英语被动语态用法

语态篇——常见与不常见的被动

[提问]在下面这个句子中，那些部分为被动语态？“I had not originally been scheduled to work this day but I was extremely pleased when I was asked to help out at the last minute, for it would be one of the most memorable days of the games. (Experiencing English Integrated Book Page120)”

答：要分析上面这个句子，并划出相应的被动语态部分，首先要清楚地了解什么是被动语态和被动语态的结构。

在语法学中，语态是针对动词而言的一种形式，描述句子中动词和参与此动作的主语之间关系。语态分为主动Active Voice和被动Passive Voice两种。当主语是动作的发起者（或之一）时，称为主动语态；如果主语为动作的承受者时，称为被动语态。例如：“猫吃老鼠。”这句话是主动语态；而“老鼠被猫吃。”则是被动语态。

一点意见，我觉得这些语法太简单了

被动语态强调动作的对象或动作本身，句中主语是动作的受动者。 分析句子时找到主语和谓语动词，如果主语并非主动行为，而是接受动作，是动作指向的对象，那么该句就是被动句。被动语态的基本构成为：

be动词+及物动词过去分词。其中be动词随着句子的不同时态发生相应变化，并要注意随主语人称、单复数变化而使用正确形式。

1）一般现在时：am／is／are＋V-ed

2）一般过去时：was／were＋V-ed

3）一般将来时：will／shall be＋V-ed

4）现在进行时：am／is／are being＋V-ed

5）过去进行时：was / were being + V-ed

6）现在完成时：have／has been＋V-ed

7）过去完成时：had been＋V-ed

8）将来完成时：shall / will have been + V-ed

9）过去将来完成时：would / should have been + V-ed

例如： 1）All kinds of commodities made in China are widely used in many American families. 这句中文翻译漏了吧。

2）The package was delivered yesterday.包裹是昨天快递发出的。

3）People will be paid for their contribution.人们的奉献会收到回报的。

4）The food is being prepared.吃的已经在准备了。

5）Were all experiments being carried out when your professor asked? 你们教授询问的时候各项实验在进行中了吗？

6）The arrangements of this trip have been made for you.这次旅行的筹备工作已经为你们做好了。

7）We had been given visas for three months.我们拿到签证已经三个月了。

8）The government promises refugees will have been settled down well by then. 政府承诺难民们到那时都会被安顿得很好。

9）The general considered that the bridge would have been mended before the troops could pass.将军认为部队通过前那桥应该已经修好了。

被动语态一般不常出现将来进行时和各种完成进行时，但是也存在将来进行和完成进行的状况。以下给出一些例句，以供参考。

将来进行时：will be being +V-ed
　　例如：There are so many mistakes in the editorial that will be being edited this time tomorrow! 这篇社论明天这时候就该在刊印了，竟然还有这么多错误！

过去将来进行时：would be being + V-ed
　　例如：Holmes predicted that Sir Henry would be being chased by a weird hound if he went through the swamp. 福尔摩斯预言说亨利先生穿过沼泽地的时候会被一条怪异的猎犬猛追。（此句的时间状语是具体的将来时间，所以最好用将来进行时。）

现在完成进行时：have/ has been being + V-ed
　　例如：Where has the cook been? The fish in the pot has been being cooked for half an hour. 厨师哪里去了？锅里的鱼已经煮了半小时了。

将来完成进行时：will have been being + V-ed
　　例如：Dear Miss, twice a month, you curled hair will have been being hurt too much this time next year. 亲爱的小姐，一个月两次，明年这时候你的发质就会被伤得厉害。

过去完成进行时：had been being + V-ed
　　例如：My watch had been being watched for two hundred times before you came here to pick me up. 你到这里接我前，手表已经被我看了不下两百次。（此处强调看手表这个过去的过去的动作一直在重复进行。）

熟悉了常见与不常见的被动语态结构后，让我们回到提问中的句子。根据be动词与及物动词的构成，我们可以找到had been scheduled，was pleased，was asked三个部分符合被动语态结构。had been scheduled表示“被安排，被计划”；was asked表示“被询问”，因此这两处都为被动语态。be + V-ed结构不一定都是被动语态。有些过去分词在be动词，或feel，look，seem等动词后，转化为形容词，作表语，表示状态。因此was pleased虽然有be + V-ed结构，却不是被动语态，表示“愉快的，感到满足的”。

