英语语法大全（完全版）

语法

1. 5种类型的谓语

1326 在一个完整的句子中，主语之外的部分称为谓语，-

谓语。

第一类包含一个不及物动词（IV）:

He came

My wife cried

第二类包含一个及物动词及其宾语（TV+ O :

Joh n likes me .

His un cle wrote letters

第三类包含一个双宾动词、一个间接宾语和一个直接宾语（

They teach me En glish .

Ibought Mary sugar .

第四类包含一个系动词及主语补语（LV+ C）:

He is a teacher .

She looks sad .

第五类包含一个宾补动词、宾语及宾语补语（FV+ C+ C）:

We made him king .

She left the house dirty

1.基本成分

Joh n likes

oranges .

(S) (TV) (O)

主语、不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词、宾语及补语 可以称为基本句子成分。在上面的句子中，如把任何一个成分删除，都会成为病 句。从上面例句也可看出，完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分，至多4个基 本成分。

2•附属成分

1303基本成分可以加修饰语：1）定语（即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或

从句）或2）状语（即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句）。下 面例句中，修饰语为斜体字，被修饰的词为黑体字：

1） Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearby .

John likes oranges imported from the U . S..

John gave Mary many books, which are full of illustrations

2） John often cameto chat with me .

Joh n likes oran ges very much

Whenever he gets drunk , John makesMary very angry .

这类句子，即使把修饰语去掉，结构仍是完整的。这种修饰语，可能在意思 上很重要，但在结构上不影响句子的完整性，因此称作附属成分。

3.独立成分

1304句中还有一类成分，可以去掉，不影响句子的完整性，并和句子的 其他词没有语法的关系，可以称作独立成分。

Oh! What is that !（惊叹词）

He has，alas，failed again

Come here, John.（呼语）

Roll on，Ocean, roll on

4.省略成分

1305此外还有一类被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一定的 意思：

(You) Come here.

(I wish you ) Good luck !

Some gave him praises , but others (gave him ) rotten eggs

5 •连接成分

1306最后还有连接成分，它实际上是一个并列连词，用来连接两个或几 个平行的词、短语和分句。

1307，一个完整的句子(从句或分句)必须包含 2个到4个基本成分,

此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分。

1•解析

That —指示形容词，修饰单数名词 boy。

boy—普通名词，阳性，单数，主格，为动词 shook的主语。

shook—及物动词，过去式。

his —物主代词，阳性，单数，第三人称，所有格，修饰名词 head。

head—普通名词，中性，单数，宾格，shook的宾语。

2.分析

3•图解

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解析对词的分类处理过多，不甚有用。分析说明了句中词之间的关系，但有

时显得很复杂。图解最有用，因为它以最简单明了的方式说明了词与词之间的关

系，这种关系有时会把读者弄糊涂。

1. 4个基本成分的图解办法

13095类基本句及4种基本成分可以用下面的方式加以图解:

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一个词的特定地位意味着它的特定作用。和横线交叉的左边竖线把主语 S

（在左面）和动词V （在右面）分开。斜线表示它右面的词为主语或宾语的补语。

另一竖线表示右面的词为宾语 Q

2 •附属成分的图解办法

1310主语、动词。宾语及补语这4种基本成分都放在横线的上方，附属

成分，如形容词、畐9词及起相同作用的其他词语，都放在横线的下方，紧挨在它 们所修饰词的下面：

My father left yesterday

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Some people write commercial letters skillfully .

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Some n aughty little childre n broke his expe nsive spectacles purposely .

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A dow nright bad man is very ofte n a won derfully successful man

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The old man opposite the street visited his childre n in Francein 1968.

3•成语、助动词、动名词等的图解办法

1311应当记住，一个空位通常只容一个词（类），但成语由几个词构成 却起一个词（类）的作用。因此有必要把构成成语的几个词放在一个空位中，因 为成语表示一个单一的意思，不宜分割成几个词（类）：

The Mi nister of Econo mics paid atte nti on to the in flati on

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助动词应和主要动词放在一起：

She has bee n raisi ng her childre n for the last ten years

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介词短语、不定式短语、动名词短语或名词从句，在用作主语、宾语或补语

时，可用一个 来进行图解，不仅表示其内在结构，还表示它作为一个词和其

他词的关系：

He is in a bad temper .

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注意，这个句子有3个基本成分：主语+系动词+补语。第三部分in a bad temper的图解，不仅说明了这4个词之间的关系，还通过使用 说明它作为一

个单一词类和其他词之间的关系，即起形容词的作用，作为系动词 is的补语。

在下面图解中，这个短语占了 2个空位，这样容易引起误会，因为人们会以为这 个句子包含4个基本成分：

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To tell lies is not always successful

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上面图解中to tell lies 这个不定式短语，一方面表明了 to tell 是一

个及物动词，lies是它的宾语，另一方面说明整个短语起名词作用，只占一个 空，作为句子的主语。如果用下面图解，就会引起误会：

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He likes playi ng tennis in the morni ng

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注意上面动名词 playing tennis in the morning的图解，一方面说 明playing 为及物动词，tennis为其宾语，而in the morning 为其修饰语，另 一方面说明这个短语起名词作用，用作及物动词（谓语动词） like的宾语。

He washes before tak ing dinner

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注意，talking dinner 这个动名词短语，通过使用 ，表明为一个单一词

类，起名词作用，用作介词before的宾语。如作下面图解则会引起误会：

know that you speak En glish well

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注意that引起的从句的图解，一方面表明了这 5个词之间的关系(that为

连词，主语为you，speak为及物动词，宾语为 english ，well为speak的修饰 语)，另一方面说明整个从句起一个单一词即名词的作用，用作及物动词， know

的宾语。that上下的两条模线表明它是一个连词。

4.其他规则

1312在图解中省略的词应用圆括号标出：

He has walked fifty miles .

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Come here.

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What (=The thing which ) I know is unimportant

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问号及惊叹号放在正横线右边末尾，在图解中大写字母保持不变：

Can he come

What a trip we have had !

只要句子的意思保持不变，词语位置的任何变动都不影响图解。

He left for France yesterday .和 Yesterday he left for France .图 解的方式一样：

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同样，I sing this song specially for you.和 Specially for you I sing this so ng .图解的方式一样：

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My happy days are gone ! 和 Gone are my happy days !也如此：

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某个特殊的句子，根据不同的理解可有不同的图解方式。例如在 He is out

of temper .中，out of temper 可看作是成语，是一个整体，这时图解方式如 下：

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如果把它看作介词短语，包含2个成分，则可作如下图解：

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在 Walking along the street ，John met Mary.这个句子中, Walking along the street 可以看作定语，这时可以按下面方式图解：

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如果把它看作状语，图解会是下面这个方式：

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还有一些其他规则，说明如下：

在主要横线左端下方的竖线来表示它后面或下面的词和全句有关， 可以是一

个句子修饰语或是一个把这个句子和另一句子连接起来的并列连词：

Luckily ， I found the lost ring

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In at word ， I can do no more

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I study music and my wife does housework .

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He is a great politician ； besides，he is an artist .

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He worked very hard ； on the other hand，his children played all day.

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In deed he knows his fault ， but he refuses to own it .

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最后，注意以后各节中，凡有星号的例句，都将在各句型讲完之后加以图解。

I•名词（或代词）

1314Books are good companions .

London is populous .

如果由名词表示的主语受到强调或有较长的修饰语，它可以由一个代词代 替，本身则移到句子末尾：

He is a nice fellow ，your uncle .

It is truly long , that bridge across the Yellow River .

They have gone away , those rascals .

There it stood a monument of all ages .

It is funny the way （that ） he teaches his children

（主语可以跟一定语从句）

It ast oni shes me the nu mber of the wives he has .

It is in scrutable the rumour that is spread ing

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［二］表示它上面的整个词组和它前面的词指的是同一东西。

U.名词成语

1315“ Crocodile tears ” meanspretended sorrow . The dog star is the

largest fixed star . A “field piece ” means a cannon .

