总结高中语文文言文从句语法总结
篇一：高中语文文言文答题技巧
高中语文文言文答题技巧
文言文阅读（19分）
口诀：务求甚解，又不求甚解
预备知识一：如何读懂选文
（1）先读最后一道题目，了解大致内容和主要事件。（此题如果要求“选择正确的一项”则除外）
（2）然后带着“何人？”、“何时何地做何事？”、“结果怎样？”、“为什么？”等问题对文段用心地默读文章，以“事件”为依据对文章分层，理清文章思路。
（3）遇到实在不懂的字词，不必着急，同时必须用？或其他记号来提示自己放放先读下文，也许过后联系上下文进行推导自然能明白，或者可以到题目中去找答案。
预备知识二：官位变迁及官吏行为词：
1、表被任以官职的：征、辟、察、举、召、荐、进、称、补、作、表、为、就
2、官职变化的：
（1）表任命的：授、拜、除、封;
（2）表提升的：擢、拔、陟、升、迁。
（3）表调动的：调、徙、转、改、放、出、出官;
（4）表降职的：左迁、迁谪、谪、逐、贬、诎（黜）
（5）表罢免的：夺、黜、罢、免、去、废、蠲;
（6）表恢复的：复、还
（7）表兼代的：兼（表兼任）；领（兼代）；权，行，假,署（代理）；
（8）表辞去的：辞、致政、告退、退、归故里
（9）跟俸禄有关的：俸、禄、秩、饷
（10）知(典、主) 视事 用事 下车（伊始） 掾丞 洗沐 乞骸骨 致仕 预备知识三：其它出现频率较高的词语
（1）人称代词：第一人称（余吾予）；第二人称（尔而女汝乃若）；第三人称（之其彼渠厥）
（2）疑问代词：谁孰何曷胡焉安奚恶 （3）谦敬词语：请谨窃忝辱敢幸
（4）修辞词句：更衣山陵崩社稷中道崩殂 （5）兼词：诸焉盍旃叵
预备知识四：文言实词释义题
本题往往考查多义实词，古今异义词，通假字，偏义词及词类活用等知识点。
【答题技巧】：记住：实词理解题不完全在于考你是否记得实词意思，更主要是考你是否会利用上下文进行推测。掌握常见的理解和推断实词在文中含义的方法：
一、字形推断法
例1、可以独飨（xiǎng）白粲(càn)。
飨，右边是“食”，大概是“食用,享受”。粲，下边是“米”，大概是米一类的东西。
例2、王怒曰：“劓(yì)之。”
劓：割掉鼻子。
例3、家人瞷( jiàn )见者，悉惊愕。
加点字“瞷” 可根据字形，推断为形声字。与“看”有关，眼睛透过门缝看东西 ，意思是“窥见”。
汉字中的形声字占80%以上，会意字占12%以上，其义符为我们破译文言实词的词义提供了有益的帮助。
如：以“ 糸 ”作偏旁的字多与“丝织品、绳索”有关
一曲红绡不知数（绡：丝织品）
以“ 王（玉） ”作偏旁的字与美玉珍宝有关
何故怀瑾握瑜《屈原列传》﹙瑾、瑜:美玉，此处比喻美好品格﹚
练习： 丰则贱籴（dí），歉则贵粜（tiào） 臣父母春秋高，冀得一归觐（jìn）。
“籴”、“粜”大家比较陌生。可根据字形，推断为会意字，跟“粮食”有关，意思是买进粮食、卖出粮食。
“觐”虽比较眼生，但它是形声字，从形旁“见”上，猜出与“见”有关，可以解释为“拜见”。
二、对称结构互解法
利用相似的语言结构中，处于对应位置上的词语往往在意义上相同、相近或相反、相对的特点，求得词语正确的解释。
【文过饰非】 请你解释“文” 。
这个词语中的过和非同义，那么文和饰也应该同义。“饰”是“掩饰之意”，文就是文饰、掩饰的意思。
【求全责备】请你解释“责” 。
全，全面。备，完备，意思同。“求”和“责”意思也应该相同。“求”是要求，“责”也是要求（责成、寻求）。这样就不会把责和备看成是“责备”了。
【前倨后恭】请你解释“倨” 。
“前”和“后”相反，“倨”和“恭”也应相反。恭，恭敬。倨，傲慢。 例题：讨论下列句子中的划线词的词义
1、“曹操之众远来疲敝”
2、“今主上幼冲，贼臣虎据，雄才奋用之秋也”
“敝”，根据它与“疲”相邻的特点，可以推断出它的意思也是“疲劳”。 “冲”，由它的邻居“幼”字来帮助，可以推断是“年幼”的意思。
小结：根据相邻的字来推断词义，根据汉语对称结构的词句较多的特点可以帮助我们迅速推断出一些实词的词义。就双音节合成词来说常常是由两个同义或反义的单音节语素合成的，它们可以分成两种情况：一是偏义复词，一是同义复词。偏义复词，用义偏在其中一个语素上，另一个语素只是起陪衬作用；同义复词是同义复用。
例题：讨论下列句子中的划线词的词义
3、为国之要，在于刑法，法急则人残，法宽则失罪，务令折中。
4、以情胜者，多悱恻感人之言，而其弊常丰缛而寡实。
治国的关键，在于刑律,刑律严酷,百姓就会受到伤害,刑律宽松,就控制不住犯罪,一定要使它宽严适度。
凭借情感取胜的，大多是悱恻感人的语言，它的弊病在于词藻华丽而缺少实际内容。
方法：看清对称结构的特点就句子或四字短语而言，由于文言文具有整齐对称的特点，处于对应位置的词语往往具有意思相同、相近或相反相对的特点，我们可以利用这一点来推断词义。
练习解释下列加点的词