例如：Little Ke is interested in being an English interpreter. 小柯对成为一名英语翻译很感兴趣。

Professor Cheng felt surprised that his composition was well written.他文章写得这么好，程教授感到很惊讶。

应注意：被动语态一般不用将来进行时和完成进行时；对于动词来说不及物动词没有被动形式；be+V-ed结构不一定是被动语态。“To be continued,”被动语态的另外一些用法和说明将在下期内容中“will be introduced”。

被动语态的用法及说明

[提问]“According to one legend about the origins of Chinese Valentine’s Day, it is said that the seven daughters of the Goddess of Heaven, on one of their visits to earth, caught the eye of a Cowherd, Niu Lang.( Experiencing English Integrated Book Page162)”上面这个句子中it is said是被动语态吗？翻译成中文应该怎么说？

答：句中it is said是典型的一般现在时的被动语态。it作形式主语，取代句子后半部分that引导的从句；be said表示“被谈论，被说”；that 句中内容为：天庭的七仙女某次下凡时，看见了放牛的牛郎。根据中国情人节起源的传奇，传说中的内容被大家谈论、诉说，广为传播，因此，it is said可翻译为“据说”。

被动语态的形式，但是中文翻译中不出现“被”字，这种情况还有很多。表示“据说”或“认为”的词还有：believe，consider，declare，expect，feel，report，say，see，suppose，think，understand等。

例如：It is reported that…据报道；

It is hoped that…大家都希望；

It is well known that…周所周知；

It is taken for granted that…被视为理所当然的；

It has been decided that…大家决定；

It must be remembered that…务必记住的是……

什么时候使用被动语态，一般有下列这些情况。

一、只知结果，不知动作由谁发出。

例如：Do you know Mr. Liao’s keyboard of computer was stolen last night? 你知不知道廖老师的电脑键盘昨晚被偷了？

Mum was angry because her favourite Chinese vase was found broken.妈妈很生气，因为她发现最喜欢的瓷花瓶被打破了。

二、动作的施行者是谁没有必要告知，大家都能明白。

例如：It is impossible that no one cares about who can be sent to study abroad.没人在乎谁能被外送出国留学是不可能的。

Every migrant worker should be paid completely on time.每个民工都必须按时拿到全额报酬。

三、句子要强调的是动作的承受者，不强调动作的施行者。

例如：Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证。

26 passengers were broadcasted that they had been killed in that accident. 报道说已经有二十六名乘客死于这场事故了。

New detective novel is being written and edited by the experienced detective himself.新的侦探小说正由那名资深侦探本人撰写。

在具体使用过程中，被动语态的用法也比较灵活，动词有的以主动形式表被动含义，有的被动形式在翻译中却不一定使用“被”动含义。详细说明如下：

一、情态动词的被动语态。结构为“情态动词+be + 动词过去分词”。变为否定句时，应在情态动词后面加not；变为一般疑问句时，应将情态动词移到句首。

例如：Plastic bags should be forbidden to abuse. 应该禁止滥用塑料袋。

How can you be allowed to marry such stingy guy by your parents！你父母怎能允许你嫁给如此吝啬的家伙!

This kind of mini-car can’t be afforded by most of people. 这款小汽车肯定大多数人都买不起。

Should the merchant marine be accompanied by warships across the Atlantic? 商船应当由战舰护送过大西洋吗？

二、动词短语的完整性。动词如果是短语形式，其被动语态中应将之当成是一个整体，后面的介词或副词不能省略。

例如：Memories of my childhood have been waked up immediately at the sight of these scenes.一见到如此场景，我童年的记忆立即被唤醒了。

The 90-floor press building will have been set up before next summer.下个夏天之前，九十层的出版大楼就将建成。

