofvoterturnoutinfluencedbywhethervotingiscompulsoryormandatoryaffectselectoralandpolicyoutcomes.
Tworecentstudiesaddressthesemethodologicalconcerns.Fowler(2013estimatesthecausaleffectsoftheintroductionofcompulsoryvotinginAustraliaonelectionoutcomesandpensionspending.Similarly,Bechtel,Hangartner,andSchmid(2013examinetheeffectsoftheintroductionofcompulsoryvotingintheSwisscantonofVaudontheresultsoffederalreferendums.Bothstudiesuseanimportantchangeinthevotingruleasleverageforcausalinference,effectivelyexaminingthecounterfactualquestion:Whatwouldhavehappenedifthecompulsoryvotingrulehadnotbeenintroduced?
77.Fromthefirstparagraph,weknowthatthispaperistodiscuss((anormativedebatesabouttherightsanddutiesofcitizens.(bpolicydebatesinavarietyofcountries.
35




(cwhethercompulsoryvotingreducesincomeinequality.(dthephenomenonofcompulsoryvoting.
78.Mr.ArendLijphartholdsthefollowingviewbut(
(aInademocracy,thepreferencesofeverycitizenhaveequalweightinvoting.(bClassbiasisthecentral“unresolveddilemma”ofdemocracy.
(cLowvoterturnoutmeansunequalandsocioeconomicallybiasedturnout.
(dCompulsoryvotinghasitspotentialtoremedytheperniciouseffectsofclassbiasinturnout.
79.Theweakpointofthestudiesabouttheimpactofvoterturnoutonvariousoutcomevariablesisthat(
(atheyarerelativelysimple.(btheyrelyoninstrumentalvariables.
(ctheydonotdistinguishwhethervotingiscompulsoryormandatory.(dthereisnoconvincingidentificationstrategyforcausalinference.
80.WhichstatementaboutthestudiesofFowlerandBechtel,Hangartner,andSchmidisNOTtrue?(
(aTheyarebothpublishedin2013.
(bTheybothexaminedtheinfluenceofcompulsoryvotingonelectionoutcomes.(cTheyaddressthemethodologicalconcerns.
(dTheybothexaminethequestion:Whatwouldhavehappenedifthecompulsoryvotingrulehadnotbeenintroduced?
XI.IntellectualPropertyLaw
36




Section106oftheCopyrightActgrants“theownerofcopyrightunderthistitle”certain“exclusiverights,”includingtheright“todistributecopies...ofthecopyrightedworktothepublicbysaleorothertransferofownership.”Theserightsarequalified,however,bytheapplicationofvariouslimitationssetforthinthenextseveralsectionsoftheAct,§§107through122.Thosesections,typicallyentitled“Limitationsonexclusiverights,”include,forexample,theprincipleof“fairuse”(§107,permissionforlimitedlibraryarchivalreproduction,(§108,andthedoctrineatissuehere,the“firstsale”doctrine(§109.
Section109(asetsforththe“firstsale”doctrineasfollows:“Notwithstandingtheprovisionsofsection106(3[thesectionthatgrantstheownerexclusivedistributionrights],theownerofaparticularcopyorphonorecordlawfullymadeunderthistitle...isentitled,withouttheauthorityofthecopyrightowner,tosellorotherwisedisposeofthepossessionofthatcopyorphonorecord.”Thus,eventhough§106(3forbidsdistributionofacopyof,say,thecopyrightednovelHerzogwithoutthecopyrightowner’spermission,§109(aaddsthat,onceacopyofHerzoghasbeenlawfullysold(oritsownershipotherwiselawfullytransferred,thebuyerofthatcopyandsubsequentownersarefreetodisposeofitastheywish.Incopyrightjargon,the“firstsale”has“exhausted”thecopyrightowner’s§106(3exclusivedistributionright.
What,however,ifthecopyofHerzogwasprintedabroadandtheninitiallysoldwiththecopyrightowner’spermission?Doesthe“firstsale”doctrinestillapply?IsthebuyerfreetobringthecopyintotheUnitedStatesanddisposeofitasheorshewishes?Toputthemattertechnically,an“importation”provision,§602(a(1,saysthat“[i]mportationintotheUnitedStates,withouttheauthorityoftheownerofcopyrightunderthistitle,ofcopies...ofaworkthathavebeenacquiredoutsidetheUnitedStatesisaninfringementoftheexclusiverighttodistributecopies...undersection106....”Thus§602(a(1makesclearthatimportingacopywithoutpermissionviolates
37




theowner’sexclusivedistributionright.Butindoingso,§602(a(1refersexplicitlytothe§106(3exclusivedistributionright.Aswehavejustsaid,§106isbyitsterms“[s]ubjectto”thevariousdoctrinesandprinciplescontainedin§§107through122,including§109(a’s“firstsale”limitation.Dothosesamemodificationsapply—inparticular,doesthe“firstsale”modificationapply—whenconsideringwhether§602(a(1prohibitsimportingacopy?
81.Whichwordisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword“qualified”inthefirstparagraph?(
(arestricted(blimited(celigible(dcertified
82.Fromthesecondparagraph,onecanknowthatthe“firstsale”doctrine((apermitsownerofaparticularcopytodisposeofitastheywish.(bisacopyrightjargonthatordinarypeopledonotuse.
(csetslimitationtoacopyrightowner’sexclusivedistributionright.
(dforbidsdistributionofacopyofthecopyrightednovelHerzogwithoutthecopyrightowner’spermission.
83.Whatquestionistheauthoraskinginthelastparagraph?(
(aWastheHerzogprintedabroadandthensoldwiththecopyrightowner’spermission?(bIsthebuyerfreetobringacopyintotheUnitedStatesanddisposeofitashe/shewishes?(cDoes§602(a(1prohibitsimportingacopy?
(dDoesthe“firstsale”doctrineapplywhenacopyisinitiallysoldabroadwiththepermissionofthecopyrightowner?
84.Fromtheaboveparagraphs,weknowthatthestatementof___isnottrue.((aAcopyrightowner’sdistributionrightisunlimted.
38