1.南取汉中,西举巴蜀 （攻下,攻取）
2.不使内有余帛，外有赢财。（“余”处在相同的位置，其意思也是“多”。）
3.夫将者，国之辅也,辅周则国必强,辅隙则国必弱（全,不周到）
4.一年所居成聚,两年所居成邑（村落）
5. 忠不必用兮,贤不必以 （任用）
三、语境（上下文）推断法
隆庆时，绍兴岑(cén)郡候有姬方娠（shēn）.一人偶冲道，缚至府，问曰：“汝何业？”曰：“卖卜。”岑曰：“我夫人有娠,弄璋(zhāng)乎？弄瓦乎？”其人不识所谓，漫应之曰：“璋也弄，瓦也弄。”怒而责之。未己，果双生一男一女，卜者名大著。 （冯梦龙《古今谭概》）
理解: 弄璋 弄瓦
可以联系上下文,寻找有效信息：
“我夫人有娠”（娠:怀孕） “果双生一男一女” “璋也弄,瓦也弄” 弄璋：生男 弄瓦：生女
练习
1、武帝伐齐，齐将独孤永业守金墉城，擒（韩擒虎）说下之。 （使??投降）
2、岁中旱，募人就功，厚与直，给其食。 （报酬）
3、民贫自鬻者，赎归之，禁吏不得掠为隶。（鬻，卖身为奴。）
四、借助语法分析作推断
运用所学的现代汉语和古代汉语语法知识，根据词语所处的语法位置来推断其词性，进而推断出它的含义；利用通假字知识，来推断音同音近或形近的通假字等。 例1:对下列句子中加点词的解释，不正确的一项是
A.威自京都省之 省：探望。
B.不审于何得此绢 审：知道。
C.自放驴，取樵炊爨（cuàn） 樵：打柴。
D.后因他信，具以白质 信：使者。
答案：C “樵”作“取”的宾语，应为名词，指柴草。
例2：
①臣战河南，然不自意能先入关破秦
②视之，弄若土狗，梅花翅，方首，长胫，意似良
③日以尽矣，荆卿岂无意哉？
④久之，目似瞑，意暇甚
【推断】
①“意”后面带有宾语，作动词，应解释为“料想”；
② “ 意 ” 作主语，为名词，
③“意”作“无”的宾语，自然也是名词，应解释为“意图”或“心意”。 ④“ 意 ” 用法与此相同，联系前文，可知都应解释为“样子”；
练习
1、戴朱缨宝饰之帽，腰白玉之环 动词，腰佩（戴）
2、遭父丧有疾，使婢丸药。 丸：制??成丸
3、欲居之以为利，而高其直，亦无售者。动词，抬高
4、知杭州仁和县（XX上海卷） 动词，掌管
高考再现
1．XX年全国题：“齐人追亡逐北”，“北”是什么意思？
2．XX年全国高考卷Ⅲ： “（优孟）多辩，常以谈笑讽谏” ，“辩”解释为“辩驳”是否正确？
3．XX年湖南高考卷：“间以婀娜之声” ， “间”解释为“间或”是否正确？
1.“北”作动词“逐”的宾语，应理解为名词“逃跑者”。
2.“辩”作“多”的宾语，应理解为名词“辩才”。
3.“间”在此句中担任后置的状语“以婀娜之声”的谓语，应译为动词“夹杂”。
五、联想推断法
1、联想成语推断 借助熟知的成语推断词义。在成语中，保留了大量的文言词义，掌握了一定量的成语后，借助熟知的成语中的实词词义来推断文言文中的实词词义，有时也能使解题“柳暗花明又一村”。
①擒率五百人宵济，袭采石，守者皆醉，擒遂取之。济：同舟共济，渡江。 ②薄而观之 可与成语“日薄西山”相联系都是“靠近”“逼近”的意思。 ③若贷而不诛，则天下大义不明，大法不立矣。联想到成语“严惩不贷”，作“宽恕”讲。
2、联想课文有关语句：课文迁移法，对所学课文中重点词义准确记忆，通过联想比较推断。 ①进之布指算，不爽（XX年高考江苏卷） 女也不爽，士贰其行 差错 ②铨（quán）简秀士 简能而任之 选拔官吏 ③志义相合，刑牲盟生死（XX年高考江苏卷） 杀人如不能举，刑人如恐不胜（《鸿门宴》）宰杀 ④道济趋下阶（XX年高考江苏卷） 他日趋庭，叨陪鲤对（《滕王阁序》） 快走
练习：
1、对下列词语解释不正确的一项是：
A、城之不拔者二耳 拔：被攻取
B、齐人未附 附：归附
C、使老女子乘城 乘：巡视
D、齐人追亡逐北 北：指败逃者
【联想】A其后秦伐赵，拔十城。（拔：攻取）《廉··蔺》
B荆州之民附操者，逼兵势耳。（归附）《赤壁之战》
C乘彼垝垣，以望复关。（乘：登上、登临）《诗·卫风·氓》
D追亡逐北，伏尸百万（北:败逃的人）《过秦论》
可见答案是C
2、对下列句子中加点的词语的解释，不正确的一项是
（XX年11题）
A．讽帝大征四方奇技 讽：规劝。
B．咸私哂（shěn）其矫饰焉 哂：讥笑。
C．恐为身祸，每遇人尽礼 遇：优待。
D．太宗初即位，务止奸吏 务：致力。
讽：《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》“用委婉含蓄的话暗示或规劝”
哂：《子路、曾皙、冉有、公西华侍坐》“夫子何哂由也？” 讥笑。 遇：《鸿门宴》“不如因善遇之” 对待，招待。
务：《过秦论》“内立法度，务耕织，修守战之具” 从事，致力于。
六、根据事理来推断
1．古书上说“玉人献璞而楚王诛之”，这个“诛”是什么意思？
