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审计英语

发布时间：2011-12-24   来源：文档文库   
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审计英语

背景介绍
中国注册会计师协会决定在今年的中国注册会计师资格考试会计科、审计科加试10 分英语试题，并将该成绩纳入最后考试的总成绩，也即110分的试卷60分及格。该安排看
似突然，实际上代表了一个趋势，就是要全面提升中国注册会计师的语言水平，进而达
到中西合璧，融会贯通；取长补短，为我所用的目的。
针对此变化，广大考生应该做到：稳定情绪 调整心态 振奋精神 悉心备考
该考试变化对广大考生的参考地位并未产生实质性的不利影响。 应该充满自信，立足自己！不要出现急躁、不安情绪！ 积极应对！从积极方面来看待这个趋势和变化！ 考试题型预测
目前获得的关于这10分英语考试最新的信息为: 一道题 主观题 专业题 分析：
正是针对此次考试"三题"的特点，我们预测此次考试的极有可能的题型如
下: 1.名词解释 2.简答题
3.翻译（英汉互译） 4.案例分析

辅导大体安排
TIME SCHEDULE
MEMO 2-2.5hrs 题型分析 对每类题型结合具体实例进行说明，并讲解答题技巧
2-2.5hrs 考点预测 结合题型对可能考查内容进行预测讲解 该项英语考试对书面表达的要求在英语四级水平。
该项考前紧急冲刺辅导时间紧，任务重，不是零起点辅导，需要有一定的英语基础 。
极有可能的题型如下: 案例分析
名词解释 简答题 翻译
案例分析是在名词解释、简答题和翻译基础上构建起来的，是这三种题型的综合，因此
，在分别介绍各种题型后，将着重研读案例分析这一题型及应对策略和答题技巧。

目前西方审计理论与实务，通常是基于风险的，或者说是以风险为导向的审计（RIS K-ORIENTED AUDIT APPROACH），因此审计这门课程讲述的内容，特别是在实施新的审计
准则体系后，大体上与西方的审计教材内容相同。这就意味着审计科英语出题的可选择 面比较广。 By amount
By nature Firm→services
(Accountant auditor Opening balance
Going concern 对于审计科英语考试，主要从以下方面来准备：
AUDIT TERMS AUDIT PROCESS （Comprehensive） AUDIT REPORT ISA

一、名词解释
EXAMPLE: Letter of Engagement （审计业务约定书, 教材P115）
Solution: The Letter of engagement is a letter sent by the auditor （or accountants ） to their client at the beginning of any new audit （or accountancy work）. It sets out the terms of the engagement, forms the basis of the contract
and aims to avoid any misunderstandings between the client and the auditors as to what the audit （or accountancy work）
involves. 审计业务约定书是在审计业务开始前,会计师事务所与被审计单位签订的,用以记录
和确认审计业务的条款内容,形成合同的基础,以避免双方对审计业务的理解产生分歧。
letter of Engagement
Audit Audit-related service

二、简答题
Explain the purpose of a management representation letter 解释管理层声明的目的.
Solution:
Management representations are a form of audit evidence. They are contained in a letter, written by the company's directors and sent to the auditor, just prior to the completion of audit work and before the audit
report is signed. 管理层声明也是审计证据的一种形式.该声明由管理层以书面形式做出,在审计工作
完成和审计报告出具前交与注册会计师.

Representations are required for two reasons: Firstly, so the directors can acknowledge their collective
responsibility for the preparation of the financial statements and to
confirm that they have approved those statements. Secondly, to confirm any matters, which are material to the financial statements where representations are crucial to obtaining sufficient and
appropriate audit evidence. 因以下两种原因需管理层提交声明: 首先,明确管理层对财务报表的责任并确认其已批准了该财务报表.其次,就对财务报
表具有重大影响的事项进行确认. In the latter situation, other forms of audit evidence are normally
unavailable because knowledge of the facts is confined to management and
the matter is one of judgment or opinion. 在后者情况下,其他审计证据通常无法获得,这是因为相关的情况仅限于管理层知晓
并由管理层自身做出判断.
Obtaining representations does not mean that other evidence does not have to be obtained. Audit evidence will still be collected and the representation will support that evidence. Any contradiction between
sources of evidence should, as always, be investigated. 获得管理层声明并不意味着无需其他证据.声明应与收集到的其他审计证据相一致; 如存在矛盾,则应深入调查.

三、翻译（英汉互译） A. 英译汉
Audit assurance Normally, an unqualified auditors' report implies that the auditors believe that the financial statements taken as a whole are not materially misstated
as a result of errors for fraud. In forming our opinion, we have to be reasonably assured that the financial statements are presented on a true and fair basis.
Audit assurance is accumulated from a combination of: （1） The assessment of accounting systems and internal control （2） Analytical review; and （3）
Substantive testing
The complement of our audit assurance is the risk that we may have come to the wrong decision in respect of our audit opinion as it is impossible for us to be fully confident that the accounts under review are free from material errors. At the audit planning stage, therefore, a strategy should be devised to combine the various sources of assurance so that audit risk is reduced to an acceptable level whilst any excessive work is avoided. give true and fair view 公允披露

参考译文 审计保证

通常，一份无保留意见审计报告意味着审计人员相信从整体来看会计报表没有因错
误或舞弊而导致重大的错报。
在形成我们的意见时，我们应当合理地确信，会计报表是在真实、公允的基础上表 述的。
审计保证是以下几个方面累积起来而得出的： （1）会计系统和内部控制的评价 （2）分析性复核 （3）实质性程序
我们的审计保证的补充是就我们的审计意见而言我们可能做出错误决定的风险，因
为我们不可能完全确信经过复核的报表不存在重大错误。因此在审计计划阶段，应当设
计一项策略，把各种保证的要素结合起来，这样审计风险可以减少到可接受的水平，同
时也避免了过多的工作量。 B.汉译英
但无论我们选择何种审计方法，实质性程序都是其中很重要的一部分，它能保证我
们获得相关和可靠的审计证据。实质性程序可以被分为交易测试和余额测试，通过这些
测试可对包含在会计记录和会计报表中的会计信息的完整性、正确性及合法性提供审计 证据。
Whatever approach we shall take, substantive tests are an important part of the actions to be taken to give us an assurance in obtaining
relevant and reliable audit evidences. Substantive tests can be defined as those tests of transactions and balances seeking to provide audit evidence as to the completeness, accuracy and validity of the information contained

in the accounting records or in the financial statements.
四、案例分析
EXAMPLE 1 An extract from the draft audit report produced by an audit junior is
given below: Basis of opinion
'We conducted our audit in accordance with Auditing Standards. An audit includes examination, on a test basis, of evidence relevant to the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. It also includes an assessment of all the estimates and judgements made by the directors in the
preparation of the financial statements, and of whether the accounting policies are appropriate to the company's circumstances, consistently
applied and adequately disclosed. 'We planned and performed our audit so as to obtain as mch information and explanation as possible given the time available for the audit. We confirm that the financial statements are free from material misstatement, whether caused by fraud or other irregularity or error. The directors
however are wholly responsible for the accuracy of the financial statements and no liability for errors can be accepted by the auditor. In forming our opinion we also evaluated the overall adequacy of the presentation of information in the company's annual report.'
Required:
Identify and explain the errors in the above extract. Note you are not required to redraft the report. （10 marks）
Solution: The use of the term Auditing is not clear, because the report does not state which auditing standards have been used. This provides uncertainty
regarding the actual standard of work perormed. The assessment of estimates and judgments made by the directors normally relates to significant amounts only, rather than all of those
estimates and judgments. The use of the word all implies that the audit was more thorough than it probably was. Replacing the word all with the word significant will show that there was some limit to the audit testing and
that this was probably focused on material amounts only. Stating that time was a factor in obtaining information and
explanations for the audit is not correct as this implies some factor which could have been avoided and that the audit may therefore be incomplete. The auditor has to plan the audit carefully and ensure that all the information and explanations considered necessary are obtained to form an opinion, not
simply stop work when time runs out. The auditor does not confirm that the financial statements are free from material misstatement as this implies a degree of accuracy that the auditor simply cannot provide.

The disclaimer regarding errors appears to be useful in that it limits the auditor's liability. However, it does not belong in the basis of opinion paragraph as it appears to severely limit the basis of the auditor's opnion to stating that the directors are responsible for all errors. Directors' responsibilities are also clearly outlined in another section of the report, and this statement also appears to extend those responsibilities making the audit report overall less clear. This could
also imply that the auditor has done little or no work. As the auditor is not required to audit the whole of the annual report of a company, it is inappropriate to refer to disclosure in that report
when checking overall adequacy of presentation. Adequacy of presentation can only be confirmed regarding items actually audited, which is basically the financial statements. 答案翻译: （要点）
审计标准该表达不准确,因为审计未指明遵从哪个审计准则.这导致实务中所遵循的
标准的不确定性. 注册会计师仅仅对涉及大额的会计估计及判断进行评估.在报告中所用措辞"所有"则
表明其审计比其应实施的程度更加彻底.用"显著"这个词替代"所有"这个词,则可表明审
计仅仅限于对具有重要性水平的金额进行测试. 声称在获取相关信息和解释时需考虑时间因素,这将暗示审计有可能受某种因素的制
约而不完整.注册会计师必须认真做好审计计划,以便获得表达审计意见所必须的信息和 解释. 注册会计师并未确认财务报表没有重大错报,这意味着报表的准确性打了折扣,这也
会导致注册会计师今后有可能为财务报表中的错误承担相关法律责任.注册会计师应声明
对财务报表提供合理的保证. 对错误等的免责是正确的,因为它使注册会计师承担有限责任,但它不应写在意见形 成基础段落. 注册会计师仅对审计的财务报表准确性负责,不对包括财务报表在内的全套公司报告 负责.