(b§§107through122containvariousdoctrinesandprincipleslimitingtherightsconferredby§106.
(c§602(a(1grantsacopyrightownerimportationright.(dCopyrightsconferredby§106arenotunlimited.
XII.Sociology
Thispaperinvestigatesauniquefeatureofpost9/11developmentsinlaw:thetacitcircumventionofconstitutionalbalancing,anotherwisecorefeatureinjurisprudence,aswellasinlegislation,policymakingandlawenforcement.Balancingreferstotheprocessofweightinghowintrusivecertainmeansareincomparisontotheendsprovidedofcourse,thattheendsarelegitimate.Theconceptofproportionalityiscorollaryhere:inordertoassesstherelationshipbetweenthemeansemployedandtheaimssoughttoberealized,oneneedstoassesthreecriteria:effectiveness,necessity,andthedegreeharminflicted.However,incurrentpoliticaldebates,whenanti-terroristlawenforcementmeasuresareinvolved,thelongheldgoldenruleforpolicymakinghasbeenreplacedbyanother,substantiallyemptyrhetoric:theinherentlyfalsedichotomyofthe“libertyvs.security”-binary.Thepaperwillhavetheanti-terroristlawenforcementmeasuresinfocus,buttherhetoricissweeping:ithasbeenextendedto,copiedin,andmergedwithcrimecontrolmeasuresandimmigrationcontrolaswell.
TheuniquenessofthisNewWorldis,thus,twofold:First,newstandardshavebeensetup(requiredandacceptedforgovernmentactivisminthesphereofcurtailingfreedomasanexchangeforsecurity.People(thepoliticalclass,theelectorateappeartobewillingtoreformulatethetraditionalbalancebetweenlibertyandsecurity:alittlebitmoredocumentsandID-checks,longerlinesandmoreflexiblesearch-warrantsseemanacceptabletaxleviedinreturnformore
39




stringentdemandsforgovernment-providedsecurity.Forexample,oncebeingconvincedthatweactuallyneedtobesearchedandsurveilledforaviationsafety,forafasterprocess,wearewillingtogivingupsomeofourprivacyandenterafullbodyscanner.Itseemstobethecasethatthereisabroadconsensusonthefactthattraditionalpolicingprinciplesor,forthatmatter,thelawoftheGenevaConventionshavebecomeunsuitedforhandlingthepeculiarwarfareputonbysuicidebombersandterroristorganizations.Justabouteverywhereintheworld,thewaragainstterrorismhashadtheeffectofwideningthecontrolfunctionsofthenationalsecurityandimmigrationservices,aswellasofotherlawenforcementauthorities.Theexpandedmeasuresandproceduresthusintroducedwereoftenonesthatlegislatorsandlawenforcementofficialsotherwiseonlyhaddreamedofattaining,butthistimearound,theycouldtakeadvantageofchangesinthepublicsentimentduetosociety’sshockoverthetragiceventsandfearspreadingintheirwake.
85.TheconstitutionalbalancingisacorefeatureintheflowingBUT((alawenforcement(cjurisdiction

(bpolicymaking
(dlegislation
86.Whatisthegoldenruleforpolicymakingaccordingtotheauthor?(
(aassesstherelationshipbetweenthemeansemployedandtheaimssoughttoberealized(beffectiveness,necessity,andthedegreeharminflicted(clibertyvs.security(dconstitutionalbalancing
87.Peopleappeartobewillingtoacceptthefollowinginreturnformoresecurity,EXCEPT((amoredocumentsandID-checks(blongerlines
40




(cmoreflexiblesearch-warrants(dacceptabletax
88.WhatisNOTacauseforintroductionofmeasuresthatlegislatorsandlawenforcementofficialsotherwiseonlyhaddreamedofattaining,accordingtotheauthor?((achangesinthepublicsentimentduetosociety’sshock(bpeoplearewillingtogivingupsomeoftheirprivacy(cthetragiceventsandfearspreading
(dabroadconsensusonthefactthattraditionalpolicingprincipleshavebecomeunsuited
PartII.Translation(10marks1.
TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese(5marks
AhugefirethatengulfedanancientTibetantowninShangri-la,Yunnanprovince,onSaturdayhascausedexpertstocallforheightenedfiresafetyinhistoriclocationsacrossthecountry.ThefirestartedearlyonSaturdaymorningandlastedabout12hours,destroying242housesintheoldTibetantownofDukezonginShangri-la,capitaloftheDiqingTibetautonomousprefecture.Dukezongtownisthelargestandbest-preservedTibetancommunityinallofChina'sTibetanareas.ItwasalsoakeystopontheAncientTea-HorseCaravanRouteandafocalpointforHan-Tibetanexchanges.2.
TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish(5marks
美国周四称,其对日本首相安倍晋三(ShinzoAbe)参拜靖国神社(YasukuniShrine感到失望,认为这一行动会加剧日本与其邻国的紧张关系。星期四,安倍参拜了靖国神社,神社中供奉着日本战亡者,包括14名甲级战犯。神社被视作日本军国主义的象征。
41





42



本文来源:https://www.2haoxitong.net/k/doc/5be398a32379168884868762caaedd3383c4b5a4.html

《2016年东北林业大学大学博士研究生考试英语真题.doc》
将本文的Word文档下载到电脑,方便收藏和打印
推荐度:
点击下载文档

文档为doc格式