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英美概况课后习题答案

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1.WhatisthefullnameoftheU.K.?
----UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland
2.WhydotouristsfromallovertheworldliketogotoScotland?----TheyliketoenjoythebeautifulScottishscenery,todrinkScotchwhiskyandtoseeScotsmenwearingkiltsandplayingbagpipes.3.HowmanyperiodscanthedevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguagebedividedintoandwhatarethey?
----ThedevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguagecanbedividedintothreeperiods:OldEnglish,MiddleEnglishandModernEnglish.4.WhydidEnglishbecomemoreimportantafterBlackDeath?
----ThelaboringandmerchantclassesgrewineconomicandsocialimportanceaftertheBlackDeath,soEnglishalsogrewinimportancecomparedtoFrench.
1.WhoaretheBritishPeople?
----ThefirstknowninhabitantsinBritainwereCeltswhoaretheancestorsoftheWelsh,ScottishandIrishpeople.ThencametheAnglos,theSaxonsandtheJuteswhobroughtwiththemtheEnglishlanguage.ManypeoplefromotherEuropeancountriescamelater,andinmoderntimestherearealotofimmigrantsfrommanyformerCommonwealthcountriesfromeverypartoftheworld.Britainisacountryofmixedcultures,andtheBritainpeoplearealsocomposedofpeoplefromdifferentethicandculturebackgrounds.
2.WhatisStandardEnglish?
----StandardEnglishisbasedonthespeechoftheupperclassofsoutheasternEngland.Itiswidelyusedinmediaandtaughtatschools.Itispreferredbytheeducated,middle-classpeople.IthasdevelopedandhasbeenpromotedasamodelforcorrectBritainEnglish.Itisalsothenormcarriedoverseas.Today,StandardEnglishiscodifiedtotheextentthatthegrammarandvocabularyaremuchthesameeverywhereintheworldwhereEnglishistaughtandused.
1.WhatarethetwocomponentsoftheBritishParliament?----theHouseofCommonsandtheHouseofLords.2.WhatweresomeofQueenVictoria'smajorachievement?
----QueenVictoriamadetremendousachievementsinalmosteveryaspect.
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Shepromotedfurtherindustrialrevolution,thebuildingofrailwaysandthegrowingoftradeandcommerce.Bytheendofherreign,Britainhaddevelopedtoanempireincludingaquarteroftheglobalpopulationandnearlyaquarteroftheworld'slandmass.
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3.WhatwerethetwocampsinEuropeinWorldWar1?
----TheCentralPowerswhichincludedGermany,Austria-Hungary,theOttomanEmpireandBulgariaandtheAlliedPowerswhichweremainlycomprisedofFrance,theRussiaEmpire,theBritainEmpire,ItalyandtheUnitedStates.
4.WhydidBritaincooperatecloselywiththeUnitedStatesafterWorldWar2?
----BecausetheywerealliedduringthewarandsharedthesameworriesabouttheformerSovietUnion.
1.WhatweretheresultsoftheIndustrialRevolutioninBritain?----TheIndustrialRevolutionchangedBritaininmanyways.First,industrialcountryincreaseddramatically.Britainbecamethemostadvancedindustrialcountryandalsothefinancialcenterintheworld.Second,urbanizationtookplace.Manynewcitiessprangup.Third,itcausedgreatchangesintheclassstructure.Theoldsocialclassesdeclined,andnewonesemergedanddeveloped.2.TheRiseandFalloftheBritishEmpire?
----ColonizationofNewfoundland,thefirstBritishcolonyoverseas,in1583markedthebeginningoftheBritishEmpire.By1837,BritishhadlongbeenanempirewhichincludedthecoloniesinCanada,Australia,NewZealand,IndiaandmanysmallstatesintheWestIndies.Bytheendof19thcentury,theBritishEmpireincludedaquarteroftheglobalpopulationandnearlyaquarteroftheworld'slandmass.Duringthemid-19thcentury,theBritishgovernmentconsolidatedtheexistingcoloniesbybringingthemunderthedirectcontrolofthegovernment.BeforeWorldWar1,Britainhadthelargestcolonialempireintheworld.However,BritainsufferedgreatlosstoitsmanpowerinthetwoWorldWarsandexhausteditsreservesofgold,dollarsandoverseasinvestment.MostofBritain'scoloniesgainedindependencesincethe1940s,whichinevitablyledtothefalltheEmpire.