2．1999年高考题：“人灾，绝食者千余家”中的“绝食”与现代汉语意义是否相同？
3．“沛公旦日从百余骑来见项王”中的“从”是不是“跟从”的意思？
1．这个“诛”肯定不是“杀”，卞和献璞只是被砍去了双脚，事实上并没有被杀。根据这一事实背景，“诛”只能当“惩罚”讲。
2．根据情理来推断。百姓遭受灾害，那么当然不可能“拒绝进食”了，应理解为“无粮可吃”。
3．“从”不是“跟从”的意思，而是使动用法，使??跟从。按情理不可能是将领在后面。
练习
1．对下列句子中划线词的解释，不正确的一项是（ ）（XX年湖南卷）
A．升高而望，得异境焉 登上
B．鸣鹤在阴，其子和之 和睦
C．隐德之士，狎而玩之 亲近
D．鹤归来兮，东山之阴 北边
【解析】“和”在课文《赤壁赋》中有“倚歌而和之”一句，意思是“跟着唱、随声附和”，与选项中的“和”相同。答案解释为和睦，故B错。
2．天下不多管仲之贤而多鲍叔能知人也。（XX年高考北京卷）
译文：人们不赞美管仲的贤明却赞美鲍叔能够识别人才。
不少考生将其误译成“天下像管仲这样贤明的人不多”，其中关键是对“多”的解释有误差。我们不妨从语法角度来分析，从句法来看，“管仲之贤”是一个名词性的偏正短。整个句子的谓语只能由“多”担当，可见“多”只能是动词。
3、赵襄王学御于王子期，俄而与子期逐，三易马而三后。襄王曰：“子之教我御术未尽也。” “术已尽，用之则过也。凡御之所贵，马体安于车，人心调于马，而后可以进速致远。今君后则欲逮臣，先则恐逮于臣。而先后心在臣，何以调于马？此君所以后也。”
1.下列句中加线词的解释，不正确的一项是( )
A 三易马而三后 后：落后
B 凡御之所贵 贵：看重
C 赵襄王学御于王子期 御：骑马
D 今君后则欲逮臣 逮：及，赶上
答案：C
A．可联想到成语“争先恐后”
B．可联想到“古人贵朝闻夕死”“古人贵以近知远”
C．可根据下文“马体安于车”推断，不是骑马，而是驾马车。且古代车马是联系在一起的，车必用马拉，马就是用来拉车的。
D．可联想到“力有未逮”
2.下列各组句子中加线词的意义，相同的一组是( )
A 俄而与子期逐 去世逐于智谋，当今逐于气力
篇二：高一英语语法定语从句归纳总结
高一英语定语从句的归纳
一．几个基本概念
1.定语从句的定义：用作定语的从句叫定语从句。
2.先行词：被定语从句所修饰的
3.定语从句的位置：紧跟先行词（名词或代词）之后。
4.引导词：引导定语从句的词（包括关系代词和关系副词）。
﹙1﹚关系代词：that/who/whom/which/as
﹙2﹚关系副词：when/where/why
5.引导词的位置：位于定语从句之前（先行词之后）。【as除外】
6.引导词的功能（作用）：
﹙1﹚连接先行词和定语从句。
﹙2﹚在定语从句中充当一定的成分（关系代词充当主语或宾语，关系副词充当状语）。
7.定语从句的类型：
﹙1﹚限定性定语从句（主句和定语从句之间无逗号）。
① 直接由引导词引导定语从句
The man who you’re talking to is my friend.
② 由介词+关系代词（whom/which）引导
The man to whom you’re talking is my friend.
I need a pen with which I can write a letter.
=I need a piece of paper on which I can write a letter.
介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定，该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前，也可放在从句之尾。例如：
The man (who/whom/that) I talked about at the meeting is from Beijing University.
=The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University.
The palace (which/that) I often pay a visit to was built in the 17th century.
=The palace to which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century.
﹙2﹚非限定性定语从句（主句和定语从句之间用逗号隔开）。
① 直接由引导词引导定语从句。
② 由介词+关系代词（whom/which）引导。
I live in a house far away from the city, in front of which is a big tree.
