预投杂志中国比较医学杂志-中国试验动物学报

发布时间:2018-08-23 22:11:42   来源:文档文库   
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转基因和基因敲除内脂素小鼠脂肪积累的对比研究

关菲菲,全雄志,朱皓高珊,张,张连峰*

北京协和医学院&中国医学科学院实验动物研究所,卫生部人类疾病比较医学重点实验室,北京 100021

*通讯作者

【摘要】目的 内脂素(visfatin)也被叫做尼克酰胺磷酸核糖基转移酶,是一种脂肪因子,研究表明其与肥胖有关,但是与脂肪积累的关系仍然不明确,本研究是以内脂素转基因和内脂素基因敲除杂合子小鼠为对象,研究内脂素与脂肪积累的关系。方法western blot法对比分析转基因基因敲除杂合子和野生型小鼠脂肪组织中内脂素表达水平。2月龄开始对三种雌性小鼠饲喂高脂饲料,分别在24689月龄测定其体重变化,9月龄时利用磁共振成像定性观测小鼠脂肪积累及分布,称量皮下和腹腔脂肪总重量并对腹腔脂肪组织进行组织学观察。结果:内脂素转基因小鼠脂肪组织中内脂素的表达量比野生小鼠增加37%基因敲除杂合子小鼠比野生小鼠降低了55%。饲喂7个月高脂饲料后,转基因小鼠体重平均27.8±0.8g野生小鼠体重平均33.6±1.1g基因敲除杂合子小鼠体重平均37.6±1.9g皮下和腹腔脂肪总重量测定结果显示转基因小鼠的脂肪总重量比野生小鼠降低了40%,基因敲除杂合子小鼠的脂肪总重量比野生小鼠增加了37%组织学染色显示,内脂素转基因小鼠的平均单个脂肪细胞面积最小,而基因敲除杂合子小鼠面积最大。结果证实,内脂素表达量与体重、皮下和内脏脂肪总重量及脂肪细胞大小呈负相关结论:在饲喂高脂饲料的情况下,内脂素可以抑制脂肪的积累。

关键词:内脂素;高脂饮食;肥胖;磁共振成像

[中图分类号] [文献标识码] [文章编号]

The comparative research of visfatin transgenic mice and knockout visfatin(+/-) mice in accumulation of adipose tissue

GUAN Fei-fei,QUAN Xiong-zhi,ZHU Hao,GAO Shan,ZHANG Xiao-juan,ZHANG Lian-feng*

( Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Minstry of Health, Beijing 100021, China)

[Abstract] Objective Visfatin(also known as nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase or Nampt)is an adipokine associated with obesity ,but the relationship is unclear. The aim of the present study was to determine whether fat accumulation was related to visfatin level. Methods The expression levels of visfatin were detected with western blot from the adipose tissues of visfatin transgenic mice, wild type mice and knockout visfatin(+/-) mice. The female mice were feed a high fat diet from 2 to 9 months of age. The body weight was recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8, 9 months of age. Then the mice were sacrificed at 9 months of age and the total weight of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue was scaled. The histopathology of visceral adipose tissue was observated under light microscope. Results The expression of visfatin in transgenic mice increased by 37% compared with that of wild type mice due to the transgenic expression of visfatin, while the expression level of visfatin in visfaitn(+/-) mice decreased by 55% compared with that of wild type mice due to the one copy gene knockout of visfatin. After high fat diet for 7 months, the average body weight of visfatin transgenic mice was 27.8±0.8g, wild type mice was 33.6±1.1g and the konckout visfatin(+/-) mice was 37.6g±1.9g. The total weight of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in visfatin transgenic mice decreased by 40% compared with that of wild type mice while knockout visfatin(+/-) mice increased by 37% compared with that of wild type mice. Histopathology observation showed that visfatin transgenic mice had smallest size of visceral adipose cell and knockout visfatin(+/-) mice had biggest size of visceral adipose cell. Our results indicated that the visfatin level in mice exhibited a negative effect on body weight, the total weight of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue, the size of visceral adipose cell. Conclusions our resulted suggested that the accumulation of adipose tissue was restrained by visfatin when mice were fed a high fat diet.