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1.WhatarethethreefunctionsoftheHouseofCommons?
----todraftlaws,toscrutinize,criticizeandrestraintheactivitiesofthegovernment,andtoinfluencefuturegovernmentpolicy.2.WhyistheConservativePartysometimescalledthe"Right"?----BecausetheConservativePartyissupportedbylandownersandbusinessmen,whoareoftenfromthemiddleandupper-middleclass.3.WhatkindofpublicimagedoesLiberalDemocratshaveinBritain?----TheLiberalDemocratsisperceivedas"middle"betweentheConservativeandtheLaborParty.Itiscomparativelyflexibleandpragmaticinitsbalanceoftheindividualandthesocial.ItemphasizestheneedforachangeinBritain'sconstitutionalarrangementstomakethegovernmentmoredemocraticandaccountable.
4.Whyareindependentcandidatesunlikelytowininthegeneralelection?----Becauseeveniftheywereelected,theywouldbepowerlessinParliament.Therefore,itisnotpossibleformanypeopletovoteforindependentcandidates.
1.WhatdoBritishelectoralcampaignsusuallyinvolveduringtheprocessofageneralelection?
----Theelectoralcampaignsusuallyinvolveadvertisinginnewspapers,door-to-doorcampaigningandleaflets.Themainpartiesaregivenshortperiodsoftimeonnationaltelevisiontopresenttheirpoliciestothepublic.Apartfromtheparties'ownpublicity,newspapersandTVprogramsspendalotoftimediscussingthecampaign,interviewingpoliticians,andpredictingtheresults.
2.WhatistheCommonwealthofNations?
----TheCommonwealthofNationsisavoluntaryassociationofindependentsovereignstates,allofwhichacknowledgetheBritishmonarchasthehead.TheCommonwealthisnotapoliticalunionofanysort,anditsmemberstateshavefullautonomytomanagetheirinternalandexternalaffairs.Itisprimarilyanorganizationinwhichcountrieswithdiverseeconomicbackgroundshaveanopportunityforcloseandequalinteractionaftergainingindependence.ThemajoractivitiesoftheCommonwealtharedesignedtoadvocatedemocracy,humanrights,andtopromoteeconomiccooperationandgrowthwithinitsmembers.
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1.WhatwasthenegativeaspectofThatcher'sreformintheearly1980s?----Itsnegativeaspectwasarapidincreaseinunemployment.In1982,theunemploymentratereachedtheleveloftheGreatDepressionyears,withthreemillionpeopleoutofwork.
2.WhatarethecharacteristicsofBritain'sagriculture?
----British'sagricultureischaracterizedbyasmallportionofthepopulationengagedinagriculturalactivitieswithahighdegreeofmechanization.Althoughitemploysamere1%ofthecountry'slaborforce,itmeetsaround60%ofthenationaldemands.
3.WhathappenedtoBritain'sbeefindustryinthemid-1990s?
----British'sbeefindustrywashitbadlybyBSE,resultinginabanonbeefexportsin1996.
4.WhataresomeofthepopulartouristattractioninBritain?----ThepopulartouristattractionsinEnglishinclude:theDorsetandtheEastDevonCoast,theLakeDistrict,Stonehenge,WindsorCastle,universitytownsofOxfordandCambridge,TowerofLondon,St.Paul'sCathedralandsoon.
1.WhatwerethemajorcausesofBritain'srelativeeconomicdeclineinthepostwarperiod?