The river bed is muddy I wore a sun hat. He is a paper tiger and who is afraid of him （名词 + 名词）

His maiden speech is wonderful .A leap year comesevery fourth year .His untimely end is beyond belief . A wet blanket and a queer fish are coming toward us . Is a heavy hand eno ugh to suppress the revolt （形容词 + 名词）

Today is All Fools'Day . A cat's paw maybe a scapegoat . This printer's ink is poor . “ Man's estate ” means the age of man hood .（名词所有格 +

名词）

An apple of discord was throw n among them . A Jack of all trades may

be a good-for — nothing . A fish out of water will die soon. Here is a case in point . A friend at court will help me .（名词 + 介词 + 名词）

The insand outs of this sca ndal in terested us . The long and short

of the story is this . The ups and downsof life are familiar to myuncle .（名 词+and +名词）

Guangdong Province is in the south of China . Stratford-on- Avon is the birth — place of Shakespeare . The Ministry of Education has issued an importa nt ordi nance .（专有名词短语）

其他例子：

A curta in lecture ，elbow room，an in sect bite ，fairy tales

The Almighty Dollar , the Dark Continent , the black market, a dark room, a golden wedding , an aching void , a low diet

The bull's eye, a sheep's eye, a fool's cap, a sailors home Achilles'

heel , Adam's apple , the lion's share , the king's evil

The age of mach inery , the art of God , the man in the street , a bed of roses , a woman of the world , a man of family , a letter of credit , a word of honour , castles in the air , a friend in need , a man about town

All beer and skittle , the alpha and beta , the why and where — fore the sum and substanee , Darby and Joan , David and Jonathan

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1316We shall start tomorrow . She likes it

Mine (= My family ) is an unhappy family . His (=His fate ) has been the fate of an unusual artist . Hers is a car made in Germany .(名词性

物主代词+系动词+名词)

We(二 Our class ) are full up . We( = Our office ) close on

Saturday after noon . He (= His watch ) is too fast . We(= Our things )

have been packed .(人称代词有时可用来表示属于某人的东西)

Myuncle he （名词 + 多余的代词）wants it done. People in town they have never seen cows .（文化低的人的语言或歌谣中的说法）

She is a nice girl ，Mary. They are very selfish ，those people .（代 词在前，指同一人或东西的名词在后，参阅 1314节）

It is hot （or cloudy , snowing , raining . ）（ It 指天气）

It is spri ng （or morning, Sun day, my birthday ） ； struck three , is growing towards evening . （It 指时间）

It is ten miles （or a long way ） .（ It 指距离）

It is I （or me） .（ It指一个身份尚不清楚的人）

It is all over with him . How is it with himHow goes it （It 泛指一

般情况）

It is my sister （主语受至U强调） that （or who ） studied English at

A. A. A. School when she was seventeen .（用 It is …that …这种结构可以 对主语、宾语、状语短语或状语从句加以强调。 My sister studied at

A. A. A. School when she was seventeen .是原来的句子，对主语加以强调时 可改为上面形式。）

It is English （宾语受至U强调）that （or which ） my sister studied ,

etc .

It is at A. A. A. School （状语短语受到强调）that （or where） mysister studied English , etc .

It is when she was seve ntee n (状语从句受至 U强调)that mysister studied English at A . A. A. School.

It is I that said so .

It is wait ing for a cha nee that will not do .

It is here (or then , for this reason , with a lightning speed ) that

he married her .

It was after see ing her that he became crazy .

Who is it that you wantWhat is it that he is looking for

It is only arithmetic that he is afraid of. It is only her idols that she pays attention to . It is not his children that he cares about , but

his bus in ess .

It is a good horse that n ever stumbles . (= No horse is so good as

to never stumble .)(这类常在谚语中出现的句子，结构虽和上面句子相同， 意思却不一样。)

It is a silly fish that is caught twice . ( = no fish is so silly as

to be caught twice .)

It is an ill bird that fouls his own n est . ( = No bird is so ill as

to foul his own n est .)

注：It可以代表一个动名词、不定式或从句。可参阅 1318—1322。

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It表示the thing , that引起的从句可以看做定语，修饰主语 It 。that

起从属连词和代词的作用，图解记号异于并列连词。

are the dying and the dead ，the slain and the van — guished .（复数主 语）

The beautiful and the good is our ideal . The middle or the thick

of the forest has many animals in it . The accused （or The deceased ） is

a rich man . The French is different in character from the English .（单

数主语）

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V.不定式

To live in Tokyo would be too expensive . It would be too expensive to live in Tokyo .

To go out of town every weekendbecameour custom. It becameour custom to go out of tow n every weeke nd

To have broken his leg is his bad luck . It is his bad luck to have

broke n his leg .

To be happy requires （or needs , wants） no great fortune

It requires no great fortune to be happy

To be rich or to be poor makes a lot of differenee . It makes a lot

of differe nee to be rich or to be poor .

To raise the fund , to set up the building , to employ workers , all these take time .

The story makesmesick to repeat . To repeat the story makesmesick . It makes me sick to repeat the story .（这三句意思相同，去卩有不同的主语。）

This theory takes much time to understand . To understand this theory takes much time . It takes much time to understand this theory .

To an swer the questio n you asked in your letter is easy .

It is easy to an swer the questi on you asked in your letter .

The question you asked in your letter , it is easy to answer .

（这三句意思相同，可比较其主语。）

To han die a wife who comesof a rich family seemsdifficult . It seems difficult to han die a wife who comes of a rich family . A wife who comes

of a rich family , it seems difficult to han die .

不定式可以有一个意义上的主语：

For John to live in Tokyo would be too expensive . It would be too

expe nsive for Joh n to live in Tokyo .

For a com mon erto marry a no blema n's daughter does not ast onish me It does not ast onish me for a com moner to marry a n oblema n's daughter .

For politicia ns to talk about peace is as funny as for drin kers to

talk about tempera nee . It is as funny as for drin kers to talk about tempera nee , for politicia ns to talk about peace .

下面句子中的不定式没有意义上的主语。 for you , of you等和it is 有

关，起补语作用：

It is for ( or up to )you to say yes or no .(=

To say yes or no is for[or up to] you .)

It is easier for you to speak to the boss tha n for me . ( =To speak

to the boss is easier for you than for me .)

It is very kind of you to do so . (=To do so is very kind of you .)

It is n atural in Mary to love Joh n

It is inconvenient to her to wait so long

It is up to you to apologize

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注意意义上的主语for John 是如何图解的。

动名词

1319和不定式一样，作主语的动名词也可以用it代替：

Living in Tokyo would be too expensive . It would be too expensive

livi ng in Tokyo .

Crying over spilt milk is no use. It is no use crying over spilt milk .

There is no climbi ng up the cliff . (= Climbi ng up the cliff is

impossible .)

There is no denying the fact . ( =Denying the fact is impossible .)

John's (or His ) living in Tokyo would be too expensive

It would be too expensive John's (or his ) living in Tokyo .

(动名词这里有意义上的主语)

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注意动名词意义上主语John's如何图解的

VD. that引起的从句

1320由that引起的主语从句常可用it代替，而本身则移到句尾，作为 it的同位语：

That he had succeeded pleased me very much . It pleased me very much that he had succeeded .

That he was killed is a serious matter . It is a serious matter that

he was killed .

That he has done his best is clear . It is clear ( that) he has done his best .(如果句子不长，that可以省略。)

The fact (or The circumstanee ) that he was killed was a serious matter . (that 引起的从句前面常可放 the fact 或 the circumstanee )

It is clear (or likely , certain ) that he likes his job .

It would be better that he give up smok ing (=He had better give up

smoking).

It is rumoured (or said , learned , denied ) that the premier decides

to resig n

It is a pity that he should die so young

It happened (or chaneed, cameabout, developed , turned out) that the detective himself was the thief .

It came about that we had not eno ugh money to pay the bill

It seems (or appears , occurs ) to me that she is a poet .

It struck me that I could be a lawyer .

He is poor , but it does not follow that he will cheat anyone

It is not that A is an upright man , but that he has no chanee to do

evil . It maybe that B is too hungry to do any good, but it cannot be that he is willi ng to do any evil .

It is (high ) time that we started .

How is it that you know so muchHow comes it (about) that you know so muchHow come( =why) you know so much

(It is ) Some( Little , Nc) wonder (that ) he failed .

(在用wonder作补语时，it is 可以省略。)

(It was ) A wonder (that ) he did not fall

(二 It was n atural that he failed

It is said (or denied , rumoured) that the Mayor fell in love with

Mary. The Mayor, it is said (or denied , rumoured) , fell in love with Mary.(这

两句意思几乎相同，但在第二句中不能用 that。)

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由that引起的从句用作名词及主语。注意连词 that的图解方式。

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毗.疑问词引起的从句

1321由疑问词引起的从句，和that引起的从句一样，可以由it代替：

Howhe could do it seemed a mystery . It seemeda mystery how he could do it .

Where he had escaped puzzled me It puzzled mewhere he had escaped.