There is an apple tree standing at the gate, on which are many apples.
This is the man to whom I gave the book.
③ 由“代词/名词+of+whom/which”或“of which/ whom +名词/代词”(先行词指
人用whom,指物用which)引导。One, some, any, none, all, both, several, many, most, neither, either等词、数词、分数或百分比与of whom或of which连用。
He has five children, two of whom are abroad.
(比较：He has five children, and two of them are abroad.)
We have three books, none of which is/are interesting.
(比较：We have three books, but none of them is/are interesting.)
除外，其余引导词都可以，用法同限定性定语从句一样。但要注意以下区别。
1.在形式上非限定性定语从句与主句有逗号隔开。
2.非限定性定语从句的作用：它只是补充说明先行词的情况，翻译时可译成两个句子。 The engineer, whose leg was badly hurt, was quickly sent to hospital.
（那位工程师被很快送往医院，其腿部受了重伤）
The engineer whose leg was badly hurt was quickly sent to hospital.
（那位腿部受了重伤的工程师被很快送往医院）
3.在非限定性定语从句中，任何引导词都不能省略（包括引导词在此定语从句中充当宾语在内）。指人做主语时只能用who, 做宾语时用whom;
指物做主语，宾语都用which; 关系副词用when或where，也不能省略。
The man, ______ is sitting on the chair, is my father.
The woman, _______ I met yesterday, is my English teacher.
The city, _______ is far away, is very beautiful.
He went to America, ______ his parents live.
He joined the Army yesterday, ______ I left, too.
引导非限定性定语从句：
The house, whose window faces south, is mine.
=The house, the window of which faces south, is mine.
＝The house, of which the window faces south, is mine.
二.定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的基本用法。
/that指人是主格在定语从句中代替先行词，又作定语从句的主语，不能省略。 Do you know the gentleman who/that is sitting there?
/who/that指人是宾格，在定语从句中代替先行词，又作定语从句的宾语（动宾或介宾）。
① 当作动宾（动词后接宾语）时，关系代词可省略。
Do you know the gentleman (whom/who/that) we met just now?
② 当作介宾（介词后接宾语）时：
介词不提前时，关系代词可省略；
介词提前时，关系代词不可省，即介词＋whom(指人时介词后的关系代词只能用whom)。 The man (whom/who/that) I spoke with is my teacher.
The man with whom I spoke is my teacher.
※注：固定的动词短语（动词+介词）如look for, take care of等不能把动词与介词拆开，既介词不能提至引导词前。
She is the right girl (who/whom/that) we are looking for.
: 指人或物，是所有格“?的”形式。Whose+n.一起在定语从句中充当主语、宾语（动宾或介宾）即先行词的什么东西怎样了，whose不能省略。。I didn’t find the desk whose leg was broken. （主语）
He is the student whose pencil I broke yesterday. （动宾）
The boss in whose company I work is very kind. （介宾）
/that 指物，指代先行词且在定语从句中作主语或宾语（动宾或介宾）。
① 当作动宾时，关系代词可省略。
② 当作介宾时：
介词不提前时，关系代词可省略；
介词提前时，关系代词不可省，即介词＋which(指物时介词后的关系代词只能用which)。 The house which/that was destroyed in the earthquake is weak.
The pen (which/that) you found yesterday is mine.
The games (that/which) the young men competed in were difficult.
The games in which the young men competed were difficult.
※注:介词+关系代词即介词+whom/which(先行词指人用whom，指物用which)。
※指人或物，在定语从句中可作主语，宾语，表语或状语，不能省略。主要用于 “the 时的引导限定性定语从句。要用as代替who(m), which, 或that引导定语从句：
Such people as knew Hill thought he was honest.
Such people as Hill knew thought he was honest.
My hometown is no longer the same as it was.
Here is so big a stone as no one can lift.
The child knows as much as grow-ups (know).
I’d like to have the same books as are used in your school.
He is not such a person as I expected.
He will marry as pretty a girl as he can find.
※注：which和as可引导非限定性定语从句：可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容，which和as都可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容，有时可以互换。指代前面的整个句子，或前句中的部分内容作定语从句的主语时，谓语用单数． Our team lost the game, as/which was reported in the newspaper.
She was terrified, as/which I could see from her eyes.
He married her, as/which was natural.
区别：
①as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中间或放在主句末尾；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句后面。
He married her, as/which was natural.
=As was natural, he married her.
Mark Twin is a great writer, which/as is known to all.
=As is known to all, Mark Twin is a great writer.
②as引导的从句有“正如”、“正像”之意，而which则无此意。常用句型有：
as we all know, as is known to all, as everybody can see, as is expected, As is known/ said/ reported/ told/ we all know等。如：
As we all know, paper was first made in China.
To shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, is foolish.
③主句和从句有因果关系时，用which.
Our class has won the football match, which made us very happy.
Bamboos are hollow, which makes them very light.
④从句含否定意义时常用which.
She didn’t pass the exam, which we couldn’t expect.
She didn’t pass the exam, as we expected.
关系副词：指时间。在定语从句中作时间状语，不能省略。此时的when还可用介词+which替换（此时先行词一定是表时间的名词）。
I still remember the time when I joined the League.