EXAMPLE 2 You are the manager in charge of the audit of Crighton-Ward,a public limited liability company which manufactures cars and other motor vehicles for use in films. Audited turnover is $140 million with profit before tax
of $75million.
All audit work up to,but not including,the obtaining of management representations has been completed. A review of the audit file has disclosed the following outstanding points;
Lion's Roar The company is facing a potential legal claim from the Lion's Roar company in respect of a defective vehicle that was supplied for one of their films. Lion's Roar maintains that the vehicle was not built strongly enough while the directors of Crighton-Ward argue that the specification was not sufficiently detailed. Dropping a vehicle 50 metres into a river and expecting it to continue to remain in working condition would be unusual,but this is what Lion's Roar expected. Solicitors are unable to determine liability at the present time. A claim for $4 million being the cost of a replacement vehicle and lost production time has been received by Crighton-Ward from Lion's Roar. The director's opinion is that the claim is
not justified.
Depreciation Depreciation of specialist production equipment has been included in the financial statements at the amount of 10% pa based on reducing balance. However the treatment is consistent with prior accounting periods （which received an unmodified auditor's report） and other companies in the same industry and sales of old equipment show negligible profit or loss on sale. The audit senior, who is new to the audit, feels that depreciation is being undercharged in the financial statements.
Required:
For each of the above matters: （i） discuss whether or not a paragraph is required in the
representation letter; and （ii）if appropriate, draft the paragraph for inclusion in the representation letter. （10 marks）
Lion's Roar The amount of the claim is material being 50% of profit before taxation. There is also a lack of definitive supporting evidence for the claim. The two main pieces of evidence available are the claim from Lion's Roar itself and the legal advice from Crighton Ward's solicitors. However,any claim amount cannot be accurately determined because the dispute has not
been settled. The directors have stated that they believe the claim not to be
justified,which is one possible outcome of the dispute. However,in order to obtain sufficient evidence to show how the treatment of the potential claim was decided for the financial statements,the auditor must obtain this opinion in writing. Reference must therefore be made to the claim in the
representation letter.
Paragraph for inclusion in representation letter. 'A legal claim against Crighton-Ward by Lion's Roar has been estimated

at $4 million by Lion's Roar. However,the directors are of the opinion that the claim is not justified on the grounds of product specification. No
provision has been made in the financial statements,although disclosure of the situation is adequate. No similar claims have been received or are expected to be received.' 答题技巧：
1.在案例给定的框架和范围内答题，结合案例、基于案例答题 2.根据分数决定答题的多少 审计总体流程描述 标准审计报告
独立性（职业道德） 审计业务约定书
各项鉴证业务关系及介绍
审计计划（审计风险、重要性） 防范舞弊的责任 对被审计单位的了解 审计证据
管理层声明及永续经营审计

A.审计总体流程描述


Notes: At the assessment stage the auditor will make a preliminary evaluation
of the enterprise's internal controls. （1） If the controls are likely to lead to a 'true and fair' set of
financial statements the auditor will test those controls.[如果对内控初步评价 为可以确保财务报表的公允披露,则进行控制测试] （2） If they appear weak he will not 'rely' on the internal controls but carry out extensive testing of the transactions and balances which
appear in the financial statements.[如果这些控制看来是较弱的,则进行延展的实质
性测试] （3） If the controls are operating correctly the auditor can reduce
the extensive testing described above and adopt a reliance approach.[如果内控 制度是有效的则进行减少的实质性测试] （4） If not he will be forced into a 'substantive approach'.[如果内控制 度是无效的则进行实质性测试] Finally the auditor will review the financial statements as a whole and
formulate his audit opinion. The main work done at each of these stages can be summarized as follows.




Stage
Objective of activity Planning [审计计划] To perform the audit in an effective manner ensure completion of the audit process. To expedite the task as efficiently, effectively and economically as is possible in the circumstances of the
particular audit Assessment of the accounting and internal control systems and audit risk assessment[会计和内控制度及审计风险的评估] To identify all relevant financial information channels and to assess the quality of the accounting
information produced. To reduce audit risk to an acceptably low level. Testing of internal controls[内控制度的测试] To identify strengths and weaknesses and to assess the scope and nature of the tests required on the
year-end financial statements Reviewing the financial statements [财务报表的整体回顾] The review of the financial statements consists of detailed testing of individual financial
statement items （substantive testing） as well as analytical review （statis tical analysis）
of trends and selected ratios Reporting an audit opinion to the shareholders[出具审计意见] The audit evidence is weighed up. The relevant statutory requirements are considered. The seriousness of the various uncertainties is examined and an audit report is drawn up either free from reservations or detailing those reservations which the auditors feel it is their duty to see reported

The external audit process for the audit of large entities generally
involves two or more recognizable stages. One stage involves understanding the business and risk assessment, determining the response to assessed risk, testing of controls and a limited amount of substantive procedures. This stage is sometimes known as the interim audit. Another stage involves further tests of controls and substantive procedures and audit finalisation
procedures. This stage is sometimes known as the final audit. Describe and explain the main audit procedures and processes that take place during the interim and final audit of a large entity. （10marks）
Main audit procedures and processes: interim and final audit （i）The interim audit generally involves risk assessment, the testing of internal controls, and certain analytical and other substantive
procedures. Many of these procedures are often performed concurrently. （ii）Risk assessment involves gathering information about the business, inquiries, analytical procedures and determining the response to assessed risk. In practice it also involves the determination of
materiality and tolerable error. （iii）Risk assessment also involves evaluating the design of internal
controls and determining whether they have been implemented. （iv）Final audit procedures also involve a review of the financial

statements as a whole to ensure that they are internally consistent, and in accordance with the relevant financial reporting framework and the
auditor's knowledge of the business. （v） Substantive procedures, which include analytical procedures, are designed to provide evidence that the figures and disclosures in the
financial statements are complete, relevant, and accurate. Arriving at the final conclusions often involves the performance of further analytical
procedures on the financial statements as a whole. （vi） It is common for auditors to provide management with lists of control weaknesses （both structural and operational） together with recommendations for improvement both after the interim and final audits. （vii） Auditors are also required to communicate with those charged
with governance. NB: Mention could also be made of management representations, third party confirmations, the review of working papers, and a number of other
matters. 问题:描述和解释期中和期末审计的主要程序和流程
1.期中审计通常包括风险评估,内控测试和某些分析性和实质性测试程序.期中许多
程序是同时进行的. 2.风险评估包括企业业务信息收集,询问,分析性程序及应对相关风险.在实务中还包
括重要性水平和错误容忍度的确定. 3.风险评估还包括内控制度的设计及实施. 4.期末审计包括对整个财务报表的回顾以确保其整体的内在一致性,确保其根据相关
的会计准则编制和符合注册会计师的行业知识. 5.包括分析性复核在内的实质性测试通常就财务报表的数字和披露的完整性、相关
性及准确性提供相关证据.在发表审计意见之前,通常要就整个财务报表实施分析性复核.
6.在期中和期末审计结束后注册会计师向管理层提交内控制度薄弱点及改进方案. 7.注册会计师还应和治理层沟通.

B.标准审计报告

INDEPENDENT AUDITOR'S REPORT （APPROPRIATE ADDRESSEE）
Report on the financial statements We have audited the accompanying financial statements of the ABC
Company, which comprise the balance sheet as of 31 December, 20X1, and the income statement, statement of changes in equity and cash flow statement

for the year then ended, and a summary of significant accounting policies
and explanatory notes.
Management's responsibility for the financial statements Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of these financial statements in accordance with International Financial
Reporting Standards. This responsibility includes: designing, implementing and maintaining internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error; selecting and applying
appropriate accounting policies; and making accounting estimates that are reasonable in the circumstances.
Auditor's responsibility Our responsibility is to express art opinion on these financial
statements based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with International Standards on Auditing. Those Standards require that we comply with ethical requirements and plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of
material misstatement. An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. The procedures selected depend on the auditor's judgment, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, the auditor considers internal control relevant to the entity's preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the entity's internal control. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used
and the reasonableness of accounting estimates made by management, as well
as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion.
Opinion In our opinion, the financial statements give a true and fair view of （o r present fairly, in all material respects, ） the financial position of
the Company as of 31 December, 20XI, and of its financial performance and its cash flows for the year then ended in accordance with International
Financial Reporting Standards.
Report on other Legal and Regulatory Requirements [Form and content of this section of the auditor's report will vary depending on the nature of the auditor's other reporting responsibilities.]
Auditor's signature Date of the auditor's report
Auditor's address
（审计报告翻译参见中国注册会计师考试教材第486页）
To prepare a formal audit report the following elements need to be considered.
Title
Addressee Opening or introductory paragraph Management's responsibility paragraph Auditor's responsibility paragraph Opinion paragraph Date of report Auditor's address Auditor's signature The auditor's report

C.各项鉴证业务关系及介绍

Auditing
Related Services nature of service Audit Review agreed-upon procedures compilation comparative level of assurance provided by the auditor high but not absolute assurance moderate assurance no assurance no assurance report provided positive assurance on assertion（s） negative assurance on assertion（s） factual findings of procedures identification of information compiled