What is it to me who he is

It does not matter when you get married , but •…

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连接词how和副词how都在这个图解中表示出来，但一个需加括号。

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区.疑问词+不定式

1322疑问词引起的不定式，和连接词引起的从句一样，也可以用it代替:

How to escape seems to be a problem . It seems to be a problem , how to escape .

What to say puzzles me . It puzzles me what to say .

Whether or not to follow the policy depends upon circumstances . It

depends upon circumstances . whether or not to follow the policy .

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X.术语和引语

1323Onis a preposition . Buy means“get by paying a price ”. “Look before you leap is a famous proverb .“ Honesty is the best policy ” is a say ing ofte n ridiculed by people .

幻.介词短语

1324From seve n to seve n is our store hours . Frominfancy to man hood

is an importa nt period . From here to there is a short dista nee . Good in

the saddle is good for everythi ng .（这样的短语用作主语时很少）

刘.省略

1325(You) Sit down, please . (You) Wait a minute . it (You had) Better say no.( Are you) Feeling any better be impossible .(作主语时，有些代词有时省略。)

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1. 5种类型的谓语

1326在一个完整的句子中，主语之外的部分称为谓语，-

谓语。

第一类包含一个不及物动词（IV）:

He came.

My wife cried

第二类包含一个及物动词及其宾语（TV+ O :

Joh n likes me .

His un cle wrote letters

第三类包含一个双宾动词、一个间接宾语和一个直接宾语（

They teach me En glish .

I bought Mary sugar .

第四类包含一个系动词及主语补语（LV+ C）:

He is a teacher .

She looks sad .

第五类包含一个宾补动词、宾语及宾语补语（FV+ C+ C）:

We made him king .

She left the house dirty

2 •动词的短语形式

1327不过动词、宾语及补语的意义还应当广一些，上面例句中的及物动

词、不及物动词或其他动词都是一个单词，但有时可以是一个起同样作用的短语 或成语。例如“及物动词+名词”可以看作是一种不及物动词：

He lost heart .（他灰心 了。）

This habit has struck root .（这种习惯已 根深蒂固）

下面句子中的动词成语则可以看作是一种及物动词：

I looked for my lost dictionary .（我在找我弄失的字典。）

He paid atte ntion to his lesson .（他很注意他的功课。）

He gave up drinking .（他戒酒了。）

He is afraid of blood .（他怕血。）

He can't get along with anyone .（他和谁都 处不好。）

下面句中的动词成语可以看作一种宾补动词：

I waited for him to come .（我等他来。）

详见 1182 —1206 节。

3.宾语的9种形式

1328此外，也不只是名词或代词可用作宾语，共有 9种东西可用作及物 动词、双宾动词及宾补动词的宾语。由于它们是名词或起名词的作用， 可以称作 名词等同体（Noun- Equivale nt ），名词等同体，可用作动词的宾语：

I know John （名词）.

She kept the floor dirty .

I will teach Joh n Chin ese .

I know him （代词）.

She kept it clea n

That depends upon them .

He threw out an apple of discord （名词短语）.

I have just visited the Board of Trade .

I am not fond of wild goose chase .

This matter in terests the rich and the poor （the + 形容词或分词）.

The general visited the dying and the wounded . I know the long and

（the ） short of this case .

He wan ts to go to college （不定式）.

She refuses to marry me .

I asked to see a frie nd in pris on

He is fond of swimmi ng in the morni ng （动名词）

He avoids meet ing any of his frie nds

I postp oned going to the doctor .

I know that she loves me （that 引起的从句）

I am sure that you will succeed

Is he afraid that he will be defeated

I won der what he wants （疑问词弓I起的从句）

I asked where he had bee n

I don't know which way I should go .

I don't know what to do （疑问词引起的不定式）

I am doubtful how to settle this problem

I do not care where to eat dinner

4.补语的15种形式

1329不只是名词和形容词可用作补语，上面所提的 9种名词等同体以及 下面例句中的6种形容词等同体(Adjective — Equiva — lent )都可用作系动词 或宾补动词的补语。

名词及名词等同体作补语:

He is a ki ng （名词）.

We chose him chairman .

It is me （代词）.

He became a fish out of water （名词短语）.

I find it a moot point

The victims are always the poor （the + 形容词）.

To respect others is to be respected （不定式）.

Seeing is believ ing （动名词）.

His purpose is that all childre n should be educated （that

The problem is who is to blame （疑问词引起的从句）.

My problem is how to lear n （疑问词引起的不定式）.

形容词及形容词等同体作补语：

He seems happy （形容词）.

You look young .

He makes me angry .

He is out （地点副词）.

The show is over

Time is up .

He is at home （介词短语）

We are on good terms

He leaves his desk out of order

It seems in teresti ng （现在分词）

The situati on grows en courag ing

I saw Mary smok ing

I am ast oni shed （过去分词）.

He looked frighte ned

I had my clothes washed .

He is to blame （不定式）.

It is to be throw n away .

He wants his daughter to marry a rich man

5.再复杂的句子也可简化

1330因此我们可以把许多词看成一个词，把许多不同形式看作同类东西，

从而使句子的结构变得简单化。例如我们可以把 I know that he does not like

to live in this country .中的10个斜体词和I know John .中的一个斜体词

看作是有同一语法作用的东西，因为两者都是及物动词的宾语。我们也可把 He

begged to see a friend in prison .中的 6 个斜体词和 He begged pardon.中 的一个斜体词看作是作用相等，因为两者都是宾语。

同样，我们也可把 He is to come to the office at eight .中的7个斜

体词和He is punctual .中的一个斜体词看作相等的东西，因为两者都是补语。

另外下面4个句子中的斜体词，形式不一，我们却可看作一类东西，都是及物动 词或是起及物动词作用的词组：

He likes chocolate .（他喜欢巧克力。）

He is fond of teachi ng .（他爱教书。）

Joh n pays atte nti on to his bus in ess .（约翰关心他的买卖。）

I amsure that he will be a good husband.（我肯定他会是一个好丈夫。）

此外，在上面单元中，我们已谈到名词、名词成语、不定式、从句等等，尽 管形式不同，字数不等，却都起同样作用，担任句子的主语。这样，不管多复杂 的句子都可简化，而简化是语法的目的。

2.—个特定动词只能用在几个特定的谓语类型中

1332为了更好了解这些谓语类型，先看看下面句子：

a.I know him to work hard .

b.We want him to come .

c.She let us to use her car .

d.They suppose all of us to obey

e.John saw Mary to walk with a boy .

所有这些句子的谓语都属于第42种类型，即“宾补动词+名词+不定式”， 但只有b.句的谓语是正确的，因为只有 want这一动词可用于这个类型，其他 动词都不能这样用。再看下面句子：

a.I tried advising her .

b.I asked seeing the boss .

c.He thinks going with you .

d. We wish moving to another place .

e.They refused helping us .

上面所有谓语都属于第13种类型，即“及物动词+动名词”，但只有a.句 是正确的，因为动词tried可用于这种类型，而其他动词不可这样用。

从上面10个例句我们可以看出，一个特定动词只能用在某一特定的类型中， 在一特定类型中，一个特定的动词能用还是不能用，完全是一个习惯用法的问题。

1333从下面句子中可以看出know可用在多少类型的谓语中：

I know John .（及物动词+名词）（正确）

I know Joh n to come tomorrow .（宾补动词 +名词+不定式）（错误）

I know that John comes tomorrow .（及物动词 +that 引起的从句）（正 确）

I know to an swer this questi on .（及物动词 + 不定式）（错误）

I kn ow the work easy .（宾补动词+名词+形容词）（错误）

I know how to an swer this questi on .（及物动词+疑问词引起的不定式）

（正确）

I know the work to be easy .（宾补动词+名词+to be+形容词）（正确）

I know John comi ng （宾补动词+名词+现在分词）.（错误）

I know orga nizing a political party （及物动词 + 动名词）.（错误）

从上面例句我们可以看出某些动词只能用在 47种类型的某些类型中，不能

在许多类型中使用。

3.—个特定的谓语类型中只能用某些特定的动词

1334有些类型中可以使用很多动词，另一些却只能使用少量动词。例如在“系

动词+that引起的从句”这种类型中只能用 be这一个动词。在“不及物动词+介 词+疑问词引起的从句”这种类型中约可用 20个动词，在“及物动词+ 不定式或

动名词”这类类型中，约可用 50个动词，而在“及物动词+that引起的从句” 这种类型中，约可用150个动词。每种类型中能用的动词，在本单元中将几乎全 部列出并加上例句，以便读者了解并掌握什么动词在何种类型中使用。 不过某些

谓语类型中可用的动词极多（可说是成百上千）。在这种情况下只能给出一小部 分动词。

C•谓语类型与句型

1335关于上面提到的类型有几点值得注意：

1 •动词只须与主语在人称和数上一致，因此它们之间的关系相对比较简单。 而动词和宾语及补语的关系比较复杂，这在下面 47种谓语类型中可清楚看出。

如果对主语不加考虑，这47种谓语类型也就是47种句型。事实上在下面讨论中， 谓语类型的公式都采用“ S+ TV+ N', “ S+DW N+ N', “ S+ FV+ N+ A”这类 形式，里面包含了主语（S）,因此也就代表了句型。

2.—个句型可以包含一个简单句：

Joh n knows how to play football

He avoided meet ing her at some party .