＝I still remember the time on which I joined the League.
＝I still remember the time (which/that) I joined the League on.
关系副词：指地点。在定语从句中作地点状语，不能省略。此时的when还可用介词+which替换（此时先行词一定是表地点的名词）。
I still remember the school where I joined the League.
＝I still remember the school in which I joined the League.
＝I still remember the school (which/that) I joined the League in.
※注：对关系副词when, where的认识。
①. 先行词是时间的名词，并非都用关系副词when引导定语从句。
I’ll never forget the time (which/that) I spent in Beijing.
②. 先行词是地点的名词，并非都用关系副词where引导定语从句。
This is the factory (which/that) he visited yesterday.
③. 当句型为It/This/That is(was) the first(second?last) time引起的句子时用that连接其后的句子。此时的time是次数，不是时间。
It/This is the first time that we travel.
It/This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.
8. why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，先行词通常为reason,不能省略。且why引导的定语从句只能是限定性定语从句。Why= for which
I don’t know the reason why he was late yesterday.
The reason why(for which) he was late is that he missed the bus.
※注：当先行词为reason时，关系副词并非都用why。
This is the reason (that/ which) he gave/ explained to us. 【判断用关系代词还是关系副词】
从句缺少的是主语、宾语还是状语是确定用关系代词还是关系副词的关键。试比较： I will never forget the day (which/that) I spent in Hongkong.
( spent是及物动词，后缺宾语，因此用关系代词或省略 )
I will never forget the day when/on which Hongkong returned to its motherland.
（ 从句主谓宾结构完整，缺状语，因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词 ）
The reason （that/which）he gave for not coming to school yesterday isn’t believable. ( gave是及物动词，后缺宾语，因此用关系代词或省略 )
The reason why he didn’t come to school yesterday isn’t believable.
（ 从句主谓宾结构完整，缺状语，因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词 ）
三. 值得注意的几个问题：
1.当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。
This is the best film that has been shown this year.
This is the first book (that) I borrow from the library.
※He is the first student that/who came to school today.
2.当先行词为两个或两个以上分别指人和物的名词时。
He talked about the teachers and the school (that) he had visited.
3.当先行词本身是all的，用that。(all that=what)
All that (what) I want to say to you is “Thank you”.
=All (what) I want to say to you is “Thank you”.
Go over all that (what) we learned.
=Go over all (what) we learned.（that在定语从句中充当宾语可以省略）
4.先行词为something, anything, nothing, everything, thing时，用that.
I’ll tell you anything (that) I know.
5.当先行词前有all, much, little, many, (a) few, every, some, any, no, only, the very, one of, the only, the last, the next等修饰语时。
This is one of the books (that) I’m very interesting in.
※ This is one of the books in which I’m very interesting.
This is the only book (that) I read.
He is the only one of the boys that likes playing the piano.
All the glasses that were on the table fell off onto the floor.
6.（人，物），当先行词在以who或which开头的特殊疑问句中时，用that引导以避免混淆． Who is the man that is talking with the lady?
Which of you that know the answer can come to the front?
7.当先行词是在定语从句中作表语时，用that．
He likes the girl that she used to be.
第二. 当先行词是物时，关系代词(that/which)只用which的情况。
1.作介宾且介词置于引导词之前时．
The room in which he lives is very large.
2.引导非限定性定语从句时（主，宾都用which, 都不能省略）．
Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.
The house, which I visited yesterday, is very large.
指整个句子的内容或部分内容，引导非限定性定语从句．
He always makes fun of me, which upsets me.
第三. 其他特殊情况．
1.先行词是these, those指人时，关系代词只用who.
Those who are playing over there are my students.
2.先行词是人称代词(he, she?)时，关系代词只用who.
He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
3.不定代词someone, anyone, everyone, no one, somebody, anybody, everybody作先行词时，关系代词用who.
Anybody who breaks the rules would be punished.
4.①先行词是the only one of +可数名词复数，在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语用单数形式（因为此时的先行词是the only one,而不是of 后的可数名词复数）．
He is the only one of the boys that likes playing the piano.
This is the only one of the books that is borrowed.
②先行词是one of +可数名词复数，在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语用复数形式（因为此时的先行词是of 后的可数名词复数,而不是one）．
This is one of the students who are late.
5.当主句缺先行词时，用the one 代替，但须注意：the one只能代替可数名词单数．如为不
篇三：高中英语语法归纳总结
目录:
第01章 名词性从句
第02章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解 第03章 高中英语语法中的省略现象 第04章 主谓一致 第05章 动词不定式 第06章 倒装结构 第07章 定语从句 第08章 被动语态 第09章 祈使句 第10章 感叹句
第11章 疑问句 第12章 名词
第一章 名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses）。 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 一． 主语从句
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如：
a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。
b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not. 我对你成功与否不感兴趣。 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place. 谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型） d) It is John that broke the window. 是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型） 2. 用it 作形式主语的结构 (1) It is ＋ 名词 ＋ 从句
It is a fact that … 事实是… It is an honor that …非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that …是常识 (2) It is ＋ 形容词 ＋ 从句
It is natural that…很自然… It is strange that…奇怪的是… (3) It is ＋ 不及物动词 ＋ 从句
It seems that… 似乎… It happened that… 碰巧… It appears that… 似乎… (4) It ＋ 过去分词 ＋ 从句
It is reported that… 据报道… It has been proved that…已证实…It is said that… 据说…
3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况：
（1）if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
（2）It is said /reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. 错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.（3）It happens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him.
