学生版
定语从句
1. 定义
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词，用作定语的从句，叫做定语从句。
2. 结构
I want to read a book.
I want to read an interesting book.
I want to read an interesting book that talks about Chinese history.
关系代词：
1. 先行词指人，用关系代词 who或 whom
It was a story about a young man who called Tom.
The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.
Jane was the girl whom Tom loved.
Mrs Smith (whom) you met yesterday is a friend of mine.
The person to whom you just talked is Mr. Li.
注： who和 whom的区别
1）who的前面不能与介词搭配使用
I’m talking about friends who you can share almost everything with.
2）Whom在定语从句中不能做主语，但可以做宾语或表语
A rich person is not one who has the most, but is one who needs the least.
2. 表示人或物的所有关系，用whose
I know a friend. His brother is a pop singer.
→ I know a friend whose brother is a pop singer.
It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at the time.
Miss Brown is the teacher whose house caught fire last night.
Nobody wants the house whose roof was broken.
→ Nobody wants the house, the roof of which was broken.
3. 先行词指物，用关系代词 which
We are studying sentences. They contain adjective clauses.
→ We are studying sentences which contain adjective clauses.
They lived in a house which was built by Tom's father.
The machine which can fly is airplane.
The song which I love is composed by my favorite singer.
Anger is a wind which blows out the lamp of the mind.
He likes climbing mountains, which is a good exercise.
Tom was late. That surprised me. → Tom was late, which surprised me.
先行词只能用which的情况
（1）介词后面：
This is the factory in which my father works.
The tall tree behind which lies a big stone is still here.
（2）”，”后面，即用在非限定性定语从句
I have a book, which is very interesting.
I was late for school again, which made the teacher angry.
4. That 可以指代人，也可指代物
I will introduce my friend that is really cute.
The book that is on the desk was written by my grandfather.
I know the movie that he saw yesterday is directed by Wang Jiawei.
在定语从句中，先行词为物的情况下，在以下几种情况只能用that，不能用which。
（1）有序数词或最高级修饰；
It's the first time that I have been here.
This is the best book that I have ever read.
（2）先行词为不定代词：
That is all that I want to know.
Do you have anything that you want to tell me?
（3）先行词由不定代词修饰；
He mentioned all the books that were laid on the table.
（4）先行词有 the only，the very, the last 修饰；
It is the very dictionary that I need.
（5）先行词既有人又有物。
He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.
不定代词：
some（something，somebody，someone），any（anything，anybody，anyone）， no（nothing，nobody，no one）， every（everything，everybody，everyone），all，each，both，much，many，（a）little，（a）few，other（s），another，none，one，either，neither
课堂练习:
1、请将下列每一组中的两个简单句合并为一个定语从句，用第二个句子作定语。
1. The girl is happy. She won the race.
2. The student is from America. He sits next to me.
3. The boy was not badly hurt. The boy fell from a tree.
4. The taxi driver was friendly. He took me to the airport.
5. I can’t remember the name of the person. I gave the money to him.
6. The employees had to retire. They had reached the age of sixty-five.
7. The teacher spoke to the boys. Their work was below standard.
8. The people were friendly. I rented their houses.
9. He is the professor. I am taking his grammar course.
10. That is the man. His son died in that air crash.
11. The man called the police. His car was stolen.
12. The man is famous. His picture is in the newspaper.
13. I have a neighbor. His dog barks all day long.
14. The girl is a good friend of mine. I borrowed her camera.
15. The church was built in 1400. We were married in the church.
2、请判断下列句子是否正确，错误的请改正。
1. I enjoy the music that we are listening to it.
2. The people which live next to me are friendly.
3. He is the man who he taught me English.
4. I gave the book to him that he needed it.
5. The airline has a booklet who will tell you most of the important things about a trip to Europe.
6. The man which told me the news refused to give me his name.
7. The book which I bought it at the bookstore was very useful.
8. The woman was nice that I met yesterday.
9. I met a woman who her husband is a famous lawyer.
10. Let ABC be a triangle which sides are of unequal length.
翻译练习：
1. 我昨天买了一本书，该书的作者是一位盲人。
2. 我的办公室在这栋大楼的二层，它很小。
3. 你昨天借给我的那本书很有趣。
4. 那位老师教给我英文，他是加拿大的。
5. 和我一起工作的那个女孩已经有男朋友了。
6. 告诉我今天早晨你迟到的原因。
7. 他们到的时候天正在下雨。
8. 他是一个值得信赖的人。
9. 你住的那家酒店叫什么名字？
10. 接电话的那个男的告诉我你不在。
关系副词：
1、When的用法
1. 先行词指时间
when可以引导限制性和非限制性定语从句，其先行词须是表示时间的名词，如day, year, time,...
I’ll never forget the day when I met you.
The day when we stop learning is the day when we die.
My favorite season is spring, when the earth seems born again.
We will put off the outing until next week, when we won’t be so busy.
2. 关系副词when在从句中作时间状语
When引导定语从句的前提条件：when必须在其引导的定语从句中作时间状语。
比较：
1) I’ll never forget the time which I spent on campus.
2) I’ll never forget the day when we first met in the park.
2、where的用法
1. Where的先行词指地点
Do you know any place where I can buy Mr. Zhang’s grammar book?
This is the town where I spent my childhood.
2. 关系副词where在从句中作地点状语
1) This is the town where I spent my childhood.