The orphan was adopted and taken care of by my grandparents.那个孤儿是我爷爷奶奶收养并照顾着的。

三、主动形式表示被动意义。有些主动语态形式的动词可以表示被动含义，这些表示被动含义的动词，在句中被强调的不是动作本身，而是强调动作发生后产生的结果。

一些感官动词可以表示被感受的结果：look看起来，sell卖得怎么样，smell闻起来，feel觉得；

例如：Mum looks quite happy when she receives such a big bunch of flowers as birthday present from her daughter.当收到女儿送来作为生日礼物的大束鲜花时，妈妈看起来相当高兴。

This type of handbag will sell best this summer.今夏这款手提包一定能销得最好。

Don’t you think the Chinese stinky tofu smells really terrible? 你不觉得中国的臭豆腐闻起来实在是可怕吗？

另一些实义动词强调动作发生而导致的状态： wash洗起来，clean擦起来，cook烹调怎么样，iron熨起来， cut切起来， read读起来， wear穿起来， draw画起来， write写起来， drive开起来， let、rent出租， remain、keep保持， build建造；

例如：The school library opens at7 in the morning and closes at 22 in the evening.学校图书馆早晨七点开门，晚上十点闭馆。

How dangerous it is that the door of this bus can’t shut and it remains open! 多可怕！这辆公交车的门关不上了，一直开着！

The military clothing products wear a little thicker but durable.军用的服装有点厚重不过很耐穿。

能愿动词则后面需要接动名词来表示被动：need、require需要，want想要，worth、deserve值得。

例如：The old couple lived lonely require caring from the society more spiritually. 孤独地生活着的那对老人更需要来自社会的精神关爱。

It sounds adventurous but is still worth having a try.这听起来很刺激，不过值得一试。

Good work deserves good pay and laziness deserves relatively punishment.好的工作应得好的报酬，而懒散则应受惩罚。

主动如何变被动？

[提问] Experiencing English Extended Book 1 Unit 6谈到Passive Voice时有一道练习题（Page 64），Every time I hear that song, it reminds me of her voice.请问怎样把上面这个句子改写成被动语态？

答：主动句中主语发出动作，而宾语承受动作。当话语目的在于强调承受动作的宾语时，宾语可转化为主语，主动句变为被动句。方法如以下步骤：

首先，原主动句中的宾语提前至句首，充当主语。

其次，谓语动词使用被动结构：be +V-ed，根据人称、时态、数量发生相应变化，采用适当动词形式。

第三，by+原主语,后置作宾语，主格变为宾格。原主语可根据需要删减。

例如：The journalists interrupt me in my speech intermittently.记者时不时地打断我的讲话。

→I have been interrupted (by the journalists) in my speech.

It is hard to accept the truth that the doctor has cut one of his legs.让人难以接受的是医生已经截去了他的一条腿。

→It is hard to accept the truth that one of his legs has been cut (by the doctor).

原句句义为：每次听到那首歌，就让我想起她的甜美嗓音。句中主语为it，指代that song；谓语动词为remind of“使人想起”；直接宾语为me；间接宾语为her voice。按照主动语态转变被动语态的方法，动词变为被动结构be reminded of；主语与宾语交换位置。但是要注意的是，因为此处有两个宾语，所以原句被动语态就有两种情况。根据使用被动语态的其中一条注意点：

1) 带双宾语的谓语动词变成被动语态：间接宾语用作主语时，直接宾语位置不变；直接宾语作主语时，间接宾语应根据需要加上to、for等介词。

例如：The experienced journalist gave the fresh guys a lot of useful advice.那老记者给了新进人员许多有用的建议。

→The fresh guys were given a lot of useful advice by the experienced journalist.

→A lot of useful advice was given to the fresh guys by the experienced journalist.

因此原句可以改写成:

Her voice is reminded me (by it) every time I hear that song.

I am reminded of her voice (by it) every time I hear that song.

主动语态改为被动语态还有其他几个注意点：

2) 使役动词、感官动词接省略to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语，在改为被动语态时，宾语补足语变为主语补足语，不定式要带to。

例如：The sharp increase in housing prices makes average person work throughout life.大幅上涨的房价足以使普通老百姓为房子卖命一生。

→Average person is made to work throughout life by the sharp increase in housing prices.

The terrorist attack forced the president to cancel a series of official state visits.恐怖袭击事件迫使总统取消了一系列国事访问。

→The president was forced to cancel series of official state visits (by the terrorist attack).