D.Audit on the Bank Balance Jayne Co has a significant number of cash transactions and recent
non-current asset purchases have been financed by a bank loan. This loan is repayable in equal annual instalments for the next five years.
Required: （i） Explain the procedures to obtain a bank report for audit purposes from Jayne Co's bank and the substantive procedures that should be carried out on that report. （5 marks）
（ii） List the further substantive procedures that should be carried out on the bank balances in Jayne Co's financial statements. （5 marks） 答题要求: （i）解释从Jayne Co's 银行获取银行询证函的程序和与此相关的实质性测试
（ii）列出关于Jayne Co's财务报表上银行余额审计的实质性测试程序。 （i）Procedure for obtaining a bank letter The auditor should consider if a bank letter is required. For the audit of Jayne Co the letter is required as the company has significant cash
transactions and a loan from the bank. The auditor will produce a confirmation letter in accordance with local
audit regulations and practices.
The letter will be sent to the client to sign and authorise disclosure and then it will be forwarded on to Jayne's bank. Alternatively, the client may already have provided a standard authority for the bank to respond to a bank letter each year. In this case separate authority would not be
required. Ideally the letter should be sent before the end of the accounting period to enable the bank to complete it on a timely basis e.g. at the
year-end. The bank will complete the letter and send it back directly to the
auditor.
Audit procedures on the bank letter include: -Agree the balances for each bank account to the relevant bank reconciliation and the year end balance in the financial statements. -Agree total interest charges on the letter to the interest expense
account in the general ledger. -For any details of loans, ensure repayment terms are correctly disclosed in the financial statements between curent and non-current
liabilities. （ii） Substantive procedures for the audit of bank balances. （1） Obtain a copy of the year end trial balance. Agree the bank balance on the trial balance to
-the year end bank balance on the computer system, and
-the balance on the financial statements. （2） Obtain a copy of Jayne Co's bank reconciliation.
- Cast the reconciliation
- Agree the bank balance to the trial baiance.
- Agree the bank statement balance to the year end bank statement. - Agree any unpresented lodgements to the bank statement after the end
of the year. - Agree any unpresented cheques or similar expenses to the cash book before the end of the year and the bank statements after the end of the
year. 答案（大意）
1.获取银行询证函的程序
首先考虑是否需要银行询证函。
注册会计师应根据当地法规和实务管理来准备确认函。
获取被审计单位（客户）授权,由其银行提供相关余额。该授权书应在会计期间结束
前送至银行,以便银行提前准备该询证函。 银行完成该询证函后迳送注册会计师. 2.银行余额的实质性测试程序 （1）获得该年度的试算平衡表 （2）获得该公司的银行对帐单


E.Audit Risk(审计风险
（a）Explain the term 'audit risk'. （b）You are the audit manager for Parker, a limited liability company which sells books, CDs, DVDs and similar items via two divisions: mail order and on-line ordering on the Internet. Parker is a new audit client. You are commencing the planning of the audit for the year-ended 31 May 2005. An initial meeting with the directors has provided the information
below. The company's turnover is in excess of $85 million with net profits of $4 million. All profits are currently earned in the mail order division, although the Internet division is expected to return a small net profit next year. Turnover is growing at the rate of 20% p.a. Net profit has
remained almost the same for the last four years. In the next year, the directors plan to expand the range of goods sold through the Internet division to include toys, garden furniture and fashion clothes. The directors believe that when one product has been sold on the
Internet, then any other product can be as well. The accounting system to record sales by the mail order division is relatively old. It relies on extensive manual input to transfer orders
received in the post onto Parker's computer systems. Recently errors have been known to occur, in the input of orders, and in the invoicing of goods following despatch. The directors maintain that the accounting system produces materially correct figures and they cannot waste time in
identifying relatively minor errors. The company accountant, who is not qualified and was appointed because he is a personal friend of the
directors, agrees with this view. The directors estimate that their expansion plans will require a bank loan of approximately $30 million, partly to finance the enhanced web site but also to provide working capital to increase inventory levels. A meeting with the bank has been scheduled for three months after the year end. The directors expect an unmodified auditor's report to be signed prior to this
time.
Required: （ⅰ）Identify and describe THE MATTERS that give rise to audit risks associated with Parker. （10 marks）
（ⅱ）Explain the enquires you will make, and the audit procedures you will perform to assist you in making a decision regarding the going concern
status of Parker in reaching your audit opinion on the financial statements. （a）According to ISA200. Objective and general principles governing an audit of financial statements:
Audit risk Audit risk is the risk of giving an inappropriate opinion on the financial statements; for example failing to qualify when the financial statements contain a material error. Audit risk has three individual

components in the formula; Audit Risk = Inherent Risk ×Control Risk ×Detection Risk
1.Inherent risk This is the risk of an assertion to a misstatement that could be
material, either individually or when aggregated with other misstatements, assuming there are no related controls.
2.Control risk This is the risk that the internal control system will fail to prevent or detect a material error. The auditor's preliminary assessment of controls will help determine control risk.
3.Detection risk This is the risk that the auditor will fail to detect a misstatement that exists in an assertion that could be material. For a given level of audit risk, the acceptable level of detection risk bears an inverse
relationship to the assessment of the risk of material misstatement at the assertion level. （b）
（i）Audit risks
Over-trading The turnover of Parker is growing quite rapidly, although this growth is not matched in net profits. The company has been expanding into the internet, and plans to introduce other product lines for sale in this division. There is the risk that the business will exhaust any cash reserves as it continues to expand but does not generate sufficient
additional cash to pay for that expansion.In this situation suppliers may go unpaid and at the extreme the business will be forced into liquidation. Therefore the financial statements may not adequately disclose doubts about
going concern.
Internet trading The decision to expand the internet business may cause other problems for Parker. Selling of books and CDs appear to be related as they are both forms of entertainment and the customer knows what the product is like. Selling toys may fall into a similar category, but garden furniture and clothes are different. Garden furniture is bulky and will certainly cost more to deliver while clothes are sold more on taste and a high level of returns can be expected. Specific risks with this decision therefore relate
to; The overall ability of management to run the business given their
apparent lack of knowledge of internet trading. - The need to setup and manage systems for the sales of many new
products.
- The need to allow for a much larger volume of returns. - The possibility of inventory obsolescence if Parker overstocks on
clothes which go 'out of fashion'.

Control environment The whole environment in which the control systems should be operating appears weak. There are errors in the systems, the extent of which are not known, and the directors and the accountant do not appear to be inclined to attempt to remedy the situation. The skills of the accountant may also be questioned because he appears to have been appointed not on merit, but from some personal relationship with the directors. Other errors may also have occurred which have not been detected. The risk is that the financial statements may have material errors in them.
Bank loan The directors require additional finance to expand the business. To provide this finance it is likely that the bank will require sight of the audited financial statements; the directors of Parker expect the audit to be completed prior to meeting the bank. The auditor may need to write to the bank to disclaim reliance on the audit report for the purposes of making a bank loan. There is a risk to the audit firm of being sued if the bank relies on the report and sustains financial loss. There is also a risk to Parker that the loan is not obtained and the company goes into
liquidation. The financial statements may need to be prepared on a breakup
basis.
First year of audit The audit is also risky for the audit firm because it is the first year of an audit and the client has expectations about the type of auditor's
report to be produced. The accounting systems also appear to be unreliable, again increasing the risk of material error. The audit firm must ensure that sufficient time and resources are allocated to the audit to ensure that the audit opinion can be supported. Pressure from the directors to complete the audit quickly will have to be resisted. （ii）Going concern work Review the financial position of the company in detail. Budgets and cash flow forecasts showing income and expenditure for at least the next 12 months must be reviewed. The accuracy of these forecasts can be determined in part by checking how accurate past forecasts were. If the directors have not produced this information, then the auditor will ask them to produce it. If not already done so, obtain a standard audit bank confirmation letter. Check the letter for overdraft and loan facilities to ensure that
they have not been exceeded. Also check review dates （although it appears this will be three months after the end of the year） and confirm with
directors what accounting information will be expected at these dates. Review correspondence with the bank for signs of strain with the bank. A poor relationship implies that further loans may not be granted and alternative finance will be required. However, it is unlikely that any details of the relationship with their client will be provided by the bank. Make enquiries with the directors regarding the availability of other

finance which will be necessary for the planned expansion. Obtain
supporting evidence for this finance, such as letters confirming amounts
available and interest rates payable. As close as possible to the date of the auditor's report, review the most recent management accounts to help determine the extent of any
additional finance required. Obtain a letter of representation from the directors confirming their responsibility for preparing cash flow forecasts and for the overall going
concern status of parker. Use all the evidence obtained to take a view on the going concern status of Parker and review the adequacy of disclosure （if any） in the accounting policy note to the financial statements. 答案（大意）
A.审计风险是指财务报表存在重大错报而注册会计师发表不恰当审计意见的可能性.
固有风险是指假设不存在相关的内部控制,某一认定发生重大错报的可能性,无论该
错报单独考虑,还是连同其他错报构成重大错报. 控制风险是指某项认定发生了重大错报,无论该错报单独考虑,还是连同其他错报构
成重大错报,而该错报没有被企业的内部控制及时防止、发现和纠正的可能性. 检查风险是指某一认定存在错报,该错报单独或连同其他错报是重大的,但注册会计
师未能发现这种错报的可能性. B.（1）审计风险 a）过度交易 b）网上交易 c）控制环境 d）银行借款 e）初次审计 （2）持续经营
对公司的财务状况进行详细评估. 获取银行审计询证函. 检查和银行的相关往来信函,信函并加盖银行标记. 向管理层询问获得其他融资以支持公司发展的可能性. 获得管理层的声明以确认其承担编制现金流量预测及永续经营作为编制财务报表基 础的责任.

