P18(3). "British history has been a history of invasion". Please illustrate this point with the examples from the text. How did each of the invasions influence English culture ?
British history has been a history of invasions. Before the first century AD Britain was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people: a powerful culture originating in central Europe. Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman empire, and England and Wales (though not Scotland or Ireland) became a part of the Roman empire for nearly 400 years.Two more groups of invaders were to come after the English: from the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings, threatened Britain's shores….
P35(2).What are some of the factors in Irish and English history that affect the situation in Northern Ireland today?
Along with the political campaign for home-rule there were groups who followed a more direct method of pursuing Irish independence, engaging in guerilla or terrorist activities against British institutions and the British military forces. During the First World War and immediately after, this activity increased, sometimes brutally suppressed by British forces.
P48（2）How did the doctrine of the “divine right of kings”, according to the author, lead to the English Civil War? What do you know about the causes of the English Revolution in the 17th century?
King James I believed the divine right of kings, so did his descent---Charles I.
Charles I called his t Parliament only when he needed to collect money. The Civil War was caused by a dispute over the power of the king against Parliament in the 17th C. The Republican “roundheads”, led by Oliver Cromwell, wanted to abolish the monarchy and to reassert the rights of Parliament. In 1642, the royalists were defeated and King Charles I was executed in 1649.
The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history. The Civil War was in essence a capitalist revolution because capitalism paved its way of development after the war.
P68(2)What are the three big parties in the UK? What are some of the similarities and dissimilarities between the three parties?
There are three major national parties: The Conservative party ,the Labour party ,the Liberal Democrats.
The Labour Party: More of a left wing party, but has been changeing to middle ground since Tony Blair's administrtion. Although still considered a pretty left wing party. The Conservative Party: Centre to right wing party, during Thacher's time were very right wing on economy and social issuses, till today still been seen as a right wing, conservative, rich people party. The Libreal Democrats: Influential but not powerful enough in the Parliament due to the disadvantage of the political system in the UK. Centre to left wing, more of a 'liberal' party, but the policies sometimes been seen as too liberal while the rest are too left wing.
Similarities:
1. they all support the capitalist system
2. generally speaking, they all are the active participants and supporters of representative democracy
3. they share some similar beliefs in their political and socioeconomic ideology
Dissimilarities:
1. they represent the interests of different social groups
2. they have different opinions on the government’s role in social economy and they each take different economic policies during their administration
P118(4) Why does the author say that universities in Britain have been rather elitist?
答案1. Universities, reflecting the trend throughout the education system, have traditionally been rather elitist. Most students were from the middle classes, attended good schools, performed well in their A-levels and received a fully-funded place in a university.
答案2.Most students were from the middle classes, attended good schools, performed well in their A-levels and received a fully-funded place in a university. In recent years, great efforts have been made to increase the numbers of and kinds of people that pursue higher education. Access for mature students and students without traditional A-level qualifications is widening
P132(2)What are the foundations of Britain's foreign policy?
The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits. Perhaps the most important single factor which influences British policy-makers is its history.
P204(4)What benefits has Ireland been receiving from joining EU ?
P256(5) What is the impact of the assimilation policy on the indigenous people? （同化政策对本土人民的影响是什么？）
The missionaries on the “protected reserves” set out destroy the culture of the Dreaming and to replace it with Christianity. As the children grew to adulthood many of them had lost both their families and their culture. They were employed as domestic servants or on cattle stations .Young Aboriginal women were continually at risk of rape. Aboriginal people were excluded from the social ,the political ,the education ,the health services and other aspects. Racism was an entrenched part of Australian culture until the 1960s and operated at the personal and institutional level.
P285(1) What is convict transportation ? How did it affect the development of the colonies?
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