翻译

翻译

第一篇

现在，比以往更多的人光顾牙科诊所，但至少半数的美国人都不想去看牙医。原因很简单，他们被牙医吓怕了。但实际上，比传统的看牙医更恐怖的是什么呢？在白色无菌室内安静的等待，随手翻旧杂志，无一人说话。一切都那么安静，直到助手叫你的名字，带你到另一件白色屋子里，这里到处都是更让人害怕的机械设备。

在乔治亚医学院，教授牙科医生门诊行为与技术规范，从而减轻患者的焦虑与紧张。助手与接待员也被教授同患者微笑和交流的技巧。这都有助于创造一个（医患间）相互信任的环境。牙医被教授同患者更加充分交流的方法。一句简单的“你做的很棒”能够让患者知道医生很欣赏患者现在的状态。这些类似的话对于患者忍受疼痛也同样很有帮助。

牙医诊室被重新粉刷成“褐色系”，如棕色、绿色、棕褐色及其他对人有安抚作用的颜色。无论如何都应避免吓人的颜色如红色等，红色让人想起流血与疼痛。绘画及其他让人分散注意力的东西都被策略的做了规划安排；音乐入耳可帮助患者忽略其疼痛感。以前，牙医们都一直忽略了一种现象，那就是因为患者平躺在椅位上，除诊疗室的天花板外他们所视之物别无其他，这是他们最近才意识到的。大多数时候，他们都是平躺在靠背上，除了忍受疼痛之外再无其他事可忙。现今，牙医们不但在天花板上布满具有想象力的图案，还增设了电视机、电脑游戏机和迷宫图、活动雕刻等来分散患者的注意力。一种快捷技术含有镜子，能使患者通过反射来观赏天花板附近浴缸里的鱼，从而分散注意力。

其他类似的改变包括重新构造诊室，使其不含有象征无菌的白色及重新设计牙用机器，使它们不再那么令人恐惧。制服也被改造成柔和及褐色系的颜色，不再是白色。一些牙医做的更加到位。他们采取积极措施让患者放松，有的教患者深度肌肉放松及制动控制。一些应用先进的技术如催眠及生物反馈来帮助患者在椅位上放松。药物及止痛药仍可用于减轻肉体疼痛，但所有这些方法均是为了帮助患者放松及克服疼痛带来的焦虑。

第二篇

如何撰写科研文章的结论部分

在结论中解释你的数据。判定是否每一个假设都有论据支持，或你并没有足够的证据作出结论。不应简单的消除那些“非结论性”的全部或部分研究内容。下你能够下的结论，而后对实验应如何修改进行建议才能对适宜的检验假设。尽可能的解释你所有的观测结果，将重心放在其机制上。

在论及资料时，区分数据是来源于自己已发表的实验内容还是其他人员做出的相关内容。重点要放在过去做过相关工作的关键人上（也包括自己），并放在现阶段普遍认可的事实及规则上。

多数研究会要求对自己的实验做出一些批评的意见。首先应确定是否问对了问题。判定实验设计能否完全证明假设的内容，是否设计了合适的对照。

例如：数据中存在一些问题。抗生素与微生物间的一些相互作用显示了大量抑制伴随着完全无抑制作用。许多抗菌素药片已经过时（一些长达15年之久），这有可能导致其中一些失去其效能。潜力丧失导致抑制效能减弱。尽管可以推测其中的阳性抑制更加准确，但也不能十分确定。

最后，下一步该做什么？最好的研究是能够开创研究领域的新途径。还余留什么问题？此研究是否引导你想出新的问题？尝试设计新的假设并简要介绍新的实验来进一步论证主要问题。要具有创造性，不要不敢去猜想。

Translation

Passage 1

More people than ever before are now going to dentists’ offices, but fully one half the United States population will not see a dentist. The reason is quite simple, believe most dentists, they are scared. And really, what experience is worse than seeing a traditional dentist? You wait in silence, thumbing through old magazines, in a sterile white waiting room in which no one ever speaks. All is silent until a assistant calls your name and leads you back to another white room. This one filled with machinery frightens you still further.

At the Medical College of Georgia, dentists are taught principles of behavior and techniques of office design that should help reduce the patient’s anxiety and tension. Assistants and receptionists are taught to smile and speak to the patient. This helps create an atmosphere of trust. Dentists themselves are being taught to communicate more fully with the patient. A phrase such as “you’re doing fine” tells the patient that the dentist is appreciative of the patient’s predicament. These phrases also help by rewarding the tolerance of pain.

Dentists’ offices are being repainted in “earth tones”, brown, green, tan, and other soothing collars. A startling color such as red should be avoided at all costs. Red brings to mind blood and pain. Paintings and other distractions are strategically located; music piped in to help the patients ignore his or her pain. Until recently, dentists had ignored the fact that most patients never see much more than the ceiling of the practice room. Most of the time, patients are lying flat on their backs with little to busy their minds other than their pains. Now dentists are not only building ceiling with fancy patterns, but also distracting their patients with ceiling TV sets, computer games and mazes, and mobile sculptures. One quick technique involves placing mirrors, so patients can distract themselves by watching fish in a tank located near the ceiling.

Less drastic changes include redoing the practice rooms to include less of the sterile color white and redesigning the machinery a dentist must use to make it appear less frightening. Uniforms are also being made in pastel and earth colors, no longer in white. Some dentists go much further. They take an active role in teaching their patients to relax; some are teaching their patients deep muscle relaxation and breaking control. Some use advanced techniques, such as hypnosis and biofeedback to help their patients relax in the chair. Drugs and painkillers may still be used to ease physical pain, but all these techniques of relaxation help the patient relax and avoid anxiety over their pain.

Passage 2

HOW TO WRITE THE DISCUSSION OF A SCIENTIFIC PAPER
Interpret your data in the discussion. Decide if each hypothesis is supported, rejected, or if you cannot make a decision with confidence. Do not simply dismiss a study or part of a study as "inconclusive". Make what conclusions you can, then suggest how the experiment must be modified in order to properly test the hypothesis (es).Explain all of your observations as much as possible, focusing on mechanisms.
When you refer to information, distinguish data generated by your own studies from published information or from information obtained from other students. Refer to work done by specific individuals (including yourself) in past tense. Refer to generally accepted facts and principles in present tense.
Most studies will require a critique of the experiment. Determine if you asked the right question in the first place. Decide if the experimental design adequately addressed the hypothesis, and whether or not it was properly controlled.

For example:"There were a few problems with the data. A few of the interactions between antibiotic and microbe showed a great amount of inhibition along with absolutely no inhibition. Many of the antibiotic disks were out of date (some as long as 15 years) which may have caused some of the disks to lose their potency. A loss of potency would cause a decrease in inhibition. Although it could be assumed from this fact that the positive inhibition data is the more accurate, it cannot be said with certainty."
Finally, where do you go next? The best studies open up new avenues of research. What questions remain? Did the study lead you to any new questions? Try to think up a new hypothesis and briefly suggest new experiments to further address the main question. Be creative, and don't be afraid to speculate.

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