世间聪明的头脑有很多，但纳什是非常特别的那一类
普林斯顿大学数学物理学家追思诺贝尔经济学奖得主约翰•纳什
This post is in partnership with Time. This post was originally published at Time.com.
John Forbes Nash Jr., the subject of the 2001 Oscar-winning film A Beautiful Mind, and his wife were killed Saturday in a taxi crash on the New Jersey Turnpike, police said. Nash, a longtime resident of Princeton Junction, N.J., won the 1994 Nobel Prize in Economics for his work on game theory.
Many people know John Nash because of his life story and because his work impacted economics in such a profound way. But first and foremost, he was a mathematician. I hope one thing will become clear when we look back on Dr. John Nash’s life: there are many brilliant minds, but he was a very special kind.
I remember well the period in the late 1980s and early 1990s, when he was still, in some sense, in his own world. At that time, Nash’s schizophrenia was diminishing, allowing him to return to academic work at Princeton University. You would meet him in the “Dinky” train you’d take to go into town. He was a very frequent visitor, sitting there, listening to people. In the early 1990s, he emerged out of that period, and it was such a surprise to everyone. He suddenly came back alive again.
One of the great things I’ve observed through the many decades Nash was struggling, was that he was always accepted by his colleagues, who never forgot who he was. I think that’s a terrific quality here at Princeton; he was accepted as one of us.
Nash was on the one hand such an impressive figure, but also so incredibly modest. He was very careful, very low profile and interested in many things. He was always the last person to educate others about his own work and contributions. He always sold it as part of a much bigger story. I think that might be one of the greatest inspirations: he was somebody who saw much further than others, but was always very much aware of what big problems were still out there.
Nash’s work projects a powerful message, namely, that it is possible in the great complexity of the world you see around us, to discover mathematical laws and capture the essence of phenomenon. He did this, of course, with his work in game theory, but as another bookend were his results in nonlinear differential equations. Any physical phenomenon, any physical law, is formulated in terms of differential equations. The result of his and mathematician Louis Nirenberg’s work, which was awarded the Abel Prize, underpins almost everything we see around us.
One consistent element of Nash’s work was that he was always going in directions that were either thought to be impossible, or actively discouraged. It’s amazing the problems he was thinking of. They were really the biggest problems in mathematics. People think that there are these very big problems that everyone’s working on, but people simply cannot find the internal courage to address the bigger issues. Nash suffered for that; he was really a mathematician that pushed his mind to go far, far beyond where other peoples’ would dare to go.
There was this wonderful phrase that was once coined about him: the reasonable effectiveness of mathematics. It’s that the same idea can be applied again and again and again. He keeps on giving, and the result only becomes more powerful with every application. And that is really the core of Nash’s work.
Robbert Dijkgraaf is the Director of the Institute for Advanced Study and Leon Levy Professor in Princeton, New Jersey, where he is a mathematical physicist.
Van Gogh Cut Off His Own Ear
梵高自割其耳
If you ask a random person to describe Vincent van Gogh, they're more than likely to tell you he cut off his ear and mailed it to his girlfriend. None of that ever happened—but the truth is probably even more gruesome.
你只要随便找个人问关于文森特·梵高的事，他极有可能告诉你，梵高自割其耳并将其赠与女友。实际上，这纯属子虚乌有，但真相甚至更为残酷。
The new theory on van Gogh's ear is that it was sliced off by his fellow painter Paul Gauguin during a fight. After looking through old records and letters from van Gogh, historian Hans Kaufmann believes that the two painters got into a scuffle, during which van Gogh threw a wine glass at his friend. Gauguin responded by unsheathing his sword—as you do—and sliced off van Gogh's ear; he then made up the entire story of van Gogh going mad so that he wouldn't be arrested.
女性：改变华尔街的力量
纳斯达克总裁阿德娜•弗莱德曼指出，在华尔街成功女性所具有的众多优点当中，突出的一个便是认真负责的权衡风险的能力。她们合理判断形势并做出正确的中长期决策，而不是盲目地追求短期利益。在金融危机过后，实现这一平衡的能力被高度珍视，而且供不应求。
MPW Insider is one of several online communities where the biggest names in business answer timely career and leadership questions. Today’s answer for: How can more women break into Wall Street? is written by Adena Friedman, President of Nasdaq.
The traditional path onto Wall Street for women typically involves getting your degree from a top-20 university and then landing a position within an analyst program at a prestigious firm like JPMorgan JPM 0.17% , Citi C 0.61% , Bank of America BAC -0.36% , Goldman Sachs GS -0.41% , or Morgan Stanley MS -0.33% , all of which actively recruit women graduates. There, you would spend the required “two years” determining where you fit within the company and how to pursue your career. However, while this remains a coveted and valid path to success, it isn’t the only one.
If you’re working towards a career on Wall Street don’t limit yourself to an analyst program – this isn’t the only door of opportunity. There are many other areas on Wall Street where your skills and talents will be equally as valued.
So, where should you look then?
For starters, don’t think of Wall Street as just the sell side. There’s a whole world out there that is buying what the sell side is offering in fact, at a number of funds, jobs on the buy side can be more lucrative than analyst positions. But even adding only the buy side to your perspective is still too narrow. Many parts of Wall Street would not exist without the exchanges and IT aspects, which from my personal experience are both extremely interesting and rewarding areas to work. As a matter of fact, Nasdaq would not be where it is today if not for some of the great women who have held managerial and leadership roles in various areas within the company.