3.它也可以包含一个带有宾语从句的复合句：

He knows what you are doing

I asked where he got it .

4.但并列句中至少需有两个句型：

I have decided to go （一个句型）and he will go too （一个句型），but

she decides to remain at home （一个句型）.（共包含三个句型）

D.修饰语与独立成分

1336句型指一个完整句子的骨架，它可包含任何数量的修饰语（即形容 词、副词及起同样作用的其他词语）。这些修饰语可能在意思上很重要，但在语

法上却是可以删除的，在我们考虑句型，也就是句子的基本结构时，可以对它们 不加考虑。所有下面句子都属于同一句型，即“主语 +及物动词+名词”，但却可 包含不同类型的修饰语（斜体部分）。最后包含 25个词的句子和第一个包含4 个词的句子同属一个句型：

I saw a house

I saw a big house

I saw a big house on the opposite side

I saw a big house on the opposite side ，which was said to be haunted by a ghost .

Yesterday I saw a big house

Yesterday whe n I sailed dow n the river I saw a big house

修饰语在后面将作详细讨论。句型还可以包含一个独立成分，但基本结构不

所有下面句子都属于同一句型，即“主语 +系动词+补语”：

That man is crazy

E.句型的用法

1337在下面讨论中，所列出能用于某句型的动词的数目只是大致估计。

列出的目的只是说明某一句型使用范围大致有多广。 一般说来，数目越小，越难 使用，因为如果这个句型只限于用少数动词，则用错的机会更多。

1338偶尔也会有些例外的句子无法归入这 47种句型的任何一个。但如果

把某些不规则的动词短语适当转换为规则的动词短语， 则它们大部分仍可归入某

些句型：

I have a good mind ( =intend)to punish you . ( have a good mind 可

能换为intend，则句型将是“主语+及物动词+不定式”。)

He will have it (=insists ) that I have cheated him .(主语 + 及物动

词+that引起的从句)

“Who has taken my pen ”“ John (has taken your pen ).”

(I ) Beg (your) pardon .

(It was ) No sooner said than (it was ) done .

(You) Live and let (others ) live .

(I wish you ) Good luck !

1339确定一个句子属于哪个句型是有好处的。下面的句子都是错的，因 为它们不代表47种句型中的任何一个：

1. I hear about that John has arrived .（主语 + 不及物动词 + 介词 +that 引起的从句）

2. I paid attention what he was doing .（主语 + 及物动词 + 名词 + 疑问词 引起的从句）

3. He is afraid of that he will be assass in ated .（主语 + 系动词 +形 容词+介词+that引起的从句）

4.He is afraid being assass in ated .（主语 + 系动词 + 形容词 + 动名词）

5. I know that who has broken the window .（主语 + 及物动词 +that+ 疑 问词引起的从句）

6. We want peaceful .（主语+及物动词+形容词）

这些句型应改正如下：

正确句

型

正确句子

1. 主语+及物动词+that弓I I hear that Joh n has ar-

起的从

句

rived .

2. 主语+及物动词+名词+ I

paid atte nti on to what

引起的从

句

the window .

6.主语+及物动词+名

词 We want peace .

其次，应确定使用的动词是否适合用于某个谓语类型。

F.47种句型的公式

1340每种句型都可以用一个公式来代表， 例如：“S+ IV ”，“ S+ TW N , “S+ LV+ AP', “ S + F\+ N + PaP', “ S+ DV+ N+ that — CI” .下面列出了 代表某些词的缩写形式：

S= Subject （主

语） PaP = Past

Participle （过

O= Object （宾

语） 去分词）

C=Compleme nt（补语） N= Noun

or Pronoun （名

10= In direct Object （间接 词或

代词）

宾

语）

R= Reflexive Pronoun （反

DO=Direct Object （直接 词）

宾

语）

A= Adjective （形容词）

IV= Intran sitive Verb

（不 P= Prepositi on （介词）

及物动

词）

AP= Adverb of Place

TV= Tran sitive Verb

（及

物动

词）

in , out, up,

DV=Dative Verb （双宾动

副词或副词性小

词）

LV= Li nking Verb （系动

词）

FV= Factitive Verb （宾

补

，or

Adverbial Particle ，as

away

（地点

品词）

W— Cl = In terrogative-

Clause ,（疑问词引起的动词）

从句，由whether,

I= Infin itive （不定

式）

G= Gerund （动名

词）

PrP = Prese nt

Participle

引

（现在分

词）

起）

what , which , who,

whom whose, where,

whe n, why, how

That-CI=

Noun-Clause

innu mreable = hun-

(that引起的名词

从

thousands （无

句）

数，成百上千)

“• ”表示它前后的词构成成语，如IV. P, LV. A. P. , TV. N. P, LV. PaP,

它们包含2个或3个词。

1341一个“+”号表示这个句型包含2个基本成分，即主语及不及物动词,

如：

S+IV

S+IV . AP

2个“+”号表示这个句型包含有3个基本成分，即主语，及物动词及宾语， 如：

S+TV+N

S+IV . P+ that — Cl

S+LV A. P+G

或指另外3个成分，如主语、系动词及补语：

S+LV+A

S+LV+ that-Cl

S+LV+P N

3个“+”号表示这个句型包含4个成分：主语、双宾动词、间接宾语及直 接宾语，如：

S+DV+N+N

S+DV+N+W-CI

S+DV+N+ that-Cl

也可以是另外4个成分，如主语、宾补动词、宾语及（宾语）补语：

S+FV+N+A

S+FV +N +PaP

S+IV. P+N+I

这里我们可以了解一个十分重要的事实， 即英语句子是很简单的，它少则包 含两个成分，多则包含四个成分。

了解了公式及图解的意义，现在就可开始藉助它们研究 47种谓语类型或句

型。注意：句子末尾的星号表示这个句子将在每一类句型讲完之后进行图解。

1.S+IV( John laughed .)

1342不及物动词不跟有宾语或补语，其数量不可胜数：

They smiled . Joh n died . Mary walked slowly . Fire bur ns

I dreamed last night . He wept bitterly . Youmust dress for dinner . That depe nds. It does not pay .

1343通常跟有宾语的及物动词，如果宾语可以猜出，着重点不是宾语， 而是动词(动作)时，可以把宾语省略，用作不及物动词：

A tractor can cut，push，pull ，dig，lift ，pump carry and spray . The blind do not see. Wemust eat. I will change (mydress ) . The knife cuts well . I will consider . If time permits . He can read . Don't trouble

(yourself ) . The stain shows (itself ) . They married (each other ).

1344有些动词用在表示数量的名词前，看起来像及物动词，实际上却是 不及物动词：

The thermometer rose ( or fell )two degrees .

He waited ten minutes . The wedding lasted three days .

I walked five miles .

1345图解：

{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}

2.S+IV. AP (John moved in .)

