大学生英语竞赛——简答题全攻略
· 简答题的题型特点
· 简答题的应试技巧
· 简答题实例解析
简答题（Short Answer Questions）旨在考查对英语书面材料的确切理解能力和在理解基础上的综合书面表达能力，即英语的实际应用能力。该题型最早出现在1997年一月全国四、六级统考试卷中，安排在阅读理解试题之后进行。考题要求用简短的英语，如：句子、短语甚至单词来简要回答与文章内容有关的问题，或者补足不完整的句子。
简答题是题型改革后设计推出的主观测试题，通常为一篇文章后面附带有若干个问题或不完整的句子。由于考试类型不同，简答题的难易程度有很大差异。
然而，无论简答题的设计是要求回答问题，还是补足不完整的句子，其主要题型均与阅读理解试题相似，不同的是属于客观测试的选择项被取消了，代之以用英语写出答案。这就增加了题目的灵活性和试题的难度，绝非画圈涂黑答案题那般简单。
简答题考试的出题范围与阅读理解题目相似，主要具有以下特点：
1 要求写出主要事实、特定的信息或细节；
2 要求概括文章的主题思想、段落大意或主要内容；
3 测验文章中特定的词义或句义；
4 询问原文篇章结构与特点或者作者态度与倾向。
简答题的应试技巧
简答题要求用英语写出问题答案，实际上是将阅读与表达两种
能力结合在一起的测试。因此，在做题时可以把题目看作是变相的阅读理解试题。通读全文时不妨动用阅读理解技巧，例如：抓住语篇大意、把握作者思路、综合推理判断、根据语境推测词义等。
在具体步骤上可以先用略读法（skimming）快速扫视全文，了解大意，然后再看文章后的问题，以明确具体要求，根据提问进行查读（scanning）和细读，边读边做题。还有一种方法是先看考题，后阅读，再做题。这样做在阅读时或许更有针对性。
回答问题时一定要注意单词拼写无误、句子语法正确、内容得体恰当等方面的具体要求。原则上不要为遇到难题而苦思冥想耗费太多时间，一时感觉棘手的题目可以放在后面集中精力加以解决。要以原文内容为依据决定欲表达的意思，务必按规定的字数用简明的词语或短句写出答案，同时应注意字迹清晰、卷面整洁。
简答题的问题很类似于阅读理解试题，其中主题思想和主要事实及细节占较大比例。因此，简答题的应试技巧与阅读技能紧密相关，具体操作时应灵活运用以下技巧：
1 在文章中直接找答案
简短回答题中要求回答的重要事实或特定细节的问题比较容易，在文章中可以直接找到答案。但是回答时往往需要换用同义词或另外的句型，在回答what，who，which，when，where，how，why等问题时，一定要以原文内容为依据，不要凭主观臆断写出与原文不符的答案。
2 根据题干，补足句子的完整
在补足不完整的句子时，应在弄清题干要求后，依照有关线索，快速查找涉及不完整句子的关键词和相关内容。
3 留心词句的深层含义
在回答特定词或句子含义时，要注意超出字面意义的深层含义，尤其是该词在文章特定语境中的意思。
品黄黑MYK 4 用关键词、句归纳总结
回答涉及中心思想、篇章结构方面的题目时，应该在通读原文后用关键词、句进行归纳总结，尽量用简洁英语叙述清楚。
答题注意事项
根据简答题的评分原则与标准，应注意以下事项：
1 一定要用最简洁的英语（in the fewest possible words）回答问题。有的试题规定：答题尽量简短，超过10个词要扣分。
2 问什么，答什么，注意答出问题的全部内容，但不要答无关内容。答了无关内容要扣分。另外，还要注意，答题中不要有相互矛盾的内容，内容矛盾的部分不能得分。
3 注意语言正确，语言错误要扣分，无关内容出现语言错误也同样要扣分。
4 切忌照抄原文，按评分标准，照搬一句扣0 5分，照搬两句或两句以上就不得分了。
简答题实例解析
Directions：In this part there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements．Read the passage carefully．Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words．（Not exceeding 10words．）
A labor dispute which had idled over 800，000 workers in Sweden， a nation with a reputation for labor peace，ended May 11，when unions agreed to wage increases of about 7 percent．The country had been crippled by the labor crisis，which had begun May 2 when the employers had locked out 770，000 workers and labor unions had responded with strikes involving more than 100，000 other workers．About one fifth of the country's workers were involved in the dispute．“Labor and capital can no longer cooperate in the fine oil spirit．”commented Gunnar Nilsson，chairman of the union confederation．
Questions
1．How many workers stayed away from work during the labor crisis？
2．We can infer from the passage that the total number of workers in Sweden is _______．
3．What was the immediate cause of the strike？
4．Why was the labor dispute brought to an end？
5．The phrase“lock out”most likely means ．
参考答案
1．More than 870，000．
2．about 4，350，000 workers．
3．Factory owners refused to let workers come to work．
4．The employer's offer of wage increases was accepted．
5．to prevent workers from working in factories ／to not allow workers to go back to work
解题分析
1．该题为数字计算题。从the employers had locked out 770，000 workers and labor unions has responded with strikes involving more than 100，000other workers可知，770，000＋100，000＝870，000。
2 由About one fifth of the country's workers were involved in the dispute．一句可知870，000占全国工人总数的五分之一。由此继续推算得出工人总数为4，350，000。
3 从The country had been crippled by the labor crisis，which had begun May 2 when the employers had locked out 770，000workers and labor unions has responded with strikes involving more than 100，000 other workers．可知，罢工的起因是Factory owners refused to let workers come to work．
4．由（The strike）ended May 11，when unions agreed to wage increases of about 7percent．可知，冲突结束的原因是The employer's offer of wage increases was accepted．
5．从上下文语境中可以推出“lock out”意思是to prevent workers from working in factories或to not allow workers to go back to work。
rt there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements．Read the passage carefully．Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words．（Not exceeding 10words．）
The process of entering the confines of political and economic power can be pictured as a system in which persons are chosen from a potential elite pool．In this reservoir of possible leaders are the individuals with the skills，education，and other qualifications needed to fill elite positions．It is here that competition does exist，that the highest achievers do display their abilities，and that the best qualified do generally succeed．Hence，what is most important is entering this reservoir of qualified people．