----British'seconomyexperiencedarelativedeclineinthepostwarperiodforseveralreasons.First,BritishsufferedagreatlossesinthetwoWorldWarsandhadgoneheavilyintodebttofinancethewar.Second,theeraoftheBritishEmpirewasover.IndiaandotherBritishcolonies,whichprovidedrawmaterialandlargemarketforBritishgoods,gainedtheirindependence.Third,Britishwasforcedtomaintainanexpensivemilitarypresenceinmanyoverseaslocationsuntiltheendof1960s.Fourth,BritishhadtomakesubstantialfinancialcontributionstoNATOandUNSecurityCouncil.Finally,BritishfailedtoinvestinindustryafterWorldWar2whereasitscompetitorslikeGermanyandJapancaughtupwithBritishbuyinvestinginthemostmodernequipmentandmeansofproduction.
2.WhydodevelopednationslikeBritainencouragethedevelopmentoftheserviceindustry?
----Theserviceindustryhasplayedanincreasinglyimportantroleineconomyinthedevelopmentcountries.Ontheotherhand,itrequiresalargegroupofpeopleworkinginitsothatabundantemployment
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opportunitiesareprovided.Ontheotherhand,theserviceindustrycauseslittlepollution.
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1.WhatusedtobethemajorfunctionsofgrammarschoolsandvocationalschoolsinBritain?
----Themajorfunctionsofgrammarschoolsweretotrainthemostacademicallycapablestudentsandpreparethemforuniversity,whereasthemajorfunctionsofvocationalschoolsweretohelplesssuccessfulstudentstolearnatrade.
2.WhatkindofsubjectsdoBritaincomprehensiveschoolsprovide?----Britishcomprehensiveschoolsprovideageneraleducation,offeringbothacademicsubjectslikeliteratureandscience,andpracticalsubjectslikecookingandcarpentry.
3.InwhatwaysdoBritainuniversitiesenjoycompleteacademicfreedom?----Britishuniversitiesenjoycompleteacademicfreedombecausetheycanappointtheirownstaff,decidewhichstudentstoadmit,providetheirowncoursesandawardtheirowndegrees.
4.HowdostudentsintheOpenUniversityreceivetheireducation?----Thestudentsfollowuniversitycoursesthroughtextbooks,TVandradiobroadcasts,correspondence,video,andanetworkofstudycenters.5.WhatroledoesthemediaplayinBritainleisureculture?
----ThemediaplaysanessentialroleinBritishleisureculturesinceithelpstoshapethepublic'sopinion,determinepeople'smoralandpoliticalorientationandconsolidateorunderminetheruleofagovernment.
1.WhatarethegeneralfeatureofBritain'sindependentschools?----British'sindependentschoolsrequirefeesfromstudents.AlthoughtheNationalCurriculumisoptionalintheindependentsystem,mostindependentschoolsteachwhatthecurriculumdemands.Independentschoolsgettheirfundingthroughtuitionfeesaswellasgovernmentassistance.Sincetheyaregenerallybetter-fundedthanmoststateschools,theycanrecruitthebestteachersandprovidesuperiorfacilities.However,hightuitionfeeshavebecomeanobstacleformanystudentstoenroll.
2.The"qualitypress"andthe"tabloids"inBritain?
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----Amongthe10dailypublishednationalnewspapersinBritish,abouthalfofthemareregardedasthe"qualitypress"sincetheycarryin-deptharticlesofparticularpoliticalandsocialimportance,andreviewsandfeaturearticlesabout"highculture",andtheyaregenerallyreadbywell-educatedpeople.TheTimes,TheGuardianandTheDailyTelegrapharegoodcasesinpointofthequalitypress.The"tabloids",withcolorphotosandstrikingheadlines,usuallycoverscandalsandgossipaboutcelebritiesinpolitics,sportsandentertainment.AtypicalexampleisTheNewsoftheWorld.Chapter8
1.HowistheAmericanpopulationdistributed?
ThedistributionoftheAmericanpopulationisratheruneventhemostdenselypopulatedregionisthenortheasternpartofthecountry.Thegreatplainshaveacomparativelysmallpopulation.thesouthalsohasapopulationofalmost57.5million.thewestisnotdenselypopulated,exceptforsomemetropolitancenterslikelosAngelesandsanFrancisco.ithasabout20%ofthenation’spopulation.2.Whywastheimmigrationactof1942instituted?