F.Audit Evidence You are the auditor of Bears World, a limited liability company which manufactures and sells small cuddly toys by mail order. The company is managed by Mr. Kyto and two assistants. Mr. Kyto authorizes important

transactions such as wages and large orders ,one assistant maintains the payables ledger and orders inventory and pays suppliers, and the other
assistant receives customer orders and despatches cuddly toys. Due to other
business commitments Mr. Kyto only visits the office once per week. At any time, about 100 different types of cuddly toys are available for sale. All sales are made cash with order - there are no receivables.
Customers pay using credit cards and occasionally by sending cash. Turnover
is over $5-2 million. You are planning the audit of BearsWorld and are considering using some of the procedures for gathering audit evidence recommended by ISA500 as
follows: （i）Analytical Procedures （ii）Inquiry （iii）Inspection （iv）Observation （v）Re-calculation
Required: （a）For EACH of the above procedures: （i）Explain its use in gathering audit evidence. （5 marks）
（ii）Describe one example for the audit of BearsWorld. （5 marks）
（b）Discuss the suitability of each procedure for Bears World, explaining the limitations of each. （10 marks） [答疑编号31020201：针对该题提问] 【Answer】 （a）
（i） Analytical Procedures consist of evaluations of financial
information made by a study of plausible relationships among both financial
and non-financial date. Inquiry means to seek relevant information from sources, both financial and non-financial, either inside or outside the company being audited.
Evidence may be obtained orally or in writing. Inspection is the physical review or examination of records，documents and tangible assets. It may include examination of records for evidence of
controls in the form of a compliance test. Observation involves looking at a process or procedure as it is being
performed to ensure that the process actually woks as documented. Re-calculation means the checking of the mathematical accuracy of
documents of records. （ii）
Analytical Procedures. Review of sales income year on year to try to identify whether income has been under-stated, possibly by cash being taken prior to banking. There is no control over the opening of post so cash could be withdrawn by one

assistant, and the deficit made up by a fraud on customers.
Inquiry Obtain statements from suppliers to check the completeness of liabilities at the end of the year. As there is no control over purchases, invoices could have been mis-placed resulting in a lower purchases and suppliers figure. Inspection
The assets of the company, namely cuddly toys in inventory at the end of the year, can be inspected to ensure all inventory is recorded and that the toys are saleable in their current condition.
Observation Procedures such as the opening of cash and recording of customer orders can be observed to ensure that the administrator is recording all orders in sales day book and cash books.
Re-calculation Checking additions in the cash book to confirm that the total amount of cash recorded is accurate and can be included in the sales figure （cash receipts normally equal sales because there are no receivables）. （b）

Analytical procedures This method of collecting evidence will be useful in Bears World because it will help to identify unusual changes in income and expenditure. As Bears World is relatively small company, monitoring gross profit will show relatively small changes in sales margin or purchasing costs.
Decisions by Mr. Kyto to amend margins can therefore be traced into the
actual sales made. However, the technique may be limited in its application because it will not detect errors or omissions mode consistently year on year. If
either assistant is defrauding the company （for example by removing cash） each year, then analytical procedures will not detect this.
Inquiry Inquiry evidence will be very useful in the audit of Bears World, especially where this is derived from third parties. Third party evidence is generally more reliable than client originated evidence as there is a decreased likelihood of bias. Suppliers can therefore be verified using supplier statement reconciliations. A review of any customer complaints file （if these letters are kept）will also help to identify any orders
that have not been despatched. External inquiry evidence will be less useful in the audit of sales and receivables because goods are paid for prior to despatch-there are no receivables. Internal evidence will be available form Mr. Kyto and the assistant; however the lack of segregation of duties means that this will not be so rseliable.
Inspection
Inspection of documents within BearsWorld will be useful, particularly regarding checking whether expenses are bona fide. All purchase invoices, for example, should be addressed to BearsWorld and relate to purchases expected form that company e.g. cuddly toys for resale, office expenses etc. Inspection of documents can take a long time; however, given the poor internal control system within BearsWorld, the auditor may have no choice
but to use this method of gathering evidence. The fact that an invoice is addressed to the company does not confirm completeness of recording so inspection of the cash book for unusual payments verified by checking the purchase invoice will also be required. Additional substantive testing would also be required due to poor controls.
Observation Observation may be useful because it will show how the assistants check documents. However, no information is provided on any internal controls
within BearsWorld so simply viewing how documents are checked without any
evidence of checking has limited benefit. Observation tests will be of limited usefulness because the assistants may act differently when an auditor is present. The same problem will apply to any observation checking carried out by Mr. Kyto. Re-calculation
Re-calculation evidence is very useful for checking additions on invoices, balancing of control accounts etc. This means that the
arithmetical accuracy of the books and records in BearsWorld can be
confirmed. The main weakness of re-calculation checking is that calculation can only be carried out on figures that have been recorded. If there are any
omissions then checks cannot be carried out. （a）（i）分析性复核是通过对财务和非财务数据之间的可能存在的合理关系进行
研究而对财务信息进行评估的方法.询问是从不同渠道获取相关证据,可以是财务或非财
务的,公司内或公司外的,口头的或书面的.检查是对记录、文件和有形资产的物理检查. 观察是查看实际流程操作是否与规定的流程相符.重新计算是检查记录算术的准确性. （ii）分析性复核:是对逐年的销售收入进行分析以确认是否存在现金在存入银行前
被使用的情况存在进而导致销售收入低估;询问:从供应商处获取对帐单以确保年底负债
的完整性.检查:对公司的资产即公司的玩具进行检查以确保会计记录的完整并且玩具达
到可销售状态.观察:对收到的现金和订单的处理程序进行观察以确保所以现金收入和订
单都记录在案;重新计算:检查现金日记帐累加正确并和销售收入相符（因为没
有应收账 款）
（b）涉及到具体案例内容,与考试无一一对应关系,故请考生酌情参考,不再翻译.

G.Risk of Fraud and Error Fraud and error present risks to an entity. Both internal and external auditors are required to deal with risks to the entity. However, the responsibilities of internal and external auditors in relation to the risk of fraud and error differ.
Required: （a） Explain how the internal audit function helps an entity deal with the risk of fraud and error. （老师提示：国内考试不大可能考内审这一部分，所以
不需细看。）
（b） Explain the responsibilities of external auditors in respect of the risk of fraud and error in an audit of financial statements.
（c） Stone Holidays is an independent travel agency. It does not operate holidays itself. It takes commission on holidays sold to customers through its chain of high street shops. Staff are partly paid on a
commission basis. Well-established tour operators run the holidays that Stone Holidays sells. The networked reservations system through which holidays are booked and the computerized accounting systems used by many
independent travel agencies. Payments by customers, including deposits, are accepted in cash and by debit and credit card. Stone Holidays is legally required to pay an amount of money （based on its total sales for the year） into a central fund maintained to compensate customers if the agency should cease operations. Describe the nature of the risks to which Stone Holidays is subject arising from fraud and error.
（a） Internal audit function: risk of fraud and error（老师提示：国内考 试不大可能考内审这一部分，所以不需细看。）
（i） The internal audit function in any entity is part of the overall corporate governance function of an entity. Corporate governance objectives include the management of the risks to which the entity is subject that would prevent it achieving its overall objectives such as profitability.
Corporate governance objectives also include the overarching need for the management of an entity to entity to exercise a stewardship function over
the entity's assets. （ii） A large part of the management of risks, and the proper exercise of stewardship, involves the maintenance of proper controls over the business. Controls over the business as a whole, and in relation to specific areas, include the effective operation of an internal audit
function.
（iii） Internal audit can help management manage risks in relation to
fraud and error, and exercise proper stewardship by: 1.commenting on the process used by management to identify and classify the specific fraud and error risks to which the entity is subject（ and in some cases helping management develop and implement that process）; 2.commenting on the appropriateness and effectiveness of actions taken by management to manage the risks identified （and in some cases helping management develop appropriate actions by making recommendations）; 3.periodically auditing or reviewing systems or operations to determine
whether the risks of fraud and error are being effectively managed; 4.monitoring the incidence of fraud and error, investigating serious cases and making recommendations for appropriate management responses. （iv） In practice, the work of internal audit often focuses on the adequacy and effectiveness of internal control procedures for the
prevention, detection and reporting of fraud and error. Routine internal
controls （such as the controls over computer systems and the production of routine financial information） and non-routine controls （such as controls over year-end adjustments to the financial statements）
are relevant. （v） It should be recognized however that many significant frauds bypass normal internal control systems and that in the case of management fraud in particular, much higher level controls （those relating to the
high level governance of the entity） need to be reviewed by internal audit in order to establish the nature of the risks, and to manage them
effectively. （b）External auditors: fraud and error in an audit of financial
statements （i）External auditors are required by ISA 240 The Auditor's Responsibility to Consider Fraud in an Audit of Financial Statements to consider the risk of material misstatement in the financial statements due to fraud. Their audit procedures will then be based on a risk assessment（风 险评估）. Regardless of the risk assessment, auditors are required to be alert to the possibility of fraud throughout the audit and maintain an attitude of professional skepticism, notwithstanding the auditors' past experience of the honesty and integrity of management and those charged with governance. Members of the engagement team should discuss the susceptibility of the entity's financial statements to material
misstatements due to fraud. financial statement：财务报表 risk assessment：风险评估 be alert to：对……保持警觉
professional skepticism：出于职业的怀疑态度
（ii） Auditors should make enquiries of management regarding management's assessment of fraud risk. Its process for dealing with risk, and its communications with those charged with governance and employees.