（4）It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.
（5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely? 4. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如： a) What you said yesterday is right. b) That she is still alive is a consolation
二．宾语从句
宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词之后。 1. 作动词的宾语
(1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如：I heard that be joined the army. 我听说他参军了。 (2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如：
a) She did not know what had happened. 她不知道发生了什么。
b) I wonder whether you can change this note for me. 我想知道你是否能帮我改一下笔记。 (3) 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：
She told me that she would accept my invitation. 她对我说她会接受我的邀请。 2. 作介词的宾语，例如：
Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. 我们的成功取决于我们之间的合作。
3. 作形容词的宾语，例如：
I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake. 我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误。
注意：that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。 4. it 可以作为形式宾语
it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如：
We heard it that she would get married next month. 我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。
5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词
这类动词有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。如： 正确表达：I admire their winning the match.
错误表达：I admire that they won the match. 6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词
有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句“结构中，常见的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：
正确表达：He impressed the manager as an honest man.
错误表达：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. 7. 否定的转移
若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如： I don’t think this dress fits you well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。 三. 表语从句
表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构。例如：
1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time. 2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people.
3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.
4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.
四. 同位语从句
同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。
1. 同位语从句的功能
同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the ) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.
句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：
1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）
2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）
高一英语名词性从句专项练习
1．____he does has nothing to do with me.
A. whatever B. No matter what C. That D. If
2. The manager came over and asked the customer how____
A. did the quarrel came about B .the quarrel had come about C. had the quarrel come about D. had the quarrel come about 3. Energy is ____makes thing work..
A. what B. something C. anythingD. that
4. Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities. A. while B. that C. when D. as
5. This is ___the Shenzhou V Spaceship landed. A. thereB. in whichC. whereD. when 6. They have no idea at all____.
A. where he has gone B. where did he go
C. which place has he goneD. where has he gone
7. The doctor did a lot to reduce the patient’s fear ____he would die of the disease. whichC. of whichD. of that
8. The order came ___the soldiers ____the small village the next morning. A. that ;had to leaveB. that; should leave C. /; must leave D. when; should leave
9. ___is no possibility ____Bob can win the first prize in the match. A. There; thatB. It; thatC. there; whether D. It; whether
10. The question came up at the meeting_____ we had enough money for our research. A. thatB. whichC. whetherD. if 11. Is _____he said really true?
A. that B. what C. whyD. whether
12.____the meeting should last two days or three days doesn’t matter. A. That B. Whether C. IfD. Where
13. It worried her a bit _____her hair was turning gray. A. whileB. if C. that D. for 2. 同位语在句子中的位置
14. ???_____more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen. 同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：
He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. A. WhetherB. ThisC. whoD. If
15.____he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us. 3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别
A. What B. ThatC. WhetherD. If (1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that
16. ____you don’t like him is none of my business. 是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。
A. What B. That C. Who D. How (2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从
17.____all the inventions have in common is ____they have succeeded. A. What; what B. That; thatC. what; that D. That ; what 18. ____appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much. A. WhatB. ItC. All that D. That 19. It is widely ______that smoking can cause cancer.
A. believedB. think C. say D. hoped 20. ____caused the accident is still a complete mystery. A. What B. That C. How D. Where Keys:
1—5 ABABC 6—10 AABAC 11—15 BBCAB 16—20 BCBAA 第二章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解
"It" 用法及其句型和固定搭配，是高中英语语法的重点、难点，又是近几年高考的热点，因此应给予充分的重视，现将it用法归纳如下：一、It用作实词
表达以下概念:指代前文提到的事物，前文中的this, that；替代前文中的内容；指代一位性别不明的小孩或未知的人；指代未指明但谈话双方都知道的那件事；指代时间、天气、气候、距离等自然现象……二、It用作形式主语
替代作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。It 作形式主语的常见句型：
1. 代作主语的动词不定式，其句型为(1) It be adj. (for sb.) to do sth.
此处adj. 通常为描述事件的形容词：easy, difficult, hard, necessary, unnecessary, possible, impossible, likely, unlikely, right, wrong, important, unimportant, legal, illegal, well-mannered, ill-mannered, polite, impolite, clear, obvious, certain, suitable, proper, fit, useful, useless, dangerous…例 It is illegal (for a teenager) to drive a car without a license.(2) It be adj. of sb. to do sth.
此处adj. 通常为描述人的形容词：kind, unkind, nice, rude, cruel, considerate, thoughtful, thoughtless, careful, careless, silly, foolish, stupid, clever, wise, crazy.例 It's kind of you to help me with the problem.(3) It替代作主语的动名词的常见句型It's no good/use doing…It's (well)worth doing…
It's (well)worth one's while doing/to do…It's (well)worth while doing/ to do
例 It's no use crying over spilt It替代作主语的从句常见句型(1) It is + noun +从句
例 It is no secret that the president wants to have a second term at office.(2) It is adj. +clause
It's surprising that… (should)………竟然……
It's a pity/shame that…(should)………竟然……
例 It's important that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.(=It's of much importance that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.)
