专业术语英译汉
affine 仿射
band 波段
cartography 制图学
clip 剪切
digitizer 数字化仪
DLG 数字线划图
dpi 每英寸点数
edgematching 边缘匹配
equator 赤道
equiarea 等积
geoid 大地水准面
geospatial 地理空间
GPS 全球定位系统
Habitat 栖息地
Interface 接口
Item 项目
Latitude 纬度
legend 图例
longitude 经度
median 中值
meridian 子午线
metadata 元数据
neatline 图廓线
Object-Based 基于对象的
parcel 宗地
photogrammetry 摄影测量
precipitation 降水量
range 范围
raster 栅格
resample 重采样
resolution 分辨率
RMS 均方根
scanner 扫描仪
siting 选址
TIGER 拓扑统一地理编码
topology 拓扑
tuple 数组
UTM 通用横轴墨卡托投影
vector 矢量
专业术语汉译英
保护区 protected area
比例尺 Scale bar
标准差 Standard deviation
标准图幅 Standard picture frame
单精度 Single precision
地理空间数据 Geospatial data
点缓冲区 Point buffer
动态分段 Dynamic segmentation
度量标准 Metrics
多项式变换 Polynomial transformation
高程基准 Elevation base
跟踪算法 Tracking algorithm
规则格网 Rules grid
过渡带 Transition zone
基于位置服务 Based on location service
畸形线 Malformation line
几何变换 Geometric transformation
检验图 Inspection chart
解析几何 Analytic geometry
空间要素 Space element
平面坐标系统 Planar coordinate system
曲流河 Meandering river
人口普查地段 Census Lot
上四分位数 The upper quartile
矢量数据模型 Vector data model
数据可视化 data visualization
数据探查 Data exploration
双精度 Double precision
水文要素 Hydrological elements
泰森多边型 Tyson Polygons
统一建模语言 Unified Modeling Language
投影坐标系统 Projection coordinate system
线缓冲区 Line buffer
遥感数据 Remote sensing data
用材林 Timber forest
晕渲法 Halo rendering method
指北针 Compass
属性表 Property sheet
最短路径分析 Shortest path analysis
最小二乘法 Least squares method
翻译例子如下。
1.A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, querying, analyzing, and displaying geographically referenced data.
1.地理信息系统（GIS）是用于捕捉，存储，查询，分析和显示地理参考数据的计算机系统。
2.A newly digitized map has the same measurement unit as the source map used in digitizing or scanning. If manually digitized, the map is measured in inches, same as the digitizing table.
2.新数字化地图与数字化或扫描中使用的源地图具有相同的测量单位。如果手动数字化，地图以英寸为单位进行测量，与数字化表格相同。
3.Although ideal for discrete features with well defined location and ,shapes, the vector data model does not work well with spatial phenomena that vary continuously over the space such as precipitation, elevation, and soil erosion.
3.对于具有明确位置和形状的离散特征，尽管理想，矢量数据模型不能很好地处理在空间连续变化的空间现象，如降水，海拔和土壤侵蚀。
4.But the migration from the georelational to the object-based data model should be relatively easy because it is intuitive to think of spatial features as objects.
4.从基础数据到基于对象的数据模型的迁移应该相对容易，因为将空间要素视为对象是直观的。
5.New GIS data can be created from a variety of data sources. They include satellite images, field data, street addresses, text files with x and y coordinates, and paper maps.
5.可以从各种数据源创建新的GIS数据。它们包括卫星图像，现场数据，街道地址，带有x和y坐标的文本文件以及纸质地图。
6.Projection converts data sets from geographic coordinates to projected coordinates, and reprojection converts from one type of projected coordinates to another type.
6.投影将数据集从地理坐标转换为投影坐标，再投影从一种类型的投影坐标转换为另一种类型。
7.Spatial data editing refers to the process of adding, deleting, and modifying features in digital layers. A major part of spatial data editing is to remove digitizing errors.
7.空间数据编辑是指在数字图层中添加，删除和修改特征的过程。空间数据编辑的主要部分是删除数字化错误。
8.The georelational data model stores spatial and attribute data separately in a split system: spatial data in graphic files and attribute data in a relational database.
8.地理数据模型将空间数据和属性数据分别存储在分割系统中：图形文件中的空间数据和关系数据库中的属性数据。
用英文回答下列问题，练习每章后面的问答题。
例子如下：
1．Describe the two common types of data for terrain mapping and analysis.
1.Two important types of field data that can be used in a GIS project are survey data and global positioning
systme (GPS) data.
2．Describe three variations in buffering.
2.The buffer distance can vary by the values of a given field. Buffering can be on either the left side or the
right side of the line feature, instead of both sides. Buffer zones may remain intact so that each buffer zone
is separate from others, or dissolved so that there
are no overlapped areas between buffer zones.
3．Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the raster data model vs. the vector data model.
3.The main advantage of the raster data model is having fixed cell locations, which make it easier for data
manipulation, aggregation, and analysis. The main disadvantage is its weakness in representing the precise location of spatial features.
4．Explain the difference between location errors and topological errors.
4.Location errors such as missing polygons or distorted
lines relate to the geometric inaccuracies of spatial
features, whereas topological errors such as dangling lins and unclosed polygons relate to the logical inconsistencis between spatial features.
5．Explain the difference between the georelational data model and the object-based data model.
5.The object-based data model differs from the georelational data model in two aspects. First,the object-based data model stores both the spatial and attribute data of spatial
features in a single system rather than a split system.
Second, the object-based data model allows a spatial feature (object) to be associated with a set of properties and methods.
6．Explain the importance of map projection.
6.A map projection offers a couple of advantages. First, a map projection allows us to use two-dimensional maps,
either paper or digital, instead of a globe. Second, a map
projection allows us to work with plane or projected
coordinates rather than longitude and latitude values.
Computations with geographic coordinates are more complex and
yield less accurate distance measurements.
7．How can an analysis mask save time and effort for raster data operations?
7.Because an analysis mask limits data analysis to cells that do not carry the cell value of no data. it can
save time and effort for raster data operations.
8．Name five tools or techniques for vector data analysis.
8.Buffering ,overlay , distance measurement, spatial statistics and map manipulation .
9．Name the three types of simple features used in GIS and their geometric properties.
9.A point has 0 dimension and has only the property of location.A line is one-dimensional and has the property of length. And an area is two-dimensional and has the
properties of area (size) and perimeter.
10．Name two examples each for integer rasters and floating-point rasters.
10.Examples of integer rasters are land use and soil
types. Examples of floating-point rasters are precipitation and elevation.
11．The georelational data model uses a split system to store vector data. What does a split system mean?
11.A split system stores spatial data in graphic files
and attribute data in a relational database. Typically, a georelational data model uses the feature label or ID to link the two components.
12．The output from a viewshed analysis is a binary map. What does a binary map mean in this case?
12.The output from a viewshed analysis is a binary map, which showing visible and not visible areas from the
viewpoint.
13．What are the basic elements of the raster data model?
13.The basic elements of the raster data model are cell value, cell size, raster bands, and spatial reference
14．What are the common elements on a map for presentation?
14.The common elements on a map for presentation include the title, body, legend, north arrow, scale, acknowledgment, and neatline/map border.
15．What is a feature attribute table?
15.A feature attribute table is a table associated with a vector data set, which has access to the data set’s
spatial data.
16．Why is the datum important in GIS?
16.A datum is important in GIS because it serves as the reference or base for calculating the geographic
coordinates of a location.
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