Introduction & Lecture 1:
I. Decide whether each of the underlined parts is a(n) independent simple clause独立简单分句/简单句, independent complex clause独立复杂分句/复杂句, subordinate simple clause从属简单分句 or subordinate complex clause从属复杂分句.
1. It is not true.
2. What you said is not true.
3. He said that it was not true.
4. He complained that what you said is not true.
5. He knows everything about it.
6. I don’t think that he knows everything about it.
7. If that hat does not fit, try another.
8. How the book will sell depends on its author.
9. The students I teach have made better grades in the past few weeks.
10. The boy can stay in the room so long as he keeps quiet.
II. Decide whether each of the underlined parts is a(n) finite clause, non-finite clause or verbless clause.
1. His new book will soon come out.
2. It is forbidden to smoke in this room.
3. Covered with confusion, she hurriedly left the room.
4. Leaving the room, he tripped over the mat.
5. The discussion completed, the Chairman adjourned the meeting for half an hour.
6. The man, wearing such dark glasses, obviously could not see clearly.
7. Speechless, Victor Henry nodded and sat on a folding seat.
8. An excellent speaker, he was never at a loss for a word.
9. I hope to be able to come.
10. I heard him singing in the next room.
11. This dictionary will look nice when printed.
III. Which of the following is a compound complex sentence?
1. The student can go with us or they can stay at home.
2. It would be dark before he could reach the village, and he heaved a heavy sign when he thought of encountering the terrors of Dame Van Winkle.
3. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is Keith.