(3) It verb sb. + clause= It is v-ing + clause
It+surprise/delight/interest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze/bother/concern/frighten/please/anger sb. that…
例 It worried me that she drove so fast.(= It was worrying that she drove so fast.)(4) It verb (to sb.) that…= sb/sth verb to do
(verb = appear, seem, come about, emerge, follow, chance, happen, occur, transpire, turn out , work out)例 It (so) happened/chanced that they were out.(= They happened/chanced to be out.) (5) It is v-ed that…=sb/sth is to do
(verb=say, report, think, believe, hope, expect, agree, accept, decide, determine, intend, plan, understand, know）
例 It is said that the couple have gotten divorced.(=The couple are said to have gotten divorced.)(6) It is v-ed that … (should)…
(verb=demand, request, require, order, suggest, advise, recommend
例 It is suggested that they should begin with the third question.三、It作主语的句型
1. It takes sb. … to do…(=sb takes…to do…)某人用多长时间做某事
例 It took the men a week to mend our roof.(= The men took a week to mend our roof.)2. It's (just)(un)like sb. to do…（不）像某人做某事的风格例 It was (just) like him to think of helping us.
3. It's (about/high) time that… should /v-ed…是该做某事的时候了例 It's(about/high) time that we should take action.
4. It's the x-th time (that) … have v-ed…第几次做某事了例 It's the third time that he has failed the driving test.
5. It is/has been… since …continuous v-ed(延续性动词) 某动作已有多长时间不发生了例 It's 10 years that he lived here
6. It was(not)… before…过(不)了多长时间某动作发生了例 It was not long before they arrived.四、It 作形式宾语
用来替代作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。
It 作形式宾语的常见句型：
1. verb+ it+ adj./noun (for/of) to do/clause (verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)
例 I think it hard for you to do the task on your own./I think it hard that you'll do the task on your verb+it+adj./noun (one's) doing (adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile)(noun=no use/no good/worth one's while/a waste of time/money/energy/words) (verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)例 I'll make it worth your while telling me about his secret.
3. verb+it+ important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essential that … (should)…verb+it+of much/great/no/little importance that…(should)…(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)
例 I think it important that you (should) attendthe conference.
4. verb + it+ as+ noun/adj.+ clause (verb=accept, regard, take, see, view)例 The lecturer takes it as encouraging when so many students attend his v. +it + prep. + that…
owe it to sb. that…把…归功于…
leave it to sb that…把…留给某人去做take it for granted that …想当然keep it in mind that…
例 Don't bother to arrange anything. Just leave it to me to sort It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词后面，尤其是表示好恶的动词后，enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, don't mind, be fond of, feel like, see to 宾语从句紧跟it之后
例 I hate it you can swim so well and I can't.
7. It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的介词后面，宾语从句紧跟it之后（except that例外）例 I'm for it that you will follow their advice.五、强调句型
It is/was+被强调部分+ that(who)… 强调句型用来强调谓语动词以外的任何句子成分。当被强调部分是人时也可以用who。
在使用强调句型时需注意以下几点：1. 请注意强调句型的特殊疑问句
例 When was it that he changed his mind to take part in the activity？2. 在强调原因状语从句时，只能强调由because所引导的从句例 It was because he was ill that he didn't come to school yesterday.
3. 在强调not … until结构时必须把not与until一起放到被强调的位置上
例 It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was my 注意强调句型与定语从句的区别
例 It was at 7 o'clock that he came here yesterday.( 强调句型)It was 7 o'clock when he came here yesterday.(定语从句)六、It 常用的固定搭配1. make it
(1).在口语当中相当于succeed,表示：成功、做到、说定、赶上、及时到达例 It's hard to make it to the top in show business.
(2).在口语中相当于fix the date for,表示“约定好时间”例 —Shall we meet next week?
—OK. We just make it next as it is
(1).相当于in fact, in reality表示“事实上，实际情况是……”
例 We had planed to finish the task today, but as it is we probably won't finish it until next week.(2).相当于方式状语从句，表示“照原样”例 Leave the table as it is.
3. as it were 相当于as one might say, that is to say, 表示“也就是说，可以说，换句话说”例 He is, as it were, a modern Sherlock Holmes.
4. if it weren't for…/if it hadn't been for…用来引导虚拟语气，相当于without, or but for, 表示“如果不是……，要不是……”
例 If it weren't for Tom, I wouldn't be alive that's it
(1). 相当于That's all. That's so much. 表示“至此为止，没有别的了”例 You can have one more sweet, and that's it. (2). 相当于 That's right.表示“对啦”
例 — I guess the key to the problem is thechoice “A” —That's it.
6. catch it 在口语中，相当于be punished/scolded for doing sth. wrong. 表示“因做错事而挨骂，受责备，受批评，受惩罚”
例 We'll really catch it form our teacher if we're late for class have it
(1).相当于say, insist表示“说，主张，表明，硬说”例 Rumour has it that they are getting divorced.
(2).相当于get to know something,表示“了解，知道，获悉”例 I had it from John that she was going abroad.
8. have what it takes在口语中，相当于be well qualified for, 表示“具有成功的条件”例 You can take it from me that your daughter has what it takes to be a so it seems / appears.