They should enquire of those charged with governance about the oversight
process. make enquiries of sb. Regarding sth.：就……询问……
（iii）Auditors should also enquire of management and those charged with governance and employees. They should enquire of those charged with
governance about the oversight process. （iv） Auditors should consider fraud risk factors, unusual or unexpected relationships, and assess the risk of misstatements due to fraud, identifying any significant risks. Auditors should evaluate the
design of relevant internal controls, and determine whether they have been
implemented. risk factors：风险因素
（v）Auditors should determine an overall response to the assessed risk of material misstatement due to fraud and develop appropriate audit procedures, including testing certain journal entries, reviewing estimates for bias, and obtaining an under standing of the business rationale of
significant transactions outside the normal course of business. Appropriate
management representations should be obtained. material misstatement：实质性错报；重大错报 journal entries：分录
（vi） Auditors are only concerned with risks that might cause material error in the financial statements External auditors might therefore pay less attention than internal auditors to small frauds （and errors）,
although they must always consider whether evidence of single instances of fraud （or error） are indicative of more systematic problems . be concerned with：关注 pay attention to：注意
single instance：单一的事例
（vii） It is accepted that because of the hidden nature of fraud, an audit properly conducted in accordance with ISAs might not detect a material misstatement in the financial statements arising from fraud, in practice, routine errors are much easier to detect than frauds. Arise from：由......引起 routine errors：惯常的过失
（viii）Where auditors encounter suspicions or actual instances of fraud （or error） they must consider the effect on the financial
statements, which will usually involve further investigations they should also consider the need to report to management and those charged with governance.
those charged with governance：治理层
（ix） where serious frauds （or errors）are encountered auditors need also to consider the effect on the going concern status of the entity and the possible need to report externally to third patties, either in the
public interest, for national security reasons, of for regulatory reasons,

many entities in the financial services sector are subject to this type of regulatory reporting and many countries have legislation to the reporting
of money laundering activities, for example. （a）内部审计和中国注会考生无关,故不翻译. （b）注册会计师就财务报表中存在欺诈和错误的责任
（1）注册会计师根据国际审计准则要求,在审计时应考虑由于欺诈造成的财务报表
重大错报的风险; （2）注册会计师应向管理层询问其对欺诈风险的估计、应对措施及和相关人员就此 问题的沟通. （3）注册会计师还应向管理层或其他治理层询问怀疑的或已经存在的欺诈事例. （4）注册会计师应考虑欺诈风险因素,异常的相互关系,评估由于欺诈造成错报的风
险及其他应该关注的显著风险. （5）注册会计师应设计合理的审计程序以应对欺诈可能导致的财务报表错报风险. （6）注册会计师仅关注引起财务报表重要错误的风险. （7）由于欺诈具有隐蔽的性质,如果注册会计师根据国际审计准则实施正常的审计
程序而未发现欺诈导致的重大错误,这种情形是可接受的. （8）注册会计师遇到可疑或已存在的欺诈或错误,他们必须考虑该欺诈/错误对财务
报表的影响并进行深入调查. （9）当存在重大欺诈和错误时,注册会计师还应考虑对被审计单位永续经营地位的
影响,并考虑是否有必要向第三方进行报告. subject to：受制于；出于 money laundering：洗钱
（c）
Nature of risks arising from and error: Stone Holidays （ⅰ） Stone Holidays is subject to all of the risks of error arising from the use of computer systems. If programmed controls do not operate properly, for example, the information produced may be incomplete or incorrect. Inadequate controls also give rise to the risk of fraud by those who understand the system and are able to manipulate it in order to hide
the misappropriation of assets such as receipts from customers. （ⅱ） All metworked systems are also subject to the risk of error because of the possility of the loss or corruption of data in transit. They are also subject to risk of fraud where the transmission of data is not
securely encrypted. （ⅲ） All entities that employ staff who handle company assets （such as receipts from customers） are subject to the risk that staff may make mistakes （error） or that they may misappropriate those assets （fraud）


and then seek to hide the error or fraud by falsifying the records. （ⅳ） Stone Holidays is subject to problems arising from the risk of fraud perpetrated by customers using stolen credit or debit cards or even cash. Whilst credit card companies may be liable for such frauds, attempts
to use stolen cards can cause considerable inconvenience. （ⅴ） There is a risk of fraud perpetrated by senior management who might seek to lower the amount of money payable to the central fund （and the company's tax liability） by falsifying the company's sales figures,
particularly if a large proportion of holidays are paid for in cash. （ⅵ） There is a risk that staff may seek to maximise the commission they are paid by entering false transactions into the computer system that
are then reversed after the commission has been paid. C.涉及到具体案例情况,与考试无直接关联,故请考生自行参阅,不再翻译.

H.Understand the audited entity You are an audit senior responsible for understanding the entity and its environment and assessing the risk of material misstatements for the audit of Rock for the year ending 31 December 2004. Rock is a company listed on a stock exchange. Rock is engaged in the wholesale import, manufacture and distribution of basic cosmetics and toiletries for sale to a wide range of stores, under a variety of different brand names. You have worked on the audit of this client for several years as an audit junior.
Required: （a） Describe the information you will see, and procedures you will perform in order to understand the entity and its environment and assess risk for the audit of Rock for the year ending 31 December 2004.
（b） You are now nearing the completion of the audit of Rock for the year ending 31 December 2004. Draft financial statements have been
produced. You have been given the responsibility of performing a review of the audit files before they are passed to the audit manager and the audit partner for their review. You have been asked to concentrate on the proper completion of the audit working papers. Some of the audit working papers have been produced electronically but all of them have been printed out for
you. Describe the types of audit working papers you should expect to see in the audit files and the features of those working papers that shou that they have been properly completed.
（a） Information and procedures: understanding the entity and its
environment and risk assessment for Rock （ⅰ） Understanding the entity and risk assessment is likely to involve a review of prior year risk assessments as a starting point and the identification of changes during the year from the information gathered that may alter that assessment. Alter：变化

（ⅱ） Risk assessment procedures involve enquiries of management and others, analytical procedures and observation ant inspection. Members of the engagements team should discuss the susceptibility of the financial statements to material misstatements. engagements team：审计小组
（ⅲ）Risk assessment also involves obtaining an understanding of the relevant industry, regulatory and other matters including the financial reporting framework, the nature of the entity, the application of
accounting policies, the entity's objectives and related business risks, and its financial performance. This may involve: financial reporting framework：财务报告框架
1.a review of prior year working papers noting any particular issues
that arose warranting attention in the current year; 2.discussions with the audit senior or manager working on Rock in prior
years to establish any particular problem areas; 3.discussions with Rock （and their other advisors such as banks and lawyers）
to establish any particular problem areas; 4.a review of any third party information on the client such as press
reports; 5.a review of management accounts, any financial information provided to the stock exchange or draft financial statements that may be available to establish trends in the business; management account：管理会计

6.a review of any changes in stock exchange requirements; 7.a review of systems documentation（either generated by Rock or held by the firm）
to see if it needs updating. （ⅳ） Auditors should obtain an understanding of the control
environment, the entity's process for identifying and dealing with business
risk, information systems, control activities and monitoring of controls. （ⅴ） Risks should be assessed at the financial statements level, and at the assertion level, and identify significant risks that require special audit consideration, and risks for which substantive procedures alone do
not provide sufficient, appropriate audit evidence. （ⅵ） Analytical procedures are often used to highlight areas warranting particular audit attention. In the case of Rock, they are likely to focus on inventory which is likely to have a significant effect on profit （there may be slow moving or obsolete inventory that needs to be written down）and on property, plant and equipment which（as a manufacturer and distributor）is likely to be a significant item on the balance sheet. In the case of：在……情况下
（ⅶ） Risk assessment will facilitate the determination of materiality and tolerable error（calculations are normally based on sales, profit and assets）that will be used in determining the sample sizes and in the
evaluation of errors.
信息和程序:了解被审计单位和它的环境及风险评估
1.了解被审计单位和评估风险可从对以往风险评估的回顾作为起点,同时关注过去一 年的相关变化; 2.风险评估程序包括对管理层的询问、分析性程序、观察和检查. 3.风险评估还包括对相关行业、法规和其他事项（包括财务报告框架）,企业的性质
,会计政策的运用、企业目标和相关商业风险及财务业绩等的了解. 4.注册会计师还应对被审计单位的控制环境,识别和应对商业风险的流程、信息系统
、控制及控制监测. 5.应该在财务报表水平和认定水平进行评估风险,同时识别需要特殊审计考虑的风险
和仅仅依靠实质性测试不能提供充分合适证据的风险. （6）分析性复核通常用来帮助注册会计师找出需特别注意的地方. （7）风险评估有助于重要性水平和可容忍错误度的确定. （b）Types and features of audit working papers （ⅰ）Types of audit working papers include: 1. systems documentation （flowcharts, systems manuals, narrative notes, checklists and questionnaires, etc.）;
2. constitutional documents; 3. agreements with banks and other providers of finance; 4. details of other advisors used by the entity such as lawyers; 5. regulatory documentation relating to the stock exchange listing; 6. audit planning documentation;
7. audit work programs; 8. working papers showing the work performed;（显示工作进度的底稿） 9. lead schedules showing summaries of work performed and conclusions on individual account areas and the amounts to be included in the financial
statements; 10. trial balances, management accounts and financial statements; 11. standard working papers relating to the calculation of sample
sizes, for example; 12. schedules of unadjusted differences;
13. schedules of review points; 14. letters of weakness and management representation letters. （ⅱ）Features of audit working papers: 1. all working papers （without exception） should show by whom they were prepared and when, and when they were reviewed and/or updated, and by whom, by means of signatures and dates-these may be electronic in the case
of electronic working papers; 2. audit planning documentation should include the risk assessment which should be cross referenced to the audit program, and the audit program should be cross referenced to the audit working papers and vice