1346无数的不及物动词可以跟有特定的地点副词，与之构成成语。但在

多数情况下，这些副词并不表示地点，而有其他意思，因此可以称作副词性小品 词(Adverbial Particle ).

a.Don't answer back (=answer rudely ) whena superior speaks to you. He backs away (=draws back) from her because he has made her angry . Don't worry， I will never back out (=fail to fulfil a promise ) . In order to

survive ， we must band together (=un ite ) . Hebarged in ( = in ter — rupted rudely ) while we were talking . The storm will soon blow over (=pass away without injurious effect ) . The dynamite placed beneath the bridge blew

up (=exploded ) . He blows up (=loses his temper ) at every small incident . Quick! The soup is boiling over (=over — flowing the side of a pan). Brace up (=take courage ) if you really want to get married . Many prisoners broke away (=suddenly escaped ) . Our car suddenly broke down

(=failed to function ) on our wayhome A fire broke out( = started suddenly and violently ) on Sixth Street . Tears burst forth (=suddenly appeared).

b.Shecolours up (=blushes ) if wemention her love . An accident like this comes about (=happens) every day . My wife and I come together (= are rec on ciled ) after ten years of quarrel . The seeds have comeup (=shot up above the ground ) . When we were talking , a young man came up

(=approached). Three days after the quarrel , I cooled down (=became calm) . She was shocked at the bill , but she had to cough up (=pay, perhaps unwillingly ). Hardly a weekhad he learned computer scienee whenhe cracked up (= suffered a mental breakdown ). An error may creep in (=steal in

unnoticed ) . This old empire crumbled away (=disintegrated gradually )

because of misrule . I should not take much sugar , but I cannot cut down

(=lessen ).

c.All members of my family dine out (=eat away from home ) every

Sun day. They drink liquor every day and can — not do without (=dispe nse

with it ) . Wedressed up (= put on formal clothes ) for a banquet. I will drop by (=call casually ) when I am free . The production of rice dropped off (=decreased) last year. Hedropped out (=left school before finishing his courses ) at fifteen . The well has dried up (= becomedry ) . The road is rough , we should ease dow n( =lesse n speed). Let us ease dow n( = work less , makeless effort ) . His reputation faded out (=gradually disappeared )

after his death . The country fell apart (= fell to pieces ) because of civil

d.Wewere unable to get by (=pass) because the road was blocked . She got down (=dismounted) from her horse . The train got in . We got off (= started a journey ) . Howare you getting onl get up at six in the morning . At last I have to give in (=yield ) . Rice is going down( = becoming cheaper) . A rumour went forth ( = became public ) . The gun went off (=exploded ) suddenly . Our work went on (二continued ) . The candle has gone out (= ceased to burn) .1 won't hold back (=keep behind ) if every one goes forward . Since

I have started , I can't leave off (=stop) . Look in (=Pay a short visit ) as you pass. While all are busy, don't look on (=be a mere spectator ) . Look out (=Take precaution ), here comes a truck ! I moved in (=moved into a house) after he movecbut . All trouble will pass away( =cease to exist ) . She passed away (=died ) a month ago .

e. The clock ran down (=stopped running , because the battery had

exhausted itself ) . She ran on (=talked incessantly ) . Supplies have run out (=becomeexhausted) . Bad weather set in (=began). Weset out (=set off ) on February 16. He settled down( =established himself ) at a small village . I don't want to listen any more , so shut up ! He stood aside

(or apart , aloof ) while we were quarrelling . Some stood back (=

retreated ) , somestood out (= refused to yield ) . The proposal will stand over (=be postponed) till next Friday . At the bad newsI stepped back from surprise . The tyrant should step down( =re-sign ) . Manyvolunteers stepped forward (=offered help ) . My brothers quarrelled , but my father never stepped in (=interfered ) . He stowed away (=hid in a ship or plane to get a free ride ) . The band struck up (= began to play ) . He summed up

(=summarized) after a debate . The son tagged behind (or along ) ( = followed closely ) wherever his mom went . Before I think ahead (=anticipate ) , I

think back (=recall ). Our bus in ess is just tick ing over in a routine way) . Wetouched down( =landed after a flight workers walked out (=re- fused to work )

1347图解:

{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}

3.S+ IVp (This cloth wore well .)

1348约有九十个不及物动词用于主动形式却有被动意义，它们通常和表

示无生命东西的主语连用：

a.This play acts excellently . The figures will not add up. The bread

bakes well . The door blew open. The candle blew out . This bottle does not break . The dust won't brush off the hat . The luggage carries easily . David's rain coat caught on the n ail . Some of the docume nts don't seem to check with the facts . This cannot compare (favourably ) with that . Someof the senten ces won't con strue . Potatoes will cook slowly . Every min ute

counts . These people mostly count for nothing . The potatoes cropped well last year , but I think will crop badly this year . This light wood cuts

like butter . The pin eapple does n't cut easily . This piece of cloth will

cut up into two suits . In sti net derives from an cestors . Milk digests easily . Thie wine drinks well . The tooth draws easily . The frog eats like chicke n .

b . This dress faste ns dow n the back . The toilet does not flush . The eggs hatch out easily . This rice won't grind fine . Water heats readily . This cloth irons easily . This house lets well . The door will not lock . These books pack easily . My watch paw ns for two dollars . These potatoes peel easily . She photographs (takes ) well . The land ploughs hard . The film does not print well . This story reads ill (or well ) . The photo reproduces well .

c . His house rents at $ 800 a mon th . This poemdoes not rhyme . A shame does . not rub off . This plastic scratches easily . The play scree n badly

(=is unfit for filming ) . The book sells well . This door won't shut . This cigarette smokes better tha n others . This wood split straight . This material sta ins easily . The ship steers with ease . The match will not strike . This paper will not tear . His de— scent traced back to a king . This poem tran slates easily . The TV set won't turn on . This board will n ever warp . This material washes easily . Such shoes wear badly . The plan worked out well . The photo washes out a little .

d . Drums are beating (=are being beaten ) . The book is binding (=is being bound) . Sometrouble is brewing . Young people are always brimming with new ideas . The house is building . The bridge is completing now. The meal is digesting well . What is doing nowThe task is finishing . Guns are firing . Frie ndship is formi ng . The theatre is rapidly filli ng up with

people . The fish is frying . The house is leasing . The cows are milking . One boy is missing (or wanting ) . He paid what was owing . Music was

playing . Something is preparing . Myapplication is processing . The problem is settling this way. A new film is showing . The boy is shaping well . The

seeds of trouble are sow ing . The fruits are spoili ng quickly . Measures

are tak ing

1349图解：

{ewe MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}

4.S+TV+N或 S+TV. N (John learned Japanese .)

1350无数的及物动词可以用名词或代词作宾语：

John has a plan . Do you like himWhat an interesting book

I am reading ! He speaks English . I love cats .

1351不及物动词有时和后面跟的名词构成成语。整个成语，如果被化作 一个整体，可以看成是一个不及物动词：

Helost hope (=despaired ) . Hegave ground (=retreated ) The accident took place (=happened) this morning

He madethe grade (=succeeded). Wemadeour way (= advaneed) to the jungle .

在某些成语中，名词前没有冠词，也没有物主代词：

a. Hewill bear witness . Her beauty beggars description (= makeswords poor) . Don't borrow trouble (=worry about trouble that won't come). We broke ground (=ploughed，untilled ground，began an undertaking ) . Our boat cast anchor . I often caught cold . He caught fever (or infection ). Her

house caught fire . He changed colour (=be— came pale ) . His personality commandsesteem (or respect ). He never did evil (or ill , wrong). None of us care whether they do right or wrong, good or harm. Wedid (=produced) Romeo and Juliet . Jan did (=acted ) Juliet . I did (=prepared ) omelette

(or breakfast ) . Tomdid (=wrote) poetry . His brother did (=translated ) French in to En glish . I did (=studied ) electricity . They cry wolf (=give a false warning ) just for arms aid .

b.Onemust exercise patienee and caution whenone exercises authority

and discipline . He felt regret , but not satisfaction . He found time (or leisure ) to study . He has finished college . After he took the lead , wefollowed suit . They gained time by giving meambiguous answers . Mywatch gained time . Wehave gained ground (=got an advantage ) . Wewill soon gain power, if we are patie nt eno ugh . He gave evide nee in the law — court . He

gave ear (or heed, credit ) to the rumour . He gave judgement (or advice , notice , warning , trouble ) . 「ve had it (= can't suffer any more) . You hit it (=said the right thing ) . This theory does n't hold water (=is n't

valid ) . The criminal jumped (or skipped ) bail (=gave up the bail money and ran away to avoid trial ).

c.Mymother kept house and kept books. Being hospitable he kept open house (= provided hospitability for any comer). He cannot keep body and soul together (=keep awayhunger) . Hekept bad company( =associated with bad people ) . Mywatch does not keep (good) time , so I amlate . He killed time by readi ng no vels or doing ano ther thi ng in teresti ng

d.He left school last year . We may lose ground but will never lose hope. I never lost courage (or heart ) after I fail . Be quick , don't lose time . He lost self-contrcl (or himself ) in moments of stress .

e.Mother makes dinner . It seemed late , but he made good time (= travelled fast and arrived on time ) . He does n't work hard , but he makes good salary . Make haste (or speed ) . He can make money (or profit ), but spe nd much After so many years of war we must makepeace. I madetea