Thenewimmigrantsintheunitedstates,beingpoorandaccustomedtopoverty,werewillingtoworkforverylowwages.thismadeotherworkersafraidthattheimmigrantswouldlsandtakejobsawayfromthem.thisoppositionledtotheimmigrationactof1942.
1．WhyistheUnitedStatesregardedasa”meltingpot”anda”saladbowl”?
TheUnitedStatesisnotmerelyanation,butanationofnations.Theimmigrantscameinwaves,includingtheEuropeans,theAfricansandtheAsians.Therefore,Americaisdescribedasa"meltingpot"wherevariousracialandethnicgroupsareassimilateintoAmericanculture.Recently,Americahasbeencalleda"saladbowl"inthatpeopleofdifferenceracesandethnicgroupsmixharmoniously,butatthesametimekeeptheirdistinctcultureandcustoms.
2．Whatdoyouthinkisthebestwaytohelpassimilationinamulticulturalsociety?
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Thebestpossiblewaytohelpassimilationinamulticulturalsocietyistobeopenandtoleranttowarddifferentcultures.Peoplefromdifferentracialandethnicbackgroundsshouldrespecteachother.Societyshouldcreateopportunitiestohelpimmigrantsbecomeassimilated.Atthesametimetheimmigrantsshouldkeeptheirownlanguage,customsandreligion,contributingtothediversityofamulticulturalsociety.
Chapter9
1.WhydidAmericanchangeitspolicyandenterworldwarII?
Becauseoftheformationoftheaxis,theAmericangovernmentfearedthattheaxiscountrieswerewiningthewaranditmightthreatenAmerica’ssecurityandinterests.itbegantoprovidewarequipmenttotheforeignnationsresistingtheaggressionoftheaxispower.theJapaneseairraidonpearlharborbecamethedirectcauseforAmerica’sentranceintothewar.
2.WhatwereNixon’swell-knowncontributionsduringhispresidency?abroughttheVietnamwartoaclosebreestablishingU.S.relationswithchina
cnegotiatingthefirststrategicarmslimitationtreatywiththeformersovietunion.
3.WhatwerethecontentsofReagan’seconomicprogram?
Reagan’seconomicprogramcalledforreductionsinincometaxesandbusinesstaxesinordertoencourageinvestment,anditalsorequestedthatmanygovernmentregulationsbeeliminatedsoastoreducethefederalgovernment’sroleintheday-to-dayoperationofbusiness.1.WhatwasthecauseoftheAmericanCivilWar?
TheSouthernplantersofAmericaneededalargenumberofblackAfricanslavestomanagetheirplantationsandtheyregardedtheslavesastheirproperty.IntheNorth,withthedevelopmentofindustry,therewasagrowingdemandforfreelabor.What’smore,theNorthernersdemandedalawtoprotecttariffsandaskedthegovernmenttofinancethebuilding
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ofrailwaysandroads.ButtheSouthernerswereagainstitandadvocatedfreetradesoastopurchasecheapergoodsfromforeigncountries.
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TheaccumulatingconflictsledtothedivisionoftheNorthandtheSouthandfinallytheAmericanCivilWar.
2.WhatmadetheUnitedStatesapowerfulcountrybytheendofWorldWarII?
DuringthetwoWorldWars,Americaremainedneutralintheearlystage.However,Americanscontinuedtheirprofitabletradewiththewarringcountries.Therefore,theynotonlyretainedtheirmilitaryforces,butalsoaccumulatedgreatwealth.WhenAmericaenteredthewars,itwasalmostattheendofthewars.Bysharingthefruitofvictorywithotherallies,AmericagreatlystrengtheneditspowerandbecameapowerfulcountrybytheendofWorldWarII.
Chapter10
1.WhatarethetwocharacteristicsoftheU.S.constitution?
Oneis“checksandbalances”,theotheristhatthepowerofthecentralgovernmentandthepowersofstategovernmentsarespecified.