10. Keep at it! (Don't give up!)相当于go on,表示“继续做，不放弃”例 My teacher asked me to keep at Go it! (Go on!) 拼命干, 莽撞
12. Now you have done it! (You have done sth. wrong.)13. Now you'll catch it! (You'll be punished.)
14. As it happened, … 在口语中，相当于it's a pity that…, 表示“真不凑巧，真遗憾”例 As it happened, they were out.
15. As it turned out,…在口语中，相当于it was found to be in the end, 表示“最后被证明是”例 As it turned out, his statement was false.
16. Such as it is(they are) 在口语中，相当于although it may not be worth much, 表示“虽然没有多大价值”
例 You can borrow my exam notebook, such as it is.
17. Take it/things easy. 相当于Don't worry or don't hurry. 用来劝告别人，表示“不要慌，别担心，存住气”
例 Take it easy! He will do it well.
18. Take it from me.在口语中，相当于believe me what I say.表示“请相信我的话，我敢担保”例 You can take it from me that he will make it this For what it is worth…在口语中，相当于although I'm not sure it's of value, 表示“不管其价值如何”例 Here is the article I promise you, for what it's worth.
20. Worth it 在口语中，相当于useful, 表示“有好处，值得做”例 Don't hesitate about it! It's worth it.
21. Believe it or not.表示“信不信由你”
例 Believe it or not, Tom is getting married to Mary next Take it or leave it. v. 要么接受要么放弃
例 That is my last offer. You can take it or leave it.
23. It all depends/that all depends 在口语中，相当于it hasn't been decided yet, 表示“那得看情况，还没有定下来”
例 —Are you going to the countryside for holiday? —It/That all depends.
24. It's up to sb. 在口语中，相当于it's decided by sb. 表示“由……决定，由……负责，取决于……” 15. The foreign Minister said, " _____ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace."(XX北京) A. This is B. There is C. That isD. It is
16. _____ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress. (XX北京) A. It B. AsC. That D. What
17. — How often do you eat out?(XX, 天津) — ________, but usually once a week.
A. Have no idea B. It depends C. As usualD. Generally speaking 18. We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn't quite _____ as planed. (XX浙江卷) A. make out B. turn out C. go on D. come up
例 —Shall we go out for dinner?—It's up to you.
“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配专练
1. Was it during the Second World War_____ he died? (88)
2. Is ____ necessary to complete the design before National Day?
(89)
3. I don't think ____ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work. (91)
______ matter if he can't finish the job on time?
(91)
5. It was not _____ she took off her glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star. , , , , then (92)
6. I was disappointed with the film. I had expected ______ to be much better. (93)
7. It was not until 1920 ______ regular radio broadcasts began. (94)
8. ______is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
(95)
9. It was only when I reread this poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their beauty. (97)
10. I hate_____when people talk with their mouths full.
(98)
11. It is the ability to do the job _____ matters not where you come from or what you are. (XX)
like ___ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. (XX) A. thisB. that C. itD. one 13. —Do you like ___ here?
—Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice.(全国卷) A. this B. These C. ThatD. it
14. We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen. So Peter made ___ from some wood. (全国卷) A. it B. OneC. Himself D. another
19. — What do you want to do next? We have half an hour until the basketball game. —________. Whatever you want to do is fine with me.
A. It just depends B. It's up to youC. All right D. Glad to hear that 20. It was ____ back home after the experiment. A. not until midnight did he go B. until midnight that he didn't go
C. not until midnight that he wentD. until midnight when he didn't go KEYS:
1-5 ACDDB 6-10 DCDBA11-15 ACDBD 16-20 BBBBC
第三章 高中英语语法中的省略现象
在英语语言中，为了使语言简洁明了，重点突出或上下文紧密相连，可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不变，这种语言现象称之为省略。现就英语中的种种省略现象分析如下： 一、并列复合句中的省略
在并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分。如：
a) The boy picked up a coin in the road and (the boy ) handed it to a policeman. 这个男孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察。
b) Your advice made me happy but(your advice made) Tom angry .你的建议使我高兴但使汤姆生气。
c) Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary (must have been)doing her homework. 汤姆肯定一直在打篮球，玛丽一直在写作业。
d) Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao (was born) in 1963.高秀敏出生于1959年，傅彪出生于1963年。 二、主从复合句中的省略 1．状语从句中的省略
一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中：由 when ,while ,as ,before, after , till, until, once等引导的时间状语从句；由whether ,if , unless 等引导的条件状语从句；由though , although ,even if ,whatever等引导的让步状语从句；由 as ,than 等引导的比较状语从句；由as, as if , as though 等引导的方式状语从句。上述状语从句在省略时应遵循下面原则：
1) 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be，这时从句中可出现如下结构：(1) 连词（as, as if , once）+ 名词; (2) 连词（ though, whether , when）+形容词；(3) 连词(whether, as if ,while )+介词短语；(4) 连词(when , while , though )+ 现在分词； (5) 连词(when ,if ,even if ,unless ,once ,until, than , as ) + 过去分词； (6) 连词(as if ,as though ) + 不定式。如：
a) Once (he was)a worker ,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer .庞龙曾经是个工 人，现在变成一位著名
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