(or hay ) . We made wa( = stood aside ) for others to pass through . We madeway (or headway)( = advaneed) in the face of difficulty . He marked time (= spent idle hours ) while waiting for his wife .

f . The soldiers mounted (or kept , relieved , stood ) guard . Hemoved heaven and earth (=did everything ) to attack his opponent . They opened fire (=started shooting ) and killed three of us. The children often play havoc (=do great damage ) . He plays politics ( = attains political aims by hook or by crook ) . He had broken the window , so he played possum

(kept quiet to avoid attention ) He played second fiddle (=held a

subord in ate place ) . He failed be — cause he had ofte n played trua nt

g.We raised money for a great project . I can read character from handwriting . He can read music . I must say goodbye now . We said grace

(=said a prayer of thanks before or after a meal ) . We set (or made,

struck ) sail (=began a voyage) in February , 1969. He refused to yield , he showedfight . He showedcourage (or fear ) . Hesowed discord amonghis enemies. He struck oil (=had good luck in some enterprise ) . He suffered

(or sustained ) defeat .

h.Don't take alarm if I tell you some bad news. He has to take breath after climbing upstairs . He took cold and could not work. He takes drink and drugs . Take heart , don't be afraid . The law will soon take effect

(=be effective ) . Take exercise every morning and keep healthy . Hetook flight after murdering a woman He took medicine (or poison ). Don't take offence (=be offended ) . Something strange took place (=happened) in this old house. Let's take rest . Wetake stock every week. The evil has taken root (=become established ) . My dream will take shape (=materialize ) next year . He took trouble to help me .

i . Don't tempt provide nee (=take an unn ecessary risk ) . Hehas touched bottom (=is begining to prosper after his worst days ) . The boat turned

turtle (=turned upside down ).

在某些成语中名词前有不定冠词，或作复数：

j . Heoften acted a double part (=wasdeceitful ) . Since I criticized him，he has borne a grudge (=nursed a grievanee ) . The enemybeat a retreat

(=retreated in a hurry ) . Thomas Edis on blazed a torch (=started some —thing new) in various fields . Don't breathe a word (=say a word) about this secret . Whenangry , he calls name(= call somebodyby abusive name9 . I would like to cross swords (=argue) with this boaster . You have done a good job (=done something well ) . I drew a blank (=failed to get any information ) when I returned to the office . We must draw a line

(=distinguish ) between right and wrong . We down tools (=stop work ) at six .

k. My sister fixed a date for the celebration . This evening I have

a date (or an engagement) (=have a social meeting ) with her . I have a job (or a time ) ( =have trouble ) writing this first love letter .(但：

I have myself a time [= have a good time ] writi ng it . ) As they did n't

lift a fin ger (or a han d)( =did n't give help ) , I lent (or gave) a hand

(=gave help ) to the old lady

l. I made an appointment (=had an engagement to meet some one ) for

3 p. m Hemadea boast, but whobelieved himHemadea call over the phone. He madea face (= twisted his face ) , and then we were no more angry . Don't makea fuss (=get excited about a trifle ) . John madea hit (=gave a good impression ) at the exhibition of his works. Shall we makea move (=start )

right nowDick madea public appearanee after nine years in prison . Thomas makes a quick buck ( = earns money quickly ) . We make a row (or a scene )

(=started a violent quarrel ) from time to time . As soon as we arrived

wemadereservations for hotel rooms. I must maketracks (=set off ) before it is late . William made waves (=created a sensation to impress others ) at the party .

m. A big boss behi nd pulls stri ngs (=secretly exerts in flue nee ) . Don't

run a risk (=put yourself in dan ger ) . The patie nt ran a temperature

(=had a fever ) . The criminal has served a sentence (or time ) (=passed

term of impris onment ) . I smell a dan ger in this desolate area . Westruck a happy medium (=found an answer between two extremes) . As you committed mistakes for the first time , we might stretch (or strain ) a point (=allow an exception to the rules ).

n. I would willingly take a back seat (=occupy an unimportant

position ). Wetake a coffee break (=drink coffee and rest a short while ) after two hours of work. He took (or drew) a long breath before he spoke. The situation took a turn (=changed) for the better . Hewouldn't turn an honest penny (=make money by honest means ).

在另一些成语中名词前有定冠词或有物主代词：

o. Act your age( =Don't be childish ). My warning merely beat the air

(=made useless efforts ) . I must bide my time (=wait for a good cha nee). Some one blacked his eye (= gave him a blow ) . He blew his own trumpet (=praised himself ) . He has blown his mind (=becomes wildly enthusiastic because of drugs ) . He bossed the show ( = con- trolled

everything ) . She boxed his ear (= smacked him on the ear ) . I have to break (or can cel , cha nge, postp one) the appo in tme nt . After half an hour of silenee , I broke the ice (= overcome reserve ) . The news broke her heart . He broke his word (=failed to keep his promise) . I broke the news

(=announced the news) to her. They broke the peace (= quarrelled ) . He bur ned his fin gers (=suffered a loss through a rash acti on ) . We buried the hatchet (= madepeace) . I amnot buying it (=amnot to be deceived ).

p. Hecalls the roll (=calls the namesto check whoare absent) . Dick

carried the ball (or the can )( =did the hardest part of the work ) . I carried (or gained ) my point (= succeeded ) . Wecarried (or gained ) the day( =wor). I caught mybreath (=rest after hard breathing ) after running . He tried to catch the train but missed it . This advertisement catches my

eye. He changed his coat (=becamea turncoat ) . Don't change your mind. He changed his tune (= changed his policy ) . He cleared his reputation

(=free his name from reproach ) . He cracked the whip (=suddenly became bossy) to impress me . We crossed the Rubicon (=took a decisive step forward ) . Whennobody could settle the problem, he cut the Gordian knot

(=settle it in an unu sual rapid way ).

q. I did the sights (or the travel ) ( =went sightseeing or took a

trip ) . The little girl can do (=makeclean and tidy ) her hair , her teeth , her nails , even the laundry , the bed- room, the dishes . She does (=learns ) her lessons well , andean do (=solve ) any sum (or problem) . She does her bit (= does her share of duty ) splendidly . He dogged my footsteps

(=eonstantly followed me ) because he suspected I was a spy working for

foreigners . Hedrags his feet (or heels ) (=hesitates ) whenasked to work. We drew the swords (=were ready to fight ) . He has to eat his words (=take back his words ) . Although small , this table fills the bill (=is just

right ) . I have to face the music ( = face trouble ) . He is feeling his way (=proceeding carefully but slowly ) . Although they were cripples , they fought the way up the hill . We all follow the crowd . Don't worry ,

ril foot the bill (=pay all the expenses). This number of persons will

not form the majority .

r. Hegot the sack (=wasdismissed ) . Hegot the upper hand (=gained control ) . Hehas the courage of his convictions (=acts bravely according to his belief ) . This car has had its day (=fallen into disuse ) . This

small affair hits the headlines (=becomes important news ) in this small

town. The music hits the public taste . He hits his stride (= exhibits his best ability ) when he tells a story . We will hold the fort (=defend the position ) to the last . Hold your temper (=Don't get angry ) . I have to hold mytongue (or mypeace)(= keep silent ) . I must hold my own (=keep what I have ) . We must hold (or keep , maintain ) our ground (=keep what we have). He has always husbanded his resources (=been frugal against

an emerge ncy).

s. I jogged his memory (=rem in ded him). He jumped the gun (=started to run before the starter's gun ), and jumped the traces (=didn't obey

the rules ) . The train jumped the rails (or the track ) (=suddenly , left the rails ) and many were killed . Dick slipped but kept his feet (= kept standing ) . He knows his way about (or around ) ( = understands the ways

of the world ) . He knows the ropes (or the score ) ( =knows the special

rules ) in the export bus in ess . He will lead the way (=be a guide) to the old castle . I left the beaten track ( = did not follow the crowd) . Helost his reas on (=became mad .

t . He made the grade (= succeeded) in bus in ess . The doctor makes

(or goes ) the rounds (=goes from place to place to inspect ) every

morning . Wemadeour way (= advaneed) through the forest . Hemendedhis fences (= made peace with people who dislike him ) . You missed the boat

(= missed the opportunity ) . The company opened its doors (= started doing bus in ess ) in 1950 and closed its doors (= stopped doing bus in ess ) in 1983. This exhibition opened our eyes (=madeus see the truth ) .1 picked my way (= proceeded ) up a steep hill . I must play the game (=do what is right ) . You played your cards well (=acted cleverly ) . Dick played the market (=bought and sold stocks ) and lost lots of money . Jim pocketed his dig nity (=laid a- side his pride ) and eve n pocketed an in sult (= accepted it ) . He has poisoned your ear (or mind ) so that you can't be

fair .