4. This sentence may be correct grammatically, but a native speaker never says it in that way.
IV. Decide what kinds of clause elements the underlined parts are:
当动词后面的形容词或名词短语用来修饰主语，或说明主语是什么或是谁时，这种形容词或名词短语叫做补足语complement，动词叫作系动词linking verb。
1. She is in good health.
2. Iran is a doctor.
3. The fact is that he didn’t notice the car until too late.
4. The mystery is whether he ever went there at all.
5. The problem is not who will go but who will stay.
6. She seems (to be) a very efficient salesperson.
7. She proved (to be) an extremely enthusiastic teacher.
8. She became a good tennis player.
9. The children went completely crazy at the party.
10. She seemed unable to concentrate.
11. I first got suspicious when he looked into all the cars.
12. The job turned out (to be) far easier than Id expected.
13. The room appears (to be) brighter than when I last saw it.
14. I didn’t go in because she appeared to be asleep.
15. The road seem to be getting icy so drive carefully.
16. He only looked to be about 10 years old, but I knew he must be a lot older.
17. I eventually came/grew(逐渐变得) to appreciate his work.
18. I soon got (逐渐变得) to know their names.
19. He became recognized as an expert.
20. He had just got divorced when he met Marianne.
21. The house became Peter’s in 1980.
1. We made him our spokesman.
2. They elected him president.
3. The directors appointed him sales manager.
4. The people of the country will hold the government responsible.
5. Beckman pronounced himself fit for the match.
6. She found herself in an embarrassing situation.
7. He pronounced himself in favour of the plan.
8. She declared herself to be satisfied with the result.
9. They considered the food to be incredible.
10. I have always found him to be reliable.
11. We believe her to be happy at school.
12. The scientific evidence proved him to be guilty.
1. The train leaves at six.
2. The instant she saw him, she knew he was her lost brother.
3. Whenever I met with any difficulty, he came to my help.
4. I lived in Beijing.
5. The snake warms up and crawls out of the bag.
6. Everywhere they went, the visitors were warmly received.
7. Wherever he happens to be, John can make himself at home.
8. He treated her vilely.
9. She’s doing her work the way I like it done.
10. You must do the exercises as I show you.
11. To turn on refugees because of Paris is week and absurd
12. Coward as he was, Bob ran back as soon as the enemy attacked.
13. Neptune(海王星) takes 165 years to complete its path, or obit, around the sun.
14. He had overslept, so that he was late for work.
15. I was in the bath, with the result that I didn’t hear the knock at the door.
16. John quickly finished homework and went out to play.
17. The teacher must speak clearly so that his students can understand well.
18. They climbed to the top of the building in order that they could get a bird’s -eye view of the city.
19. In case it rains, do not expect me.
20. Provided (that) he wins the support of the minority groups, he will be able to win the election.
21. You can go out, as/so long as you promise to be back before eleven.
22. I shouldn’t have time to see him even if he were here.
23. He passed examination although he had been prevented by illness from studying.
24. Rich as he is, Mr Johnson is by no means a happy man.
25. They had to face the fact that the nearest filling station is 30 miles away.
26. I have no idea how much of a scholar he is.
27. My original question, why he did it at all, has not been answered.
28. You must give it back to whoever it belongs to.
Lecture 2 & 3
I. Choose either or both of the number forms in brackets:
2.1
1. The government (has, have) asked the country to decide by a vote.
2. Fifteen miles (seems, seem) like a long walk to me.
3. Either my brothers or my father (is, are) coming.
4. Only one out of five (was, were )present.
5. No one except his own supporters (agrees, agree) with him.
6. Neither Julia nor I (am, are) going.
2.2
1. Mumps(腮腺炎)(is, are) a kind of infectious disease.
2. Rickets(软骨病)(is, are) caused by malnutrition.
3. Darts (is, are) essentially a free and easy game.
4. Three darts (is, are) thrown at each turn.
5. Acoustics (is, are) the science of sound.
6. The acoustics(音响效果)in the new concert hall (is, are) faultless.
7. The United States (is, are) a country of people with varied origins.
8. The Himalayas (has, have) a magnificent variety of plant and animal life.
9. The Niagara Falls (is, are) perhaps the most famous waterfall in the world.
10. Joe’s new trousers (is, are) black and white.
11. One pair of scissors (isn’t, aren’t) enough.
12. Two pairs of pliers, one large and one small, (is, are) missing from my tool box.
13. His whereabouts (was, were) known only to his personal staff.
14. The dramatics(舞台艺术)of the performance (was, were) marvellous.
15. The only means to achieve success (is, are) to appeal to arms.
16. All means (has, have) been tried out to increase agricultural production.
17. A new species of mammal (has, have) been found.
18. Altogether, about 450 species of flatfish (is, are) known.
19. What(is, are) the odds?(= What’s the matter?)
20. The odds (is, are) against us. (= We are not likely to succeed.)
21. His remains (lies, lie) in the churchyard.
22. The remains of the meal (was, were) fed to the dog.
Exercise 2A
2.3
1. Domestic cattle (provides, provide) us with milk, beef, and hides.
2. All the machinery in the factory (is, are) made in China.
3. The football team (is, are) being organized.
4. The football team (is, are) having baths and (is, are) coming back here for tea.
5. A committee of five men and three women (is, are) to consider the matter.
6. The committee (was, were) divided in opinion as to whether the matter should be dealt with at once.
Exercise 2B
3.1
1. Baseball and swimming (is, are) usually summer sports.
2. The secretary and treasurer (is, are) absent.
3. Ham and eggs (is, are) a good breakfast.
4. What I say and think (is, are) no business of yours. (= What I say and what I think...)
5. Each man and each woman (is, are) asked to help.
6. Every flower and every bush (is, are) to be cut down.
7. Many a boy (was, were) disappointed after seeing the film.
8. My sisters or my brother (is, are) likely to be at home.
9. Either my father or my brothers (is, are )coming.
10. Not only the switches but also the wiring (has, have) been changed.
11. His brother rather than his parents (is, are) to blame.
12. Some of the workers as much as the manager (was, were) responsible for the loss.
13. The father, as well as his sons, (is, are) going to enroll.
14. The manager with some workers (was, were) working during the holidays.
15. No one except two students (was, were) late for the dinner.
Exercise 3A:
3.2
1. The treasurer thought that sixty-five dollars (was, were) not too much to ask.
2. There (was, were) six silver dollars in each of the stockings.
3. Thirty-five percent of the doctors (was, were) women.
4. Over sixty per cent of the city (was, were) destroyed in the water.
5. Forty minus fifteen (leaves, leave) twenty-five. 40-15=25
6. Forty divided by eight (is, are) five. 40/8=5
7. Seven plus/ and five (makes, make) twelve. 7 + 5=12
8. Five times eight (is, are) forty. 5*8=40
9. One in ten students (has, have) failed the exam.
10. Most of the money (was, were) recovered by Deputy Player.
11. Most of the members (was, were) there.
12. Lots of stuff (is, are) going to waste.
13. Lots of people (is, are) waiting outside.
14. Plenty of the sugar (is, are) imported from Cuba.
15. Plenty of the men (is, are) already here.
16. A substantial portion of reports (is, are) missing.
17. There (is, are) a collection of pictures at the Town Hall.
18. A series of accidents (has, have) been reported.
19. Many a man (has, have) sacrificed his life.
20. More than one member (has, have) protested against the proposal.
21. More persons than one (has, have) been involved.
Exercise 3B:
3.3
1. What I saw (was, were) a car.
2. What I say and think (is, are) no business of yours.
3. What caused the accident and who was responsible for it (remains, remain) a mystery to us.
4. What they want (is, are) promises.
5. To eat well (is , are) all he asks.
6. Playing tennis (is, are) a very good exercise.
7. Reading Ibsen （阅读易卜生剧本） and solving a quadratic equation（解二次方程） （is, are) entirely different assignments.
8. Joan is one of those people who (goes, go) out of their way to be helpful.
9. Selfishness is the one of her many faults which (defeats, defeat) itself.
10. It is I who (is, am) to blame.
11. It is me that (is, am) to blame.
12. There (is, are) a book on the desk.
13. There (is, are) many people in the street.
14. There (is, are) more grace and less carelessness.
15. The majority of children (likes,like) sweets.
16. The wise (looks, look) to the wiser for advice.
17. The deceased (is, are) my uncle.
18. The best (is, are) yet to come.
19. The unknown (is, are) always something to be feared.
Exercise 3C
Lecture 4 & 5
4.2.1
b) foreign plurals:
What are the plurals for the following words?
foot, goose, tooth,
mouse, louse,
child, ox,
datum, stratum, memorandum, curriculum, sanatorium, medium,
basis, hypothesis, parenthesis, thesis, crisis,
criterion, phenomenon,
fungus, alumnus, cactus, radius, teminus, nucleus, focus,
formula, alumna, antenna,
appendix, index,
plateau,
Words whose singular and plural number share the same form:
deer, sheep, fish, craft, aircraft, hovercraft, spacecraft, trout,
barracks, headquarters, means, works, series, species,
Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Lebanese, Sinhalese, Vietnamese
Swiss,
4.2.2
a) collective nouns
What are the individual nouns correspondent to the following collective nouns?
poetry, machinery, clothing, furniture, cutlery, equipment, weaponry, foliage, correspondence(信件), luggage, police, clergy
b) material nouns
What are the meanings of the following material nouns?
sand[U]/ sands; snow[U]/ snows; water[U]/ waters;
food[U]/ foods; coffee[U]/ coffees;
rubber[U]/ rubbers, stone[U]/ stones; egg[U]/ eggs; lamb[U]/ lambs; onion[U]/ onions;
In Britain tea is usually drunk with sugar in it.
I’d like to have a famous tea.
We hardly bought wine at lunch time.
We like wines and liquors.
How many beers were you wanting?
c) abstract nouns
What are the meanings of the following nouns?
advice[U]/ advices; experience[U]/ experiences; evidence[U]/ evidences; relation[U]/ a relation by marriage(姻亲); sympathy[U]/ sympathies; youth[U]/ youths; worry[U]worries; distraction[U]/ distractions; business[U]/ a shipping businesses(造船公司);
He did it out of kindness to us.
Will you do me a kindness?
What are the individual nouns correspondent to the following abstract nouns?
laughter, work, correspondence(通信), photography, music, fun, homework,
P47
(too) much of / enough of/ a little of a fool
as much of a fool as...
more of/ less of a fool than...
Exercise 4C & 4E:
Choose two of the words below as the most likely ways of completing each sentence. For one answer you will need to make the word plural, and for the other you will need to make no change.
accomodation bag equipment house jewellery job
luggage painting shower sunshine tool work
1. On the weather forecast they said there would be this afternoon.
2. The waiting room was so full of people and their , there was nowhere to sit.
3. Repairing car engines is easy if you’ve got the right .
4. In Stockholm at the moment there’s a fascinating exhibition of from 19th century Sweden.
5. Both my brothers are looking for .
6. The price of has increased by 12% this year alone.
Choose from the words below to complete each sentence. Decide if the word should be countable or uncountable. If the word is countable, add a/an or make it plural as appropriate.
chicken dislike improvement language life success
1. Mary used to keep in her garden until they started to get out.
2. A score of 40% may not be very good but it’s certainly on her last mark.
3. After so many previous , it was inevitable that one of his films would be unpopular.
4. is too short to worry about keeping your house spotlessly clean.