versa; cross reference：交叉援引
3. working papers showing the work performed should be cross referenced to the audit program and the lead schedule on that particular section of the audit file, and should describe the nature of the work performed, the
evidence obtained, and the conclusions reached; 4. each section of the audit file should have a lead schedule which
should be cross referenced back to the relevant working papers; 5. trial balances should be cross referenced back to the relevant section of the audit file, and cross referenced forward to the financial
statements; 6. the financial statements should be cross referenced to the trial
balance; 7. schedules of unadjusted differences should be cross referenced to
the sections of the file to which they relate; 8. schedules of review points should all be 'cleared ' to show that all outstanding matters have been dealt with. 审计工作底稿的类型和特征 工作底稿类型: 1.系统文件描述 2.章程文件
3.和银行和其他资金提供者的协议 4.公司顾问/智囊人员的详尽情况 5.证券交易相关的法规文件 6.审计计划
7.审计工作程序
8.显示工作进展的工作底稿 9.主工作进程表
10.试算平衡表及管理账户
11.与样本大小计算相关的标准工作底稿 12.未调整差异明细 13.复核点列表
14.内控整改意见书和管理层声明 工作底稿的特征
1.所有工作底稿均需由其准备者对外披露,在进行复核和更新时,纸质的工作底稿进
行签字,电子的进行电子签名. 2.审计计划应包括风险评估并与审计程序交互援引;同时审计计划和工作底稿应交互 援引,反之亦然. 3.显示工作进展的工作底稿应与审计档案中的审计程序和主进程表交互援引. 4.审计档案的每个部分都应有个主表并与相关的工作底稿交互援引. 5.试算平衡表应该和审计档案的相关部分及财务报表交互援引

6.财务报表应该与试算平衡表交互援引
7.为调整差异明细与档案的相关部分交互援引
8.复核要点列表应明确显示所有项目已经复核和处理


I.Internal control Day-to-day internal controls are important for all businesses to maximise the efficient use of resources and profitability. Your firm has recently been appointed as auditor to Cliff, a private company that runs a chain of small supermarkets selling fresh and frozen food, and canned and dry food, Cliff has very few controls over inventory because the company trusts local managers to make good decisions regarding the purchase, sale and control of inventory, all of which is done locally. Pricing is
generally performed on a cost-plus basis. Each supermarket has a stand-alone computer system on which monthly accounts are prepared. These accounts are mailed to head office every quarter. There is no integrated inventory control, sale or purchasing
system and no regular system for inventory counting. Management accounts
are produced twice a year. Trade at the supermarkets has increased in recent years and the number of supermarkets has increased. However, the quality of staff that has been recruited has fallen. Senior management at Cliff are now prepared to invest in more up-to-date systems.
Required: （a）Describe the problems that you might expect to find at Cliff resulting form poor internal controls.
（b）Make FOUR recommendations to the senior management of Cliff for the improvement of internal controls, and explain the advantages and
disadvantages of each recommendation. （a）Problems expected at Cliff:poor internal control（内控的不足，考查可 能性比较小，大家自己看一下中文的解释就可以了。）
（i）I would expect the company to experience some level of over-ordering,leading to reduced profitability as a result of inventory
going past its 'best before'date. （ii）Inventory that is not well-controlled in a supermarket result in a breach of health and safety regulations which may result in fines or even
closure of the supermarkets. （iii）I would expect there to be stock-outs leading to the potential
loss of business to other supermarkets. （iv）I would expect there to be inefficiencies as a result of a lack of central ordering system resulting from quantity discounts not being
obtained. （v）All of the problems noted above are likely to be exacerbated where local managers or staff are either inexperienced or possibly dishonest-the
question states that poorer quality staff have been recruited recently.
（vi）Supermarket inventory is very easily pilfered either by staff or sustomers even where it is well-controlled. The lack of regular inventory
counts in particular means that pilferage is very easy to hide. （vii）I would expect there to be a lack of understanding in the business as a whole as to the availability of new products, prducts with high margins or oter areas in which profitability might be improved. （a）
i.我预计公司正在经历过度交易,由于存货周转较慢导致利润率降低. ii.超市的存货未被很好控制,进而导致违反健康安全法规,这有可能使公司遭受罚款或关 闭的处罚. Iii.我预计会有脱销情况出现,进而给和其他超市的业务带来潜在影响. Iv.因缺少中心采购系统导致不能得到大额采购折扣. v.上述情形可能会因当地经理/员工缺乏经验或不诚实而更加恶化. vi.即使存货很好控制,在超市中也容易被员工/顾客偷窃.如果缺少特定手段定期盘
存存货,偷窃将不会被轻易发现. vii.我预计可能在新产品、高获利产品等方面对公司缺乏相应的了解. （b）Four recommendations,explanation of advantages and disadvantages;
improvements to intrnal control 1.Recommendation 1:that an integrated system be introduced across all supermarkets that links sales, purchases and inventory records.
Advantages This would provide the company with an overall view of what inventory is held at any particular time, enable it to order centrally and reduce the scope for pilferage. It would result in reduced stock-outs and reduced inventory obsolescendce.
Disadvantages This would require considerable capital investment in hardware,
software and training. It would also take control away from local managers which would aimost certainly cause resentment. Considerable：相当多的
2.Recommendation 2:the imposition of regular, or continuous inventory counting procedures together with the prompt update of inventory records for discrepancies found and investigation of the reason for the discrepancies.
Advantages This would further reduce the possibility of stock-outs and provide evidence of over-ordering, which would enable purchasing pattems to be
refined. stock-outs：脱销
Disadvantages There are costs in terms of staff time and, again, a certain level of
resentment among staff who may feel that they are be spied on.
3. Recommendation 3: that management accounts are produced on at least a quarterly basis, that figures relating to each supermarket, are provided to head office on a monthly basis, and that an analysis is undertaken by head office on the performance of individual supermarkets and inventory
lines. Advantages
This would enable the company to determine which supermarkets are performing better than others. It would also enable the company to identify those inventory lines that sell well and those that are profitable.
Disadvantages The production of more regular and detailed information will be
time-consuming. Local managers may feel that they are unable to service the particular needs of their customers if decisions are made on a global
basis; customers may feel the same way. 4. Recommendation 4: that sales price decisions are made by head office. Advantages
This would enable the company to experiment with the use of 'loss leaders', for example, and to impose a degree of consistency across supemarkets to prevent inappropriate pricing decisions tatken by local
managers.
Disadvantages Again, loss of control at a local level is likely to result in
resentment and the possible loss of good staff, What sells well in one supermarket may not do so in andther. To the extent that head office have less experience of local conditions than local staff, it is possible that inappropriate pricing decisions may be made by head office. result in：引起
result from：由……引起
1.建议一:应该启用涵盖销售、采购和存货记录在内的包括所有超市在内的整合系统
; 2.建议二:应该引用定期或永续存货盘存程序,并将账实不符情况及时反应在存货记 录中并调查; 3.建议三:每季度准备一次管理会计信息,每个超市每月向总部报送数据一次,以便总
行分析每个超市的经营业绩. 4.建议四:由总部统一制定销售价格.


J.Subsequent events and review of audit work You are an audit manager in an audit firm with ten offices and 250 staff. Your firm is the auditor of Calva, a chain of supermarkets. Your
firm has been the auditor of this client for many years. All of the planning work and tests of control have been completed for

Calva for the year ended 31December 2003. Staff are still working on substantive procedures. The company operates a continuous inventory
checking system with good records and you have tested this system and will
be relying on the year-end figure. The company is intending to invest a substantial amount in opening new stores during the next year and it has been negotiating with both banks and property companies in relation to lases.
Required: （a）Describe the objectives of the following and how these objectives
will be met in the audit of Calva: （ⅰ）overall review of financial statements; （4 marks） （ⅱ）review of working papers. （6 marks） （b）Describe the: （ⅰ）auditor's responsibilities with regard to subsequent events; （6 marks）
（ⅱ）procedures that should be applied during the subsequent events review at Calva. （4 marks）
[答疑编号31020401：针对该题提问] 【Answer】 （a）
（i） Objectives and how they are met: overall review of financial
statements 1. The objective of a review of financial statements is to provide the auditor with sufficient audit evidence, when taken together with the conclusions drawn from the other audit work, to form an opinion on the financial statements. This includes determining whether the information in the financial statements is properly presented and disclosed in accordance with accounting standards, legislation and other regulatory requirements. Calva is a listed company and will therefore have to comply with stock exchange disclosure requirements. The usual means of achieving this is by
the completion of a disclosure checklist. 2. Auditors should consider the appropriateness of accounting policies in particular and whether they have been consistently applied, particularly where changes have been made. There is no indication that any such changes
have been made. 3.Auditors should also consider whether the financial statements as a whole are consistent with the auditor's knowledge of the business. This involves consideration of the aggregate effect of uncorrected
misstatements, any overall bias in presentation and will normally involve analytical procedures on the final financial statements. This exercise involves the application of professional judgement and, in the case of Calva, it is likely to the carried out by the senior manager and/or the
audit engagement partner with the assistance of the audit manager. （ii）
Objectives and how they are met: review of working papers
1. The objective of a review of working papers is to ensure that all work has been properly planned, executed and recorded and that all
outstanding matters have been followed up. 2. In the case of Calva, it is likely that some work will have already been reviewed. It is common for audit seniors and audit managers to review the work of audit juniors, and for senior managers and partners to review the work of managers and seniors. There will also be a final partner review
of the file. 3.Where working papers are prepared manually, staff normally evidence review of working papers by initialing the working paper. Review comments are often written in red and referred to the person preparing the working paper or to the partner where significant matters of judgement are concerned. Where papers are prepared electronically, electronic
'signatures' can be used. 4. It is important that a detailed review of working papers takes place in areas that are critical to the audit. In this case, critical areas are
likely to include inventory （despite the fact that it is well-controlled, it is still a material item）, cash and non-current assets. 5. It is also important during the final stages of the audit of Calva that all outstanding areas （i.e. the substantive areas） are completed, reviewed and any issues arising followed up. It is very easy for apparently insignificant matters to 'slip through the net' at this stage where both auditors and client are under pressure. （b）
（i）
Responsibilities
ISA 560 Subsequent Events deals with this issue. 1. Auditors should perform procedures designed to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence that all material subsequent events up to the date of the audit report which require adjustment or disclosure in the
financial statements have been properly made. 2. If matters requiring adjustment or disclosure are discovered after the date of the audit report but before the financial statements are
issued, or even after they have been presented, auditors should ascertain whether and how any necessary changes are to be made to the financial
statements. 3. The decision as to whether financial statements should be changed is that of the directors. Auditors cannot'change their minds' once the audit report has been signed but if new financial statements are issued they can issue a new audit report which should make reference to the previous
financial statements and audit report. 4. If auditors consider that the financial statements contain material errors or are misleading, they may exercise any right to speak at general meetings and to make written representations to members. exercise right：行使权力