u. Every membershould pull his weight (= does his part ) . Don't pull my leg (=fool me ) . Once you succeed , never push your luck (=expect to continue to be lucky ) . He has to run the gauntlet (=receive a series of

ill treatment ). He ruled the roost (=lorded it over). Wemust save the situation (=do something to improve the situation ). Anewmethod will see

the light (=be disclosed ) . This serves myturn (or purpose) .1 have served my apprenticeship for seven years . She set the table for ten persons . He

shows his face after ten years of abse nee. I will show the way. Every one sings his praises (=praises him strongly ) . He sowed his wild oats (=led a dissipated life whenyoung) . I will speak mymind (=speak candidly ) . He stole the show (=acted so well that the audie nee ignored the other performers ) . He stole the spotlight (=made people watch him in stead of what they should watch ) . You stole my thunder (=said before me what I

intended to say) . Jim has strained every nerve (=used every effort ) . He swallowed the bait (=was offered a big promise and was caught ).

v.Mary took it (=endured it without complaints ) though she was ill

—treated . You can take your ease (or your own course ) ( =act your

pleasure ) . The doctor took my pulse and temperature (= ascertain

them). Wheredoes this custom take its rise (=orig in ate ) Take your time (=Don't rush ) . We must not tie our own hands (=restrain our — selves from action ) . Wehave to tighten our belts (=eat less and spend less than usual ) . Just one vote tipped the balanee (or the scale ) (=turned the scale , decided some- thing doubtful ) .1 would try myhand (=try ) . Should I turn the other cheek (=be patient and not hit back ) when I am injured

or insultedHis success has turned his head (=maddiim act foolishly ) .The

dead body turned her stomach (=madeher sick ) . The reinforcements turned the tide (=change the situation favourably ) . He turned his thought to

something much more important . He just twiddled his thumbs (=didn't do

anything ).

w. She walked the floor (=walked back and forth ) all night , she was so worried . He walked the plank (=was forced to resign ). Watch it (=Be careful ).

人们似乎都不喜欢单独用一个不及物动词作谓语， 特别是在简单句中。往往 不说“ I cook.” “ He laughed .”“ Wechatted .”“ Tomrepairs .”“ we

acted . ” 而说“ I do the cooking . ” “ Hegave a laugh . ” “Wehad a chat . ”

“Tommakesrepairs . ” “Wetake action 也就是把一个词换成了两个词，

用一个do或give这样色彩不重的动词加上一个大多由动词变来的名词。

下面是一些这类短语的例子：

x . I DO the cleaning , the reading , the shopping , the translating ,

a little sewing ； a nap , a try , a brisk walk .

HeGAVEcry , a groan , a jump, a shout , a shrug , a long sigh , a satisfied smile .

WeHADa bath , a dream, a fight , an in terview , a quar- rel , a shave, a shower, a smoke, a swim, a talk , a taste , a try , a walk, a wash, a chat , a go , a rest , a sleep .

SheTOOKi bath , breath , a nap , a look , notice , objection , recreation ,

a rest , a solitary stroll , a long walk .

Paul MADEn announcement, an answer , an application , an appointment , an attack , an attempt , a beg inning , a bid , a call , a check — up , a comme nt a comparis on , a copy , criticism , a decisi on , a declarati on , a dema nd, experiments , an explanation , a guess , inquiries , investigations , notes , payment, preparations , progress , a proposal , a recovery , a remark , a request , repairs . re- searches , a sacrifice , a select ion , a slip , a formal stateme nt , another start , a long stay , a deep study , a helpful suggestion , a general survey , several visits .

1352图解:

{ewe MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}

5.S+TV+R或 S+TV. R或 S+TV+ (R)( John hid him- self behind it .)

1353无数的及物动词可用反身代词作宾语(S+TV+R : She reproached herself . Hekilled himself . Hepraised himself . Don't deceive yourself . He cut himself . The dog choked itself .

1354有些动词和反身代词构成成语，相当于一个不及物动词(S +TV R):

He avowed (or declared ) himself (=showed his character openly )； collected himself (=regained self — control ) ； conceal himself (=hid )； enjoyed himself (=had a good time ) ； exerted himself (=endeavoured); can't find himself (=provide his own living , or find out his abilities and use them). I lost myself (= demea nedmyself , lost my way, or became absorbed in something ) ； pulled myself together (= became composed ； seated (or settled ) myself (=sat down )； washed myself (=bathed).

1355约有20个及物动词常常或经常跟有反身代词：

I overworked myself , overslept myself , overate myself .

He disported ( = amused himself . He perjured himself

He busied himself . He absented himself from school

Bestir yourself . I bethought myself of it . You must demean (or bear, comport, deport , con duct , acquit , quit ) yourself properly . Help yourself

(=Serve yourself with food ) . Herelieved himself (=went to the bathroom).

1356约有50个及物动词可跟有反身代词，也可以不跟(S+TV+ (R)):

a.就某些动词来说，使用反身代词时语气更强一些：

The bubble bursts (itself ) . The clouds dispersed (themselves ) . He dressed (himself ) for a party ； en gaged (himself ) in a con test (or a quarrel ) . The horse fed (itself ) on grass . Heguarded (himself ) against vice ； hid (himself ) behind ； never intruded (himself ) on anybody's

company Canl qualify (myself) for the postI reformed (my- self ) .1 rested

(myself) on the couch . He set (himself ) up as a scholar . He shaved (himself ) for a dinner ； stripped (himself ) for a shower— bath . I could not submit (or surrender ) ( myself ) to the enemy( or insult ) . I trained

(myself) for the race . I never troubled (myself) to help anyone. Heturned (himself ) to mefor advice . He washed (himself ) . He worried (himself ) about nothing . He wrapped (himself ) before going out .

b.在下面例句中，动词之后的反身代词常常省略：

Nosuspicion attaches to John. A chicken develops in the egg. The road exte nds for miles .His heart fills with sorrow . Do n't hurry . Keepquiet . Make sure that the journey is safe . We made merry Don't misbehave . I cannot

refrain from laughing . Weremoved from place to place . John separated from Mary . I withdraw from society .

C.在下面例句中，动词之后的反身代词可以保留，也可以省略，根据特定

的上下文决定：

The child does not behave ( himself) ( =show good manners)

He drew himself up ( =assumed an erect attitude ).

He drew up (=came near).

He gorged himself with meat .

He gorged on meat .

He in dulged himself with wine

He indulged (himself ) in wine .

We have to prepare ourselves .

We have to prepare (ourselves ) for the worst (or the exam )

write letters ).

He set to work (=began to work ).

He set out to do it , set about doing it (=began to do it )

He settled himslef (=becamecalm). He settled himself (=sat down) in a chair

He settled (himself ) down( =becameestablished in a new way of life )

in London .

It (Thing) will settle

1357图解:

{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}

6.S+ TW N(John lives a happy life .)

1358约有60个动词，通常用作不及物动词，却可以有同源宾语(Cognate

Object )，这种宾语几乎和动词的意思相同， 通常都有一个形容词或形容词短语

修饰它。同源宾语可以和动词同形：

Sheblushed an innocent blush ； bowed a little bow; coughed a terrible

cough； danced a silly dance. He died a natural death (or a thousand deaths， the death of a martyr ，the death he deserved ) ； dreamed a sweet dream ； laughed a hearty laugh ； lived a happy life ； look a look of weariness ； could not say his say. He sighed a deep sigh (or a sigh of satisfaction )； slept a sound sleep (or the sleep of the just ). It smelled a strange smell . He smiled a sad smile ； talked foot — ball talk ； thought all good thought .

1359有些同源宾语可以和动词不同形：

It blew a brisk gale . He danced a phantom ballet ； did a great deed ； fought a brave war(or fight , battle , action )；went a long way( or a dangerous

journey ) ; harvested a good crop ; lived a hand — to — mouth existenee ; played a silly game ； played (or acted ) a great part ； plod a weary way ； prayed an earnest prayer ； saw a strange sight ； ran a long race . The bell rang a merry peal . He sang a beautiful song ； struck a deadly blow .