Entry-level jobs are excellent opportunites to educate young women about the realities of the financial world, and can prepare them for the next move up within the firm or another area of the financial industry. And I can assure you that exchanges and financial technology firms are fast-paced, dynamic organizations that often sit at the center of the financial fabric of our economy. Additionally, industry oversight organizations, such as FINRA and the SEC, are also critical components of the financial ecosystem and present relevant opportunities for women. It’s important to experience as many parts of an organization as you can – because some day, you may have the chance to lead that organization.
Regardless of how or where you enter Wall Street use your inherent skills and strengths to succeed. One of many strengths that I often see in successful women on Wall Street is a responsible balance between risk taking and risk mitigation – the ability to assess situations smartly and make the right medium-to-long-term decisions without being lured into reckless, short-term profit-taking. Particularly in the wake of the global financial crisis of 2007-2008, the ability to achieve this balance was highly prized and much sought after.
As you start your journey into the world of Wall Street, assume nothing, question everything, and open your eyes to all possible opportunities. Frankly, this advice will help you succeed on Wall Street or anywhere else.
梅琳达•盖茨：为什么说聘用女性有利于公司发展
根据最近发布的一份研究报告，如果女性获得更多决策权，她们所在社区的状况会有所改善，她们的家庭会变得更健康兴旺，为女性赋权可以大大推动贫困国家的经济发展。一直致力于增进女性权益的梅琳达•盖茨在《财富》撰文称，投资女性就是投资于全人类。
Given that I spend most of my time working to empower women across the globe, I surprise myself when I remember that until 15 years ago I knew very little about women in developing countries.
In college, I was aware of the famine in Ethiopia, and I bought the We Are the World album just like everybody else. But that was where my engagement ended. When I was running a division at Microsoft, I traveled to poor countries—but only for business meetings in office buildings downtown, far away from reality.
But when Bill and I started our foundation 15 years ago, I began to realize how much I’d been missing—not just in my personal life, but also in my career.
So, I want to encourage you to do what I only started to do later in my life: take time to learn about the lives of women around the world—and try to play a small part in their fight to create the future they deserve.
If you still need a little more convincing, here are some additional reasons why you should join the fight for women equality
It’s good for business
Women’s empowerment is an engine for economic growth in poor countries. According to the No CeilingsFull Participation Report which recently launched, if Egyptian women were employed at the same rate as men that country’s GDP would climb by 34%. In the U.S., by the way, that figure is 5%. The same report shows that, since women prioritize things like education and health care for their children, they also build the foundations of a prosperous future. This means empowered women can generate a vast amount of wealth that people around the world would be able to spend. There are billions of women and girls with untapped purchasing power. If you want a successful future, then you need to be doing as much as you can to create it—and that means empowering women.
You will expand your skill set
Women’s empowerment is a tough nut to crack. Coming face-to-face with people’s suffering can be crushing, but it also brings you face-to-face with their courage, and that’s deeply inspiring. You’ll be motivated by the need to think strategically in order to make an impact. For example, in my work to help tens of millions of women in poor countries get access to contraceptives, I have to think about cultural problems (we’re working with dozens of countries, each with its own distinct history, language, etc.), logistical challenges (how do we get products to people who live in remote villages with no roads?), and even R&D challenges (we need to reduce the side effects of hormonal contraceptives so that they’re easier for women to use). It’s a fascinating management challenge that I love tackling.
You will gain valuable insight
As a female business leader sometimes you have to fight to make yourself heard. Women all over the world, no matter what their position in life, are doing the same thing. According to a study by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, when women have more power to make decisions, conditions in their communities improve, and their families are healthier and more prosperous. Yet society routinely ignores their knowledge and their ability to solve problems.
From my perspective as someone who works in development, this is what makes investments in women so powerful. When you invest in women, you invest in the people who invest in everybody else. And if you gradually start to take action it won’t be long before you realize that investing in women is good for your mind, good for your soul, and good for your business.
“在出席一次会议的时候，我跟一位女士坐在一起聊华伦天奴的裙子。这时我的合作伙伴加入了进来，那位女士说：‘哦，真抱歉。你肯定觉得这样的谈话很无聊。’我问她：‘你为什么要道歉？是他加入到我们的讨论当中，我们谈得非常高兴。当两个男士在谈论昨晚的球赛时，如果你参与进去，他们道歉过几次？从来没有。’于是她说：‘我为什么要向他道歉？’我说：‘我从来不会这么做。’我认为只要我们接受自己的身份，并且将其视为不言自明的真理，我们就能打开一个全新的世界，一个坦诚、舒适和自信的世界。”
"When attending a meeting, I chat with a woman sitting with valentino dress. My partners joined in at this moment, the lady said, 'oh, I'm sorry. You must think that conversation is boring.' I asked her, 'why do you want to apologize? Is he to join our discussion, we talked very happy. When two men were talking about last night's game, if you get involved, they apologized several times? Never.' and she said, 'why should I apologize to him?' I said: 'I will never do that.' I think that as long as we accept your own identity, and see it as a self-evident truth, we can open a whole new world, a world of open, comfortable and confident."
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