Many in the masses may have leadership abilities，but unless they can gain entrance into the elite pool，their abilities will go unnoticed．Those of higher class and status rank enter more easily into this competition since they have been afforded greater opportunities to acquire the needed qualifications．
In addition to formal qualifications，there are less obvious social-psychological factors which tend to narrow the potential elite pool further．“Self-assertion”and“self-elimination”are processes by which those of higher social status assert themselves and those of lower social status eliminate themselves from competition for elite positions．A young man whose family has been active in politics，who has attended Harvard，and who has established a network of connections to the economic and political power establishments would not be unrealistic in his aspiring（追求）to a high position in the business or political world．On the other hand，a young man with less prestigious background，no connections，and only a high school education or even a college degree from a state uni- versity would not likely expect a future place for himself at the top．As Prewitt and Stone explain，such an individual“has few models to follow， no contacts to put him into the right channels，and little reason to think of himself as potentially wealthy or powerful”．Thus，self-selection aids in filtering out those of lower income and status groups from the pool of potential elite．M ost eliminate themselves from the competition early in the game．
Questions
1．What does“potential elite pool”（Line 2—3，Para．1）mean？
2．Why is it easier for people of high social status to secure elite positions？
3．What does the term“social status”refer to in this passage？
4．According to the author，what are the two most important factors in
the competition for entry into the potential elite pool？
5．What are the two forms of self-selection？
参考答案
1．A reservoir of qualified people ／future leaders ／possible leaders．
2．They have been afforded more opportunities．
3．Family background，social connections and education．
4．Formal qualifications and social-psychological factors．
5．Self-assertion and self-elimination．
解题分析
1．从第一段的第一、二句：The process of entering the confines of political and economic power can be pictured as a system in which persons are chosen from a potential elite pool．In this reservoir of possible leaders are the individuals with the skills，education，and other qualifications needed to fill elite positions．可知“potential elite pool”意思是a reservoir of qualified people，或future leaders，或possible leaders．
2．从第二段的Those of higher class and status rank enter more easily into this competition since they have been afforded greater opportunities to acquire the needed qualifications．可知，高层社会人士能确保精英地位的原因在于They have been afforded more opportunities．
3．从第三段“Self-assertion”and“self-elimination”are processes by which those of higher social status assert themselves and those of lower social status eliminate themselves from competition for elite positions．A young man whose family has been active in politics，who has attended Harvard，and who has established a network of connections to the economic and political power establishments would not be unrealistic in his aspiring to a high position in the business or political world．On the other hand，a young man with less prestigious background，no connections，and only a high school education or even a college degree from a state university would not likely expect a future place for himself at the top．可以概括得知“social status”指一个人的“family background，social connections and education”。
4．从第三段可推出：能进入政治精英界的两个重要因素是： Formal qualifications and social-psychological factors．
5．第三段结尾such an individual“has few models to follow，no contacts to put him into the right channels，and little reason to think of himself as potentially wealthy or powerful”．Thus，self-selection aids in filtering out those of lower income and status groups from the pool of potential elite．M ost eliminate themselves from the competition early in the game．可知，self-selection是指self-assertion and self-elimination．
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