3) 有些动词，虽有主动语态，但却常以被动形式出现，这样更加符合动词的习惯用法。

例如：The airport rescheduled the flight to New York to set off at 1:00pm.机场重新安排纽约航班下午一点起飞。

习惯表达为被动语态：The flight to New York is rescheduled to set off at 1:00pm.

The public suppose Huang Xiaoming to be the best-looking person in China.

习惯表达为被动语态：Hung Xiaoming is supposed to be the best-looking person in China.

The newspaper reported that Taliban kidnappers shot dead another male South Korean hostage on Monday. 报道称星期日又一名男性韩国人质遭塔利班绑架者枪杀。

习惯表达为被动语态：It is reported that Taliban kidnappers shot dead another male South Korean hostage on Monday.

Another male South Korean hostage has been reported to be shot dead by Taliban kidnappers on Monday.

上一期内容中我们已经谈论过有一些动词可以以主动的形式表达被动的含义，这些动词后面没有宾语，表达的动词发生后的结果或状态。含有那些动词的主动句不能转变为被动句。另外主动语态不能转变为被动语态的情况还有：

4) 不及物动词（Intransitive Verb）或不及物动词词组如：happen, occur, appear, disappear, die, last, remain, lie, sit, take place, break out, come true等没有被动语态,因此不能由其主动形式变为被动形式。

例如：A weird thought occurs to me to tease you mad.我突然想到一个怪念头来捉弄你。

The sun disappeared below the horizon.太阳消失在地平线下。

The beauty of Audrey Hepburn belongs to all who love her.奥黛丽赫本的美丽属于爱着她的所有人。

Recent years have witnessed that great changes take place in this developing country.近年来这个发展中国家发生了巨大变化。

5) 有些及物动词（Transitive Verb）如：have，hold，fit，resemble，jump，wish，mind，cross等不适合以被动形式出现，因此不能由其主动形式变为被动形式。

例如：The new stadium for Olympic Games holds 50,000 people.奥运新场馆可容纳五万人。

Your itinerary must fit in with my holiday arrangements.你的旅行计划应该配合我的假期安排啊。

When you go along the stair case, mind that you take the right side.走楼梯的时候注意靠右。

It seems that I missed the proper opportunity for explanation. 看起来我错过了解释的最佳时机。

6) 有些及物动词虽以主动语态出现，但已经具有被动含义，因此不能将其主动形式变为被动形式。如上期内容中介绍的一些主动形式表示被动含义的感官动词、能愿动词，和一些表示动作发生导致状态的实义动词等。

例如：Can’t you feel something strange following behind us? 你不觉得有奇怪的东西跟在咱们身后吗？

Pay attention to keep the restroom well-ventilated.注意保持起居室通风良好。

The little girl wants a puppy as her birthday present.小女孩想要只小狗当生日礼物。

被动句的翻译

[提问] Experiencing English Extended Book 1 Unit 6的翻译练习中有一个句子：“为确保驾驶员良好的视线，站着的乘客最多不能超过15位。”请问为什么提供的该试题答案使用的是被动语态？被动句的翻译有哪些情况？

答：英语中被动语态的使用极为广泛，尤其在科技英语中被动句几乎随处可见。为了强调客观上的事实，不带主观感情，被动句一般翻译成主动句；另外，在不必、不愿说出或不知道主动者的情况下也常使用被动语态。一般如果主语、宾语的主动关系明显，采用主宾颠倒的方式翻译；多数情况下则被动语态都翻译成主动结构。反之，当我们翻译汉语主动句的时候，可以考虑使用英语的被动语态来处理。

译文内容为公交车行驶的注意事项，是规则的客观陈述，不强调主语对宾语的动作关系，因此中文一般不出现被字结构，语序也保持主谓顺序。译成英文时，no more than 15 passengers作为主语保持原有位置不变，谓语动作改用被动语态be allowed，试题译文为：To ensure good vision of the driver, no more than 15passengers are allowed to stand in this vehicle. 这一翻译符合汉语主动句译为英语被动句在主谓顺序上保持一致的情况。