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[Key words] visfatin; high fat diet; obesity; MRI

内脂素(Visfatin)是内脏脂肪组织中分离出的一种脂肪因子[1],经基因序列比对发现该cDNA片段与前B细胞集落增强因子(pre-B cell colony – enhancing factor, PBEF)序列一致,PBEF在体内作用是协同增强干细胞因子与白介素-7IL-7)的作用促进前B细胞形成[2];另外该蛋白还被归属为尼克酰胺磷酸核糖基转移酶(nicotinamide phosphoribodyltransferase,Nampt)是哺乳动物体内辅酶尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamid adenine dinucleotide,NAD)生物合成途径中一个重要的限速酶[3]。除内脏脂肪外,内脂素在肝脏、胰腺、肾脏、巨噬细胞、血管内皮细胞及肌肉组织等均表达,研究表明其在糖代谢、肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、代谢综合症、心血管疾病、细胞凋亡、炎症反应和癌症中都起到重要的作用[4,5]

近年来,针对内脂素与肥胖关系开展了很多研究,结论仍然存在分歧,甚至是相悖的[6]Haider等对8316岁以下的单纯性肥胖儿童进行调查发现,肥胖组儿童血浆visfatin浓度显著高于正常体重儿童[7]Wang等发现在雄性18-20周龄Lyon高血压大鼠血液中内脂素含量明显高于对照Lyon正常大鼠,且与体重、脂肪总量、甘油三酯、总胆固醇等呈正相关[8]Araki等人对比调查了56位肥胖的日本儿童和20位不肥胖儿童的血浆内脂素水平与皮下脂肪面积内脏脂肪面积甘油三酯、胰岛素等关系,发现在排除了年龄和性别因素后,内脏脂肪面积与血浆内脂素含量呈显著偏相关,血浆内脂素水平是一个很好的证明内脏肥胖的分子标记物[9]Pagano等报道了相反的结果,在肥胖人群中血浆和脂肪组织中内脂素的表达量均低于健康人群[10]Krzyzanowska等,研究发现36名肥胖症患者通过胃减容手术减肥后1年左右血浆内脂素浓度明显上升[11]Rongya Tao等人发现Foxo1/Foxo3/Foxo4肝脏特异性的敲除小鼠(LTKO)中,内脂素表达显著下调,肝中甘油三酯的积累增加,出现脂肪肝,同时,还利用腺病毒载体通过小鼠尾静脉注射的方法,分别增强和下调了小鼠体内内脂素的表达量,发现相应的肝中甘油三酯的积累降低了31%和增加了38% [12] Ping wang等比较了40位非糖尿病普通人群和35位具有家族性高血脂病的非糖尿病人群血浆中内脂素甘油三酯高密度胆固醇等一些生理生化指标,发现在普通人群中,血浆中visfatin含量与甘油三酯和内脏脂肪细胞面积呈负相关,在具有家族性高血脂病的人群中内脂素甘油三酯的关系呈现相似的结果[13]

总之,内脂素的作用究竟是脂肪组织积聚的原因还是抑制脂肪组织增长改善胰岛素抵抗的结果,或者只是伴随心血管疾病的一种偶然现象,目前尚无定论。很多实验都是体外或者间接的证据,本研究利用内脂素转基因和内脂素基因敲除杂合子小鼠研究对象,探讨内脂素与脂肪积累的关系。

1 材料和方法

1.1 实验动物

内脂素转基因小鼠由本所构建[14],雌性C57BL/6J野生鼠购自中国医学科学院实验动物研究所康蓝公司(合格证号:XCXK-2004001),内脂素基因敲除杂合子小鼠于2010年从日本引入本所(纯合子小鼠胚胎致死)。以上三种小鼠选取雌性在2月龄时开始饲喂高脂饲料,高脂饲料能量组成为蛋白质20%,脂肪35%,碳水化合物45%购自康蓝公司实验方案已经得到中国医学科学院医学实验动物研究所实验动物使用与管理委员会的批准,批准号为ILAS-GC-2012-001

1.2 脂肪总重量测定

9月龄时颈椎脱臼处死小鼠,小心剥离皮下脂肪和腹腔脂肪,并称重。

1.3 Western blot鉴定内脂素蛋白的表达

内脂素蛋白的表达分析按文献进行[15]提取内脂素转基因小鼠和同月龄野生鼠以及内脂素敲除杂合子小鼠内脏脂肪总蛋白,进行SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳,蛋白转移至NC膜上(Millipore,美国),置于5%脱脂奶粉中封闭,兔抗内脂素多克隆抗体检测内脂素蛋白表达水平(BioVison,美国),辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)偶联的羊抗兔抗体结合一抗(Pierce,美国),HRP偶联的鼠抗甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶GAPDH 单克隆抗体作为内参(康成生物,中国)。