2) This is the town which I told you about before.
3) The library where students often study was on fire last night.
4) The library, which was built in the 1930’s, needs to be renovated.
3、why的用法
why用来表示原因，只引导限制性定语从句，先行词是reason等表示原因的名词。
This is the reason why I didn’t come here.
why = for which
课堂练习：请将下列每一组中的两个简单句合并为一个定语从句，用第二个句子作定语。
1. Monday is the day. We will come on that day.
2. He arrived in Shanghai that day. On the same day I left.
3. July is the month. The weather is usually the hottest in that month.
4. April Fool’s Day is that special day of the year. On the day you should play a joke on someone!
5. March 10, 1876 was the day. On the day the first complete sentence was sent over a telephone.
6. The city was beautiful. We spent our vacation there.
7. That is the restaurant. I will meet you there.
8. The town is small. I grew up there.
9. This is the house. They put their tools in it.
请选择where, when和which填空。
1. I’ll never forget the day ______ I met you for the first time.
2. I’ll never forget the days ______ I spent with you.
3. The day, ______ began brightly, ended with a violent storm.
4. The day ______ we don’t bother to go to office but just work at home may soon come.
5. I arrived in Beijing on the day ______ it was snowing heavily.
6. This is the town _____ I was born.
7. This is the town ______ I want to visit most someday.
8. The ripe fruit should be stored in a place _______ contains much carbon dioxide so that it can’t decay rapidly.
9. The ripe fruit should be stored in a place ______ there is much carbon dioxide so that it can’t decay rapidly.
10. The library, ______ was built in the 1930’s, needs to be renovated.
11. I guess you can find him in the library ______ he works.
12. One of the places ______ I want to visit someday is Tibet.
限制性与非限制性定语从句
1. 限制性定语从句— 不用逗号隔开
I don’t like people who are never on time.
I don’t like people who never keep their words.
There are two factors which determine an individual’s intelligence.
He is a man who is of value to the people.
2. 非限定性定语从句— 用逗号隔开
1、专有名词
My mother, who is 50 this year, lives with me now.
I asked my mother, who is 80, whether she’d ever seen snow in Iraq before, and her answer was no.
Beijing, which is the capital of China, has developed into an international city.
Hawaii, which consists of eight principal islands, is a favorite vacation spot.
2、类指名词
1) An elephant, which is the earth’s largest land mammal, has few natural enemies other than human beings.
2) One of the elephants which we saw at the zoo had only one tusk.
3、用或不用逗号，句义有差别
1) He has a daughter who works in a hospital.
2) He has a daughter, who works in a hospital.
3) The food which wasn’t in the fridge all went off.
4) The food, which wasn’t in the fridge, all went off.
阅读短文，在空格中填入适当的关系词。
A story tells of two friends ______ were walking through the desert. At a specific point of journey, they had an argument, and one friend slapped the other one in the face. The one _____ got slapped was hurt, but without saying anything, he wrote in the sand, “Today my best friend slapped me in the face.”
They kept on walking until they found an oasis, _______ they decided to take a bath. The one ______ got slapped and hurt started drowning, and the other friend saved him. When he recovered from the fright, he wrote on a stone, “Today my best friend saved my life.”
The friend _______ had saved and slapped his best friend asked him, “Why, after I hurt you, you wrote in the sand and now you write on a stone? ”
The other friend, smiling, replied, “When a friend hurts us, we should write it down in the sand, ______ the winds of forgiveness can erase it away, and when someone does something good for us, we should engrave it in the stone of the memory of the heart, _______ no wind can ever erase it.”
Let’s learn to write your hurts in the sand and to carve your blessings in stones.
翻译练习：
1、 我喜欢这两本关于生物学的杂志。
2、 屋顶是红色的房子被毁了。
3、 他认识和我点头的那个教授。
4、 他不认识我提到的教授。
5、 这就是我工作过的工厂。
6、 这就使我参观过的工厂。
7、 这是你第三次迟到了。
8、 他借了一本和我在读的一样的书。
9、 他借了这本我读过的书。
10. 生命就像一条大河，时而宁静时而疯狂。
11. 这么多年来，唯一令我不能忘怀的就是家乡的那条河。
12. 你还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天么？
13. 太阳给地球温暖，这对于人类很重要。
14. 最终，那小偷把偷来的所有东西都交给警察了。
15. 我们的生命依靠着我们从中获得食物的土地。
定语从句长难句分析
1. These discoveries have led to the field known as neuroeconomics, which studies the brain’s secrets to success in an economic environment that demands innovation and being able to do things differently from competitors.
2. Those who are professionally engaged in the art of interpreting history are thus in a difficult position, as they must steer a narrow course between the demands of ‘evidence’ and ‘attractiveness’, especially given the increasing need in the heritage industry and income- generating activities.
3. In the second half of the 18th century, we already find advocates of this view, such as Joseph Priestley, whose Rudiments of English Grammar (1761) insists that ‘the custom of Speaking is the original and only just standard of any language’.
4. Time goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty, when there are pretty children in a pool and a young Diana on the edge, to receive with wonder anything you can catch!
5. In most situations where music is performed in our culture, it is not difficult to distinguish the audience from the performers, but such is often not the case in Africa.
6. In one experiment, subjects aged 6 to 22 were shown drawings of female faces that had different sized pupils, and asked to choose the one which was "happier".
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