5. I’ve had of green vegetables ever since I was a child.
6. Our students study both and literature in their English degree.
Choose from the words below to complete each pair of sentences. Use the same word in (a) and (b). Decide if the word should be countable or uncountable. If the word is countable, add a/an at an appropriate point in the sentence or make it plural.
damage education traffic paper resistance speech
1 a) I had to go through very strict and traditional .
b) has been hit one again in the government’s spending cuts.
2 a) was building up on the motorway as the fog got thicker.
b) Since the war, illegal in weapons has grown.
3 a) Out numbered by at least three to none, he knew that was useless.
b) after a while we seemed to build up to mosquitoes.
4 a) The judge awarded Mr Sinclair of nearly ￥50,000.
b) The accident caused some to my car but it wasn’t worth getting it repaired.
5 a)Muriel gave at the conference on the psychological effects of divorce.
b) The use of recycled is saving thousands of trees from being cut down each year.
6 a) It is said to be that distinguishes us from the other animals.
b) We had to listen to some long and boring after the meal.
5.1.3
a)
Judge which of the following expressions are incorrect:
the boy’s father, a boy’s father
the woman’s husband, a woman’s husband
the children’s book, a children’s book(儿童读物)
another three days’ journey, a three days’ journey(三天的旅行)
b)
Judge which of the following expressions are incorrect:
children’s pictorial, pictorial of children(儿童画报)
men’s clothing, clothing of men(男式服装)
a doctor’s degree, a degree of a doctor(博士学位)
the opinion of the chairman appointed a month ago,
the chairman appointed a month ago’s opinion
the income of the rich, the rich’s income(富人的收入)
the city of Rome, Rome’s city(罗马城)
5.2.2
Judge which of the following expressions are incorrect:
a friend of my father, a friend of my father’s
a friend of the doctor’s, a friend of a doctor’s
a cover of the book’s
a daughter of Mrs. Green’s, any/some daughters of Mrs. Green’s, the daughter of Mrs. Green’s
a car of Berry’s, a car of Berry
Exercise 5D:
If necessary, correct these sentences. If they are already correct, put a √.
1. Tony computers have been stolen.
2. When the teacher had called out the girl’s names, they all stepped forward.
3. We had to study Charles Dicken’s early novels at school.
4. I went to the newsagent’s to buy a paper.
5. There were hundreds of bird’s nests in the trees.
6. They’re my mother-in-law’s favourite sweets.
7. I took the books to Lewis; house yesterday.
8. If they had been anyone else’s paintings I wouldn’t have gone to the exhibition.
9. She was a friend of my mothers.
10. The worlds airline’s are moving towards a total ban on smoking.
11. The readers letters page in the newspaper is full of complains about the article.
12. I met a cousin of the Duke of Edinburgh last week.
Underline the answer which is correct or more likely.
1. I was surprised by the announcement of yesterday/ yesterday’s announcement.
2. They left their homes because of the extension of the airport/ the airport’s extension.
3. The guitar playing of David/ David’s guitar playing has improved enormously.
4. The completion of the road/The road’s completion was ahead of schedule.
5. At the supermarket, I found I’d brought the shopping list of last week/ last week’s shopping list.
6. It’s the responsibility of the firm who built the houses/ the firm who built the houses’ responsibility.
7. That isn’t much use, it’s the calendar of last year/ last year’s calendar.
8. I was shocked by the opinion of Alice/ Alice’s opinion.
9. He gently patted the shoulder of his brother/ his brother’s shoulder.
10. He’s the friend of a man I know at work/ a man I know at work’s friend.
11. The evacuation of the building/ The building’s evacuation took only 10 minutes.
12. They protested about the introduction of the new rules/ the new rules’ introduction.
13. They were shocked by rudeness of Bill/ Bill’s rudeness.
14. They were happy about the extension of the railway line/ the railway line’s extension.
15. They were lucky to escape from the fire of this morning/ this morning’s fire.
本文来源：https://www.2haoxitong.net/k/doc/04d34ffb52d380eb63946da7.html
文档为doc格式