1.4 MRI成像

MRI成像采用Varian公司生产的7T/160mm孔径的小动物磁共振成像系统,将动物用2%异氟烷与氧气混合气进行麻醉,用体线圈进行采集和接收。由于腹部呼吸运动会产生伪影,采集过程中用呼吸门控控制信号的采集。本实验选择SE(自旋回波序列)T1WI分别对内脂素转基因小鼠、同月龄野生鼠和部分内脂素基因敲除小鼠行冠状位和横断位扫描,冠状位扫描参数:TR(重复时间)/TE(回波时间):230ms/16msFOV视野70mm×45mm;层厚:1mm;层间距:1mm;叠加次数:4;扫描矩阵:256×256;总扫描时间:355秒。横断位扫描参数:FOV40 mm×45 mm,其它参数同前。

1.5小鼠腹腔脂肪组织学观察

颈椎脱臼法牺牲小鼠,打开腹腔取出腹腔脂肪,将脂肪组织固定在中性福尔马林中24hr,脱水,石蜡包埋及切片,H&E 染色后显微镜下观察Laica显微镜,德国)组织学变化。

1.6 统计分析

实验数据以Mean ± S.E.M. 表示,用Students t-tests one-way ANOVA 分析处理数据,P <0.05 为有显著性差异。

2 结果

2.1转基因野生和基因敲除小鼠腹腔脂肪内脂素的表达

分别提取2月龄内脂素转基因小鼠TG,野生鼠(WT)和内脂素基因敲除杂合子(KO(+/-))雌性小鼠脂肪组织总蛋白,Western blot分析内脂素在腹腔脂肪组织中的表达(图1a利用Image J软件,GADPH作为内参,密度扫描定量分析结果显示,内脂素转基因小鼠脂肪组织中内脂素的表达量比野生小鼠增加37%基因敲除杂合子小鼠比野生小鼠降低了55%(图1b)。2月龄时,三种小鼠在体重血清总胆固醇和高密度胆固醇含量上没有区别,而在空腹血糖、甘油三酯和低密度胆固醇含量上,内脂素基因敲除杂合子小鼠要高于野生鼠和转基因小鼠(表1)。经检测发现三种小鼠血清中内脂素的水平没有显著差异(未显示)。

word/media/image1_1.png

1,内脂素在脂肪组织的表达

分别提取2月龄内脂素转基因小鼠TG,野生鼠WT和内脂素基因敲除杂合子雌性小鼠(KO-/+)脂肪组织总蛋白,a, Western blot分析内脂素在腹腔脂肪组织中的表达b, GAPDH作为内对照,密度扫描定量.

Fig 1, The expression of Visfatin in the visceral fat tissue.

The total lysates of visceral fat tissues were isolated from visfatin transgenic miceTG, wild type mice (WT) and heterozygous visfatin+/− mice KO+/-at 2 months of age. a, the expression of visfatin in the visceral fat tissue; b, the quantitative analysis of the expression of visfatin using GAPDH for normalization.

1, 2月龄内脂素转基因野生和敲除小鼠体重及基础血生化

Table 1, Body weight and blood biochemical parameters of visfatin TG, WT and KO+/- 2-month-old mice.

注:a p<0.05, b p<0.01, TGKO(+/-) ; c p<0.05, d p<0.01, WT KO(+/-)

Note: a p<0.05, b p<0.01, TG versus KO(+/-) ; c p<0.05, d p<0.01, WT versus KO(+/-)

2.2 内脂素表达对小鼠体重的影响

内脂素转基因,野生和内脂素基因敲除杂合子雌性小鼠2月龄开始,饲喂高脂饲料,分别在2, 4, 6, 8, 9月测定其体重(图2结果表明,2月龄时,内脂素基因敲除杂合子雌性小鼠略大于野生小鼠和转基因小鼠, 随着高脂饲料的饲喂和年龄的增长,在测定终点9月龄时,转基因小鼠体重平均27.8±0.8g野生小鼠体重平均33.6±1.1g基因敲除杂合子小鼠体重平均37.6±1.9g

word/media/image2_1.png

2 小鼠的体重变化分析

内脂素转基因(TG),野生(WT和内脂素基因敲除杂合子(KO+/-)雌性小鼠饲以高脂饲料,自由采食,分别在2,4,6,8,9月龄测定其体重(n9)

Fig.2 The change of body weight in mice

TG, WT and KO+/- female mice were given high fat diet, ad libitum feeding, the body weight was determined at 2,4,6,8,9 month age. (n9)