2.Whatarethequalificationsforasenatorandarepresentativerespectively?
Asenatormustbeover30yearsold,aU.S.citizenforatleastnineyears,andaresidentinthestatewhichtheyrepresent.arepresentativeshouldbeatleast25yearsoldandaU.S.citizenfornolessthansevenyears.
3.Whatarethemajorpowersofthesupremecourt?atointerpretlaws
btohearappealsfromanyfederalcourtcases;
ctohearappealsfromstatecourtcasesthatinvolvetheconstitutionornationallawsdmaydeclarealawunconstitutionalemaydeclareapresidentialactunconstitutional
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4.Whatisthedifferencebetweenthedemocratsandtherepublicansintermsofpoliticalopinions?
Thedemocratswantthegovernmenttoplayanimportantroleintheeconomyandemphasizefullemploymentasamatterofnationalconcerntheyfavorcivilrightslaws,astrongsocialsecuritysystemwhichgivesenterprisesagreaterfreedomanddemandthatthegovernmentcontrolinflation.Theystresstheneedforlawandorder,andopposecompletegovernmentsocialprogramsandfreechoiceofabortiontheyalsofavorastrongmilitarypostureandassertivestandininternationalrelations.1.HowistheAmericanPresidentvotedintooffice?WhatareyourideasabouttheAmericanelection?
Eachpartyholdsitsnationalconventioneveryfouryearstochooseacandidateforpresidency.Towinapresidentialelection,acandidatehastospendmillionsofdollars,travelalloverthecountrytomakespeechesanddebateontelevisionwiththerival.Thegeneralelectionistechnicallydividedintotwostages.Duringthefirststage,presidentialelectorsforeachstatewillbechosen.InthesecondstagetheelectorsmeetandvoteaPresident.Sincethesecondstageisonlyakindofformality,everyoneknowswhowillbethenextPresidentansoonasthefirststageisover.
Ithinkthecandidatesspendtoomuchmoneyontheelectoralcampaigns.And,theelectioncannotsolvethesocialandeconomicproblemsoftheU.S.assomecandidatesdonotkeeptheirwordaftertheybecomePresident.2.WhatwasPresidentEisenhowersforeignpolicyandwhatweretheconsequences?
PresidentEisenhowermadevigorouseffortstowagetheColdWar.Heplacednewemphasisondevelopingnuclearstrengthtopreventtheoutbreakofwar.HealsofrequentlyauthorizedtheCIAtoundertakesecretinterventionstooverthrowunfriendlygovernmentsorprotectreliableanti-communistleaderswhosepowerwasthreatened.TheCIAhelpedtopplethegovernmentsofIranandGuatemala,butitsufferedanembarrassingfailureinIndonesia.Inaddition,EisenhowerusedU.S.powerandprestigetohelpcreateanon-communistgovernmentinSouthVietnam,whichbroughtdisastrouslong-termconsequencestotheUnitedStates.
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Chapter11
1.WhatindustrydevelopmentstookplaceduringthecolonialperiodofAmerica?
Duringthecolonialperiod,thesecondaryindustriesdevelopedasthecoloniesgrew.avarietyofspecializedsawmillsandgristmillsappeared.Colonistsestablishedshipyardstobuildfishingfleetsandtradingvessels.theyalsobuiltsmallironforges.bythe18thcentury,regionalpatternsofdevelopmentinAmericahadbecomeclear.2.HowdidthecivilwaraffecttheAmericaneconomy?
Afterthecivilwar,thelargesoutherncottonplantationsbecamemuchlessprofitable.northernindustries,whichhadexpandedrapidlybecauseofthedemandsofthewar,surgedahead.
3.WhydoesAmericatrytoreducetradebarriers?
Becausetheunitedstateshasincreasinglyrealizedthatopenbilateraltradewillnotonlyadvanceitsowneconomicinterests,butalsoenhancedomesticstabilityanditspeacefulrelationshipwithothernations.1.HowdidtheU.SconstitutionlaythegroundworkforAmerican’seconomicdevelopment?