5. If matters are discovered long after the financial statements have been issued, it is common to deal with the matter as a prior period adjustment in the subsequent financial statements. （ii）
Subsequent events review procedures 1. These include making enquiries of management as to how they have ensured that subsequent events have been identified, although it is likely that in this case the company will rely on the audit firm to help them with
this. As to：关于
2. Auditors will read the minutes of management, shareholders and other meetings and review relevant accounting records. In this case, they are likely to review any budgets or cash flow forecasts. It is likely that
these will have been prepared as a result of the negotiations with the bank. 3. In the case of Calva, the auditors are likely to enquire as to the
possibility of any new share or loan issue to fund the expansion which may require disclosure. They may also enquire as to any significant changes in the property market that might （if the supermarket properties are carried at valuation） require either disclosure or adjustment in the accounts. 4. Auditors will also consider the need for disclosure of significant leasing transactions occurring early in the following year. （i）目标及实现方法（对财务报表进行评价）
1.对整个财务报表进行评价,其目的是连同其他审计工作结论一起对财务报表发表审 计意见. 2.注册会计师应特别考虑会计政策的适用性和一致性. 3.注册会计师还应考虑财务报表在整体上是否和对企业的了解相一致. （ii）目标及实现方法（工作底稿）
1. 对工作底稿进行复核的目的是确保所有审计工作已经很好地计划、执行和记录, 并且所有未了事宜均被后续跟进. 2. 在本案例中,很有可能部分审计工作底稿已被复核. 3. 当工作底稿为手稿时,需以签字表示该工作底稿已复核. 4. 对审计关键部分的工作底稿进行详细复核是非常重要的. 5. 在审计的最后阶段应确保所有重要部分均已完成和经复核,产生的相关事宜也已 后续跟进. （b） （i）责任
国际审计准则560号期后事项处理下列事宜: 1. 注册会计师应实施审计程序以获取充分、合适的审计证据以确保所有截止至审计
报告出具日的期后事项均被正确的调整或披露. 2. 如果需要调整或披露的期后事项在审计报告日后但在财务报表发布前发现,注册

会计师应确定是否和如何对财务报表进行必要的修改. 3. 对财务报表是否进行更改有被审计单位的管理层决定. 4. 如果注册会计师认为财务报表存在重大错误或误导,他们应在股东大会上公布此 事. 5. 如果在财务报表公布后很长时间才发现相关情况,则通常在下一个财务报表中作
为期前调整事项. （ii）期后事项的回顾程序
1. 向管理层询问其如何确保期后事项已被确认
2. 注册会计师应检查阅读管理层、股东和其他会议记录及相关会计记录. 3. 在该案例中,注册会计师很有可能向管理层询问发行新股或债券以支持公司发展
的可能性,因为该事项要求在会计中进行披露和调整. 4. 注册会计师还应关注在下一年度初重大租赁交易披露的必要性.

补充材料一:
Planning materiality Concept of materiality(重要性概念
The concept of materiality was examined in an earlier chapter. It was concluded that an item is material if its omission or misstatement could influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of the
financial statements. Materiality is considered in planning audit procedures and in
evaluating the effect of misstatements. In planning the audit, the auditor therefore needs to establish
materiality levels to ensure that any material misstatement or omissions in
the accounting records are discovered. Materiality will also be relevant to the internal auditor, although more from quantifying risk exposure of general findings to management
rather than from the point of view of the financial statements. 如果一项错报单独或连同其他错误可能影响财务报表使用者一句财务报表做出的经
济决策,则该项错报是重大的. 在实施审计计划时就应考虑重要性问题并评估错误的影响. 在实施审计计划时,注册会计师需建立重要性水平以确保将会计记录中的
重大错报、 漏报发现出来. Establishing materiality levels(建立重要性水平 There are tow levels of materiality to be considered:
Materiality at the overall financial statement level Material for individual balances and classes of transactions 财务报表层次
账户余额和各类交易

The latter is usually derived from the former. 后者通常从前者演变而来.
There is an inverse relationship between materiality and the level audit risk. The higher the materiality level, the lower the audit risk, and
vice versa. Where, for example, materiality is low, audit risk is increased and the auditor can compensate for this by either carrying out additional test of control, or by increasing substantive procedures. Either will have the
effect of reducing the assessed level of control risk. 重要性水平和审计风险成反比例关系.重要性水平越高,审计风险就越低,反之亦然.

Materiality at the planning stage is often set at a lower level than is strictly necessary in order to reduce the risk of undiscovered
misstatements. This also helps to deal with the potential problem of having to adjust materiality levels at a later date in the light of evidence
obtained. 重要性水平在审计计划通常设定的比所需的要低一些以减少不能发现错报、漏报的
风险.这样有助于随着审计的深入避免调整重要性水平的问题.
The most common bases used are a percentage of sales （1-2%）, pre-tax profit （5-10%） or asset values （2-5%）. By nature By amount 按性质 依金额

补充材料二:
The evidence should be relevant Assertions about transactions and events for the period Occurrence A transaction or event pertaining to the entity occurred during the relevant accounting period （i.e. the transactions are not overstated）
Completeness There are no unrecorded transactions or events （ i.e. the transactions are not understated）
Accuracy Transactions and events have been measured and

recorded accurately Cut-off Transactions and events have been recorded in the
correct accounting period Classification Transactions and events have been recorded in the correct accounts

Assertions about account balances at the period end Existence A ssets and liabilities exist

Rights and obligations

An asset or liability pertains （i.e. belongs） to the entity （i .e. the entity has legal or other rights or obligations relating to the asset or liability）
The auditor must ensure that it is the business which owns the asset at the balance sheet date. There are many situations where an asset could be on the business premises but belong to someone else. （for example, inventory; in a small business, some of the assets may belong to the major shareholder）
Completeness There are no unrecorded assets or liabilities

Valuation and allocation Assets and liabilities have been measured at appropriate amounts, and any resulting valuation or allocation adjustments have been appropriately recorded

Assertions about presentation and disclosure Occurrence and rights and obligations All disclosed events, transactions and other
matters have occurred and pertain to the entity Completeness
There are no unrecorded disclosures Classification and understandability Financial information
has been appropriately presented, and disclosures are clearly expressed Accuracy and valuation All information has been disclosed fairly and at appropriate amounts
N.B.
Completeness and occurrence/existence Two of the most important assertion tests are for completeness and occurrence/existence. There are tests going in the 'opposite direction' to
each other.
Assertion: 认定 Occurrence: 发生 Accuracy: 准确 Completeness: 完整 Cut-off: 分水岭 Classification: 分类 Existence: 存在
Right and obligation: 权利与义务

审计词汇

1 ability to perform the work 能力履行工作 2 acceptance procedures 接受程序 3 accountability 经管责任,问责性 4 accounting estimate 会计估计

5 accounts receivable listing 应收账款列表 6 accounts receivable 应收账款 7 accruals listing 应计项目列表 8 accruals 应计项目 9 accuracy 准确性

10 adverse opinion 否定意见 11 aged analysis 账龄分析 12 agents 代理人

13 agreed-upon procedures 约定审查业务 14 analysis of errors 错误分析 15 anomalous error 反常的错误

16 appointment ethics 接受任命的相关职业道德考虑 17 appointment 任命

18 associated firms 关联公司

19 association of chartered certified accounts（ACCA）师 公会

20 assurance engagement 保证约定 21 assurance 保证

22 audit 审计,审核,核数

23 audit acceptance 接受审计 24 audit approach 审计方法

25 audit committee 审计委员会,审计小组 26 audit engagement 审计业务约定书 27 audit evaluation 审计评价 28 audit evidence 审计证据 29 audit plan 审计计划

英国特许注册会计
30 audit program 审计程序

31 audit report as a means of communication 作为沟通方式的审计报告 32 audit report 审计报告 33 audit risk 审计风险