1360有些动词后的同源宾语常常省略，代之以一个表示情绪或态度等的 名词：

He beamed satisfaction (=beamed a beam of satisfaction ， showed

satisfact ion by beam in g)； bowed his obedie nee ( or his tha nks) ( =showed

his obedienee or thanks by bowing ) ； danced his joy ( =daneed his dance

of joy ， showed his joy by dancing ) ； gesticulated his love ； giggled agreement; laughed dissent ； look inquiry ( or his thanks ); nodded his assent

(or welcome)； roared approval ； shouted applause ； sighed disappointment ； smiled his welcome (or his relief ，his approval ，his thanks) ； whistled his con tempt ，wept tears of joy .

1361有些同源宾语在最高级形容词后常常省略：

The fire blazed its brightest (blaze ) . Hebreathed his last (breath )； did his best (deed)； fought his bravest (war)； laughed his loudest ； looked his best ； ran his fastest ； shouted his loudest ； sang his sweetest ； tried his hardest .

1362在口语中一个没有意义的it常可用在某些动词后作同源宾语，表现 一定的情绪：

He braved (or brazened ) it out ( = faced trouble bravely [ or shamelessly ]). We'll face it out and fight it out . As it was getting

dark , I had to hotel (or inn ) it . She queened it (=domineer) over them. He used to rough it (=live an uncomfortable life ) . ril go it alone (=act independently ) . He's starring it in a film . As there's no cab , I've to

trudge (or walk , foot ) it .

1363图解：

{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}

7.S+ TV. AP^N or G (John gave up his plan .)

1364无数及物动词后面跟有一地点副词来构成成语，整个成语相当于一

个及物动词。但这些地点副词(Advorb of Ploce )多不表示地点，而表示其他 东西，因此这种副词也可称作副词性小品词( Adverbial Particle )，可以用

AP来代表：

He gave up his pla n . I have to think out new methods .

She folded up his coat . We may pass over the details .

The plague swept off many people . He has take n over a bus in ess . He

gave in the paper . He closed down the store .

The bell bellowed (or pealed ) forth the anniversary (or the victory

of our army ).

有些“动词+地点副词”构成的成语可以用作不及物动词，如 1340节中句

子表示的那样，有些则用作及物动词：

An ammunition dump blew up (=exploded ).(作不及物动词)

He showed off before girls .(作不及物动词)

He showed off his new car .(作及物动词)

如果宾语较短，特别是由人称代词表示时，地点副词可以甚至必须放在宾语 后面，在对副词加以强调时尤其如此(可参阅 1497节)：

Put the moneyby . She called him back. Don't break it off . Hedreamed his hours away ； slept the clock around ； cried his heart out ； laughed

(or talked ) them down. He ate it up ； closed it up ； packed it up ； tied

it up . He sent me away , saw her off , called me out , drew us aside .

1365其它例子：

a.They backed up (=supported ) Johnson and his policy . They bailed out their friend . They beat back our attack . I must beat up (=beat severely ) those mischievous children . I blew out (=extinguished ) the candles . We

bolstered up (=supported ) this old system. I booked down (=wrote down) the sum. Webooked up (=fixed an en gageme nt with ) several sin gers . They boss us about (=order us about ) . The news bowled over (=overwhelmed) myfamily . Webroke up( =dispersed ) the meeting at 11 : 00 p. m . The mistake brought about (=caused) a lot of trouble . Can you bring downthe priceThe tax brought in ten million dollars a year. The examples bring out (=explain clearly ) the meaning of this word. Shebrushed off (=jilted ) her lover . We must build up our own armed forces . He will buy off (=pay money to get rid of ) my interest .

b.This strong measure called forth (=provoked) a revolt . Wecalled in a doctor . Wehave to call off (=cancel) the picnic , which wehave prepared for so many days . Call (=Wak0 me up at 6 a . m . ril call you up

(=teleph one to you) . The music carried off (=movecd every one. He carried off (=wor) all the prizes . Let's carry on (=continue ) the work, Wecarried out (=performed ) the plan .

c.He can dig up (=discover ) someimportant information . He drew on (=pulled on ) his socks after getting up . I drew up (=prepared ) a bill

(or a list ) . The taxi dropped meoff (=let meget off ) at my hotel . The no ise drow ned out (=made in audible ) our conv ersati on

d.The mother fed up (=gave extra food to) her sickly son. Wefilled

in (or out , up) the form . He fenced off (=built by means of a fence ) a garden . Figure out (=count) the sum He fired off manyquestions , which no body could an swer . They fitted out their son with everythi ng necessary . Wefitted up (=installed ) the machine. Wefixed up (=arranged ) a trip . He flagged down( =stopped by waving to it ) a passing car. Follow up (=Continue ) your success with something more ambitious .

e.He gambled away his last cent, even all he had wonbe-fore . He will get over (=finish ) his job . He gave away (=gave free of charge ) his property . He gave away (=betrayed ) his friends . Wegave in (=handed in ) the exercise books. The food gave off (=emitted ) a bad smell . He gulped down his coffee . Heat up (=re — heat) the leftovers . He helped me out

(=help meget over a difficulty ) . She held back( =kept back) her tears . Can wehold down (=keep down) costsWe could not hold off (=keep at a distanee ) the attackers .

f . The en emy kept up (=ma intained ) the attack for three mon ths . I knocked off (=ate up quickly ) five bowls of rice . I laid aside (or by )

(=saved for future needs ) some dollars . I laid down (=state clearly )

some rules for the office . Our company laid off (=dismissed ) five workers . Leave off (=stop) fighting . He left out (=didn't include ) Mary in the invitation . Don't let down( =disappoint ) your parents . The driver

let off (=dropped) a lady at the hotel . The judge let him off (=did not punish him) . I will look you up (=visit you) tomorrow . The managerlooked the applicant up and down (=examine him carefully ) . A girl will liven up (=make lively ) our party . He lived out his years (or days , life )

(=lived all his life ) in this small village . He will make out (=write out) a cheque . My father can't make out (=see) these small letters ,

for he is farsighted .

Hemakesup( =invents ) all kinds of lies . The boss marked dow(二reduced the price of ) all articles . He messed up (=put in disorder ) my desk . I nailed up (=closed up with nails ) the window .

g. He packed off (=sent away hurriedly ) all his children to the

country . Partition off (=Divide with partition ) your living room. Pass on( =Hanc) this notice to other people . Wepassed over (or up) (overlooked ) the chanee . rve paid off (=paid the wages of ) the workers . I have to pay off (=pay for safety ) the blackmailers . I will pick out (=select )

the best necktie for you. Hepicked up (=found) a cab at the cross-roads . He picked himself up (=got up after a fall ) . He picked up (=learned without teachers ) English so quickly . I pinned him down( =got him to commit himself ) as to the questi on of socialism .

h. I played back the recording , so that what has been recorded about her speech could be heard . Heplayed down( =madeless emphatic) the defects

with ) the radio . He can polish off (=finish off ) all these grapes . He pulled on (=put on) his pants and then went out . I pulled up (=stopped) mycar at the post office . His brother pushes him about (or around) (=orders him about) . I put aside (or by) (=saved) a few thousand pounds. After

put in (=submitted ) an applicati on mon ths ago . We have to put off

(=postp one) the trip un til n ext month . In stead of los ing weight I put

i . ril ring you up (=telephone to you ) . They roared out a 21 — gun

salute . Roll up the sleeping bag before we leave . Weroped off (=enclosed with a rope) a space for dancing . Round up ( or dowr) the price (=Bring it to a whole number by raising [ or lowering ] it ).

j . Wesave up some moneyfor future needs. I will see (=ac— company) you back (or home . She sent away (=dismissed ) all her suitors . Sendin

(=Submit) your photos for the con test . He sent out in vitati ons to his wedding. His departure was set back two weeks . This discontent set off

(=caused) a revolt . We set out (=arranged ) the goods for sale . We set up (=establish ) a small store on the third floor . Can he shake off (=get rid of ) his bad habitShe showed off (=displayed to impress people ) her han ds. He shut himself away (=confined himself ) in his attic .

k. Hesigned away (=sold by signing legal papers) all his houses. He signed his house over to me . Let's size up (=make a judgement of ) the situation . This small accident sparked off (=touched off ) his temper. He

sorted out (=arranged in classes ) all the books he had collected . Switch off (=Turn off ) the tape recorder . Sumup (=State briefly ) your opinion .

l . Take down( =Write down ) my speech, please . I will take over the bus in ess he decides to give up . I took up (=got in terested in ) painting last year . This bed takes up (=occupy) too much space . You can take up

(=mention and discuss ) the matter with the boss . I can talk round

(=persuade) anybody whorefuses to cooperate . I