TheU.S.Constitution,asaneconomiccharter,establishedthattheentirenationwasaunifiedor"common"market.Therewerenotariffsortaxesoninterstatecommerce.Itprovidedthatthefederalgovernmentcouldregulatecommercewithforeignnationsandamongthestates,establishuniformbankruptcylaws,createmoneyandregulateitsvalue,fixstandardsofweightsandmeasures,establishpostofficeandroads,andfixrulesgoverningpatentsandcopyrights.Thelast-mentionedclausewasanearlyrecognitionoftheimportanceof"intellectualproperty",amatterthatbeganassuminggreatimportanceintradenegotiationssincethelate20thcentury.
2.CiteexamplestoillustratetheroleofgovernmentinterventioninAmerica'seconomicdevelopment.
ThegovernmenthasalwaysplayedanactiveandimportantroleinAmerica’seconomicdevelopment.Intheearly1930s,thrUnitedStatessufferedtheworsteconomicdepressioninAmericanhistory.PresidentRooseveltintroducedtheNewDealtotacklethefinancialcrisis.Besides,
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hesetuptheNewYorkStateEmergencyReliefCommissiontohelpthoseindesperateneedandtriedtorelievetheseriousproblemsofthejobless.
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Attheendof1970s,theAmericaneconomyagainsufferedarecession.TheReaganadministrationcombatedinflationbycontrollinggovernmentspendingdeficit,cuttingtaxesandraisinginterestrates.Bothpoliciesmentionedabovehelpedtosetthecountry’seconomicdevelopmentonitsrightcourse,Inall,theinterventionofthegovernmenthasensuredthateconomicopportunitiesarefairandaccessibletothepeople.Ithaspreventedflagrantabusesofthesystem,dampenedtheeffectsofinflationandstimulatedeconomicgrowth.
Chapter12
1.HowdoesanAmericanuniversitychooseitsapplicants?atheirhighschoolrecords;
brecommendationsfromtheirhighschoolteachers;
ctheimpressiontheymakeduringinterviewsattheuniversity;dtheirscoresontheSAT.
2.WhatfunctionsdoAmericanhighereducationinstitutionsperform?Highereducationinstitutionsintheunitedstateshavethreefunctions:teaching,researchandpublicservice,andeachhasitsownemphasiswithregardtoitsfunction.
3.Whatsimilaritiesdofourfamousuniversityshare?
Theyallhavealonghistory,theyallhaveanexcellentfaculty,alargenumberofstudentsandhavemadeextensiveacademicachievements.Someoftheirgraduatesareverysuccessfulorinfluentialinsomeareassuchaspolitics,artsandbusiness.
4.Whataretheoriginsofthanksgivingday?
ThanksgivingisassociatedwiththetimewhenEuropeansfirstcametothenewworld,in1620,themayflowerarrivedandbroughtabout150pilgrims.Lifeatthebeginningwasveryhardandtherewasnotenoughfood,somanyofthemdied.DuringthefollowingsummerthenativeAmericahelpedthemandthentheyhadabountifulharvest.Sotheyheldabigcelebrationtothankgodandthe
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nativeAmericans.
1.WhataretheidealsthatguidetheAmericaneducationalsystem?Thefirstidealisthatasmanypeopleaspossibleshouldreceiveasmucheducationaspossible.Thesecondidealisthatofptoducingasocietythatistotallyliterateandoflocalcontrol.Thethirdidealisthatscholarsandstudentsshouldworktodiscovernewinformationorconceivenewwaystounderstandwhatisalreadyknown.2.HowdoesAmericacarryoutmulticulturaleducation?
Americanschoolsroutinelyteachtheexperiencesandvaluesofmanyethniccultures.Currenttextbooksincorporateavarietyofethnicindividualswhohaveachievedsuccess.Struggleforequalityarevividlydepicted,andpastracismisbluntlyacknowledged.Culturalpluralismisnowgenerallyrecognizedastheorganizingprincipleofeducation.Schoolsatalllevelsofferstudentsopportunitiestolearnaboutdifferentcultures.

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