34 audit sampling 审计抽样

35 audit staffing 审计工作人员调配 36 audit timing 审计时间安排 37 audit trail 审计线索

38 auditing standards 审计准则

39 auditors duty of care 审计人员的审慎职责 40 auditors report 审计报告

41 authority attached to ISAs 遵守国际审计准则 42 automated working papers 电子工作底稿 43 bad debts 坏账 44 bank 银行

45 bank reconciliation 银行对账单,余额调节表 46 beneficial interests 受益 47 best value 最好的价值

48 business risk 经营风险 ,商业风险 49 Cadbury committee Cadbury 委员会 50 cash count 现金盘点 51 cash system 现金系统

52 changes in nature of engagement 改变约定的性质上 53 charges and commitments 费用和承诺 54 charities 慈善机构

55 CIS application controls 控制信息系统的应用控制

56 CIS environments stand-alone microcomputers 单机控制环境 57 client screening 客户甄别 58 closely connected 有密切关系 59 clubs 俱乐部

60 communications between auditors and management 注册会计师和管理层的沟 通

61 communications on internal control 内部控制上的沟通 62 companies act 公司法

63 comparative financial statements 比较财务报表 64 comparatives 比较的 65 competence 能力

66 compilation engagement 编辑约定书 67 completeness 完整性

68 completion of the audit 审计完成

69 compliance with accounting regulations 符合～的作法会计规则

70 computers assisted audit techniques （CAATs） 计算机辅助审计技术 （CAA
Ts）

71 confidence 保密

72 confidentiality 保密性

73 confirmation of accounts receivable 应收账款的询证 74 conflict of interest 利益冲突 75 constructive obligation 推定义务 76 contingent asset 或有资产 77 contingent liability 或有负债 78 control environment 控制环境 79 control procedures 控制程序 80 control risk 控制风险 81 controversy 矛盾,冲突

82 corporate governance 公司治理机制 83 corresponding figures 对应数字

84 cost of conversion 转换成本,加工成本 85 cost 成本 86 courtesy
87 creditors 债权人

88 current audit files 本期审计档案

89 database management system （DBMS） 数据库管理系统 90 date of report 报告的日期 91 depreciation 折旧,贬值

92 design of the sample 抽样设计 93 detection risk 检查风险

94 direct verification approach 直接核查法 95 directional testing 定向测试 96 directors emoluments 董事酬金

97 directors serve contracts 董事服务合约

98 disagreement with management 与管理层不一致 99 disclaimer of opinion 拒绝表示意见 100 distributions 分销,分派

101 documenting the audit process 记录审计程序 102 due care 合理关注

103 due skill and care 合理技能和关注 104 economy 经济 105 education 教育

106 effectiveness 效用,效果 107 efficiency 效益,效率

108 eligibility / ineligibility 合格 / 无被选资格 109 emphasis of matter 强调事项

110 engagement economics 契约经济学 111 engagement letter 业务约定书 112 error 差错

113 evaluating of results of audit procedures 审计程序结果的评估


114 examinations 检查 115 existence 存在性 116 expectations 期望

117 expected error 期望误差 118 experience 经验 119 expert 专家

120 external audit 独立审计,外部审计
121 external review reports 外部复核报告 122 fair 公正

123 fee negotiation 费用协商
124 final assessment of control risk 控制风险的最终评定 125 final audit 期末审计

126 financial statement assertions 财政报告认定 127 financial 财务

128 finished goods 产成品 129 flowcharts 流程图 130 fraud and error 舞弊 131 fraud 欺诈

132 fundamental principles 基本原理

133 general CIS controls 一般的 CIS 控制 134 going concern assumption 持续经营假设 135 going concern 持续经营

136 goods on sale or return 允许退货的销售 137 goodwill 商誉 138 governance 统治 139 hospitality 款待

140 human resources 人力资源 141 income tax 所得税
142 independent estimate 独立估计 143 information technology 信息技术 144 inherent risk 固有风险 145 insurance 保险 146 intangibles 无形 147 integrity 诚实

148 interim audit 中期审计 149 internal auditing 内部审计 150 internal auditors 内部审计师

151 internal control evaluation questionnaires （ICEQs） 内部控制评价调查 表

152 internal control questionnaires （ICQs） 内部控制调查表 153 internal control system 内部控制系统 154 internal review assignment 内部评价任务

155 international audit and assurance standards board （IAASB） 国际的审

计和保证标准理事会 （IAASB）

156 international auditing practice statements （IAPSs） 国际审计实务声明 （IAPSs）

157 international federation of accountants （IFAC） 国际会计师联合会 （I FAC）

158 inventory system 盘存制度 159 inventory valuation 存货估价 160 legal and regulations 法规
161 legal obligation 法定义务,法定责任 162 levels of assurance 保证程度 163 liability 负债

164 limitation on scope 审计范围限制 165 limitation of audit 审计的局限性

166 limitations of controls system 控制系统的局限性 167 litigation and claims 诉讼和赔偿 168 litigation 诉讼 169 loans 借款,贷款

170 long term liabilities 长期负债 171 management 管理

172 management integrity 管理层诚信

173 management representation letter 管理当局声明书 174 marketing 推销,营销,市场学

175 material inconsistency 重要的不一致 176 material misstatements of fact 重大误报 177 materiality 重要性 178 measurement 计量

179 microcomputers 微型计算器 180 modified reports 变更报告 181 narrative notes 描述注释 182 nature 性质

183 negative assurance 消极保证 184 net realizable value 可变现净值

185 non-current asset register 固定资产财产登记 186 non-executive directors 非执行董事 187 non-sampling risk 非抽样风险 188 non-statutory audits 非法定审计 189 objectivity 客观性 190 occurrence 出现

191 on-line computer systems 在线计算器系统 192 opening balances 期初余额

193 operational audits 经营审计,作业审计 194 other information 其他的信息

195 outsourcing internal audit 将内审功能外包

196 overall review of financial statements 财务报表的总体回顾


197 overdue fees 过多的费用

198 overhead absorption 管理费用吸收 199 periodic plan 定期的计划

200 permanent audit files 永久审计档案 201 personal relationships 个人的亲属关系 202 planning 计划编制 203 population 抽样总体 204 precision 精密
205 preliminary assessment of control risk 控制风险的初步评估 206 prepayments 预付款项

207 presentation and disclosure 列示和披露

208 problems of accounting treatment 会计处理的问题 209 procedures 程序

210 procedures after accepting nomination 接受提名后的相关程序 211 procurement 采购

212 professional duty of confidentiality 保密的职业责任 213 projection of errors 错误的预测 214 provision 备抵,准备 215 public duty 公共职责 216 public interest 公众利益 217 publicity 公众

218 purchase ledger 购货分类账

219 purchases and expenses system 采购和费用系统 220 purchases cut-off 采购截止日期 221 put on enquiry 询价

222 qualified opinion 保留意见

223 qualitative aspects of errors 错误的定性方面 224 random selection 随机选择 225 reasonable assurance 合理保证

226 reassessing sampling risk 重新评价抽样风险 227 reliability 可靠性 228 remuneration 报酬

229 report to management 对管理层的报告 230 reporting 报告

231 research and development costs 研发成本 232 reservation of title 保留权力 233 reserves 公积
234 revenue and capital expenditure 收入性和资本性支出 235 review 复核

236 review engagement 复阅约定 237 rights 权利

238 rights and obligations 权利与义务 239 risk and materiality 风险和重要性

240 risk-based approach 基于风险的审计方法

241 rotation of auditor appointments 审计人员轮换 242 rules of professional conduct 职业道德守则 243 sales cut-off 销售终止点 244 sales system 销售系统 245 sales tax 销售税,营业税 246 sales 销售,销货 247 sample size 样本大小 248 sampling risk 抽样风险 249 sampling units 抽样单位

250 schedule of unadjusted errors 未调整的错误表

251 scope and objectives of internal audit 内部审计的范围和目标 252 segregation of duties 职责分离 253 service organization 服务组织

254 significant fluctuations or unexpected relationships 重大（市价）波动 或不能预料的(亲属关系
255 sole traders 个体营业者

256 sources of knowledge 获取了解的来源 257 stakeholders 利益相关人

258 standardised working papers 标准化工作底稿 259 statistical sampling 统计抽样 260 statutory audit 法定审计 261 statutory books 法定簿记 262 statutory duty 法定责任 263 stewardship 管理层的才智 264 strategic plan 战略性计划 265 stratification 分层

266 subsequent events 期后事项

267 substantive procedures 实质性测试程序 268 substantive tests 实质性测试

269 sufficient appropriate audit evidence 充分、适当的审计证据 270 sundry accruals 各项应计费用 271 supervision 监督

272 supervisory and monitoring roles 监督的和监控角色 273 suppliers statements 供应商的对账单

274 system and internal controls 系统和内部的控制 275 systematic selection 系统选择法

276 systems-based approach 系统审计方法 277 tangible non-current assets 有形固定资产 278 tendering 投标,清偿

279 terms of the engagement 约定书的条件 280 tests of control 控制测试 281 the AGM 股东周年大会 282 the board 委员会

283 three Es 三 Es (效果、效率、经济

284 timing 定时
285 tolerable error 可容忍误差

286 trade accounts payable and purchases 贸易应付账款和采购 287 trade accounts payable listing 应付账款清单 288 TRUE 真实

289 uncertainty 不确定性

290 undue dependence 过分依赖

291 unqualified audit report 无保留意见的审计报告 292 using the knowledge 使用知识

293 using the work of an expert 使用专家的工作 294 valuation 计价，估价 295 value for money 物有所值 296 voluntary disclosure 自愿披露 297 wages and salaries 工资，薪金 298 wages system 工资系统 299 work in progress 在产品 300 working papers 工作底稿







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