英语被动句在翻译成中文时，要充分考虑汉语的表达习惯，多采用主动结构，使译文自然流畅。被动句的翻译方法有以下各种情况：

首先，英语被动句直接翻译成汉语被动句，句中表述“被”字含义。除了“被…”外，汉语中存在丰富的被动表达方法，如“受到…”、“遭…”、“由…”、“给…”、“为…所”、“予以…”、“加以…”等，可以根据汉语表达习惯恰当选择。

例如： Over the years, recent history once as fundamental knowledge has been ignored by the young generation. 多年来曾经作为基础知识的近代史被年轻一代忽视了。

The living condition of alien plants is mostly affected by a number of environmental factors. 这些异国植物的生长情况很大程度上受一系列环境因素的影响。

This kind of uniform cloth is made of cotton, silk and other materials twisted. 这种制服衣料由棉、丝线和另外一些物质编织而成。

其次，英语被动句翻译成汉语主动结构，可以有多种情况：

1）英语原文中的主语在译文中仍作主语。汉语主动句保持原主谓顺序不变，译文中不出现“被”字含义，但常以“加以”, “经过”, “用…来”等词来代替；或译为正常陈述句。

例如：Unfortunately, the target as a potential danger was never attached importance to. 遗憾的是这个目标的潜在危险没有加以重视。

Evidently, the statements from several witnesses are summed up in one word: guilty.很明显，几位目击证人的陈述用一个词概括就是——有罪。

All joints should be thoroughly cleaned and well coated with lubricant．所有接合处都要经过彻底清洗，并涂好润滑油。

Several people were badly injured in the accident.有几个人在事故中伤得很重。

2）英语原文中的主语在译文中作宾语。汉语主动句按宾语+主语顺序翻译。

例如：An anonymous female corpse was found in a basement full of junk by the police. 警察在装满废弃物的地下室发现了一具无名女尸。

The technological problem finally was solved by the German engineers. 最后德国工程师解决了那项技术问题。

3） 英语原文中的主语在译文中作宾语，原句中by，in，for引导作状语的介词短语可

以在汉语译句中作主语。

例如： He was given the chance to be a volunteer of the Olympic Games by good fortune. 好运使他有机会成为一名奥运会志愿者。

The concern from various strata is needed for both of teenagers’ body and mind. 青少年的身心健康需要来自社会各界的关怀。

4） 英语原文中的主语在译文中作宾语，译文中添加泛指性主语“人们”、“大家”。此

情况多适用于know，see，find，hear等动词构成的被动句。

例如：Liu xiang is well known because of being a world champion. 人们熟悉刘翔是因为他是世界冠军。

A snake was seen crawling down along the belt into the bedroom.有人看到一条蛇沿着绳子爬下来进了卧室。

5） 英语原文中的主语、谓语合并作译文中的一个词组。

例如：The wisdom of old people cannot be ignored at any time. 任何时候都不能忽视老人

的智慧。

Delicious Chinese dishes are also served by this western restaurant. 这家西餐厅也提供美

味的中式菜肴。

6） 英语被动句译成“是…”结构的汉语判断句。

例如：The lady was really hurt by your rude words.你粗鲁的话语真是伤了这女士的心

啊。

The graduate was persuaded to work for the company by the lure of the high salary.是高薪的诱惑劝服他为这家公司工作的。

第三，无主语句的翻译。为了避免出现汉语的被动句，可以将英语的被动句译成汉语的无主句。

例如：A friend without faults will never be found.没有十全十美的朋友。

Another ancient tomb has been found in the same city. 在同一个城市里，又一处古代墓穴被发现了。

第四，一些常见的被动形式有着固定的惯用翻译法，如：以it 为形式主语的被动语态常译成汉语无主语句。例如:

It is hoped / that … 希望……

It is reported / said / supposed that … 据报道/据说/据推测……

It may be said without fear of exaggeration that … 可以毫不夸张地说……

It must be admitted / pointed out that … 必须承认/指出……

It will be seen from this that … 由此可见……

在科技文中还有一些常用被动结构，翻译时采用大家熟悉的译法。例如：

叫作：be known as…/ be referred to as…/ be considered to be…

当作：be treated as…/ be regarded as…/

描述成：be spoken of as…/ be described as…

定义为：be defined as…

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