2.3 内脂素表达对小鼠脂肪积累的影响

9月龄时,采用7T/160mm孔径的小动物磁共振成像系统(Varian)分别对内脂素转基因,野生和内脂素基因敲除杂合子雌性小鼠进行冠状位和横断位扫描(图3b,3c, 图中白色部分为高反射的脂肪组织,结果显示内脂素转基因小鼠的脂肪组织面积最小,其次是野生鼠,基因敲除杂合子雌性小鼠的面积最大。分别剥离皮下脂肪和腹腔脂肪组织称重,结果显示,转基因小鼠的皮下和腹腔脂肪总重量比野生小鼠降低了40%,基因敲除杂合子小鼠的脂肪总重量比野生小鼠增加了37%。对比体重变化,内脂素转基因小鼠体重与野生小鼠比,平均减少5.8g, 脂肪重量平均减少3.2g; 基因敲除杂合子小鼠体重与野生小鼠比,平均增加了4.0g, 脂肪重量平均增加3.0g,由此可见转基因,野生和基因敲除杂合子的体重差异主要是由于脂肪积累不同所导致的。结合western blot显示的三种小鼠内脂素表达量的关系,发现内脂素的表达量越高,体重越轻,皮下和腹腔脂肪总重量也越小。由此说明小鼠体重及皮下和腹腔脂肪总重量与内脂素的表达呈负相关。

word/media/image3_1.png

3,小鼠脂肪组织定量分析

内脂素转基因(TG),野生(WT和内脂素基因敲除杂合子(KO+/-)雌性小鼠饲以高脂饲料,自由采食, a, 三种小鼠皮下脂肪和腹腔脂肪组织的总重量比较(n9)b, 9月龄利用核磁成像对小鼠的横断面扫描图,c, 9月龄利用核磁成像对小鼠的冠状面扫描图,其中箭头所示白色部分为高反射的脂肪组织;

Fig.3 The quantitative analysis in visceral fat tissue of mice

TG, WT and KO(+/-) female mice were given high fat diets, ad libitum feeding, a:The weight of visceral fat(n9); (b) Axial views of MRI,(c) Coronal views of MRI, the part of white stands for adipose tissue (arrows).

2.3 内脂素表达对小鼠脂肪组织形态的影响

腹腔脂肪H&E染色发现,内脂素转基因小鼠的脂肪细胞面积最小,其次是野生鼠,基因敲除杂合子雌性小鼠脂肪细胞的面积最大。(4利用ScanScope软件比较三种小鼠脂肪细胞大小,结果显示内脂素转基因小鼠脂肪细胞平均大小比野生小鼠减少47%,内脂素基因敲除杂合子小鼠的脂肪细胞平均比野生小鼠增加了67%,结合western blot显示的三种小鼠内脂素表达量的关系,说明腹腔脂肪细胞大小与内脂素表达呈负相关。

4,腹腔脂肪组织的组织学观察

9月龄采集内脂素转基因(TG),野生(WT和内脂素基因敲除杂合子(KO+/-)雌性小鼠腹腔脂肪组织,进行常规H&E染色和光镜观察(100×

Fig 4, Histopathology observation of visceral adipose tissue.

Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining patterns of the female TG, WT and KO(+/-) visceral adipose tissue , optical microscope were observed (100×).

3 讨论:

近年来,关于内脂素与肥胖的关系,有很多研究报道,尤其是针对肥胖的女性[16-19],然而作用效果存在争议。在实验中同时选择了雌雄鼠为研究对象,但结果只显示雌鼠在脂肪积累上有显著差异(雄鼠结果未显示)。实验中利用内脂素表达量不同的三种小鼠:内脂素转基因小鼠野生小鼠和内脂素基因敲除杂合子小鼠,从体重腹腔和皮下脂肪总重量以及腹腔脂肪细胞的大小三个角度考察了内脂素与脂肪积累的关系,结果证实,内脂素表达量与体重、皮下和内脏脂肪总重量及脂肪细胞大小呈负相关。此结果与KrzyzanowskaRongya Tao等报道一致[10-13]Rongya Tao研究表明内脂素与脂肪积累关系是通过调节去乙酰化酶(Sirtuin)的活性来完成的。内脂素也被称为尼克酰胺磷酸核糖基转移酶(Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltansferase, Nampt),是尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD+)生物合成路径中重要的限速酶,NAD+水平的高低直接影响去乙酰化酶的活性,而该酶是调控脂代谢的关键酶[20,21]体内NAD+水平降低,去乙酰化酶活性降低,引起与脂合成相关的酶类表达水平降低,从而减少了脂肪积累[12]从我们的实验结果可以看出,内脂素并非是引起肥胖的原因,高表达时可以抑制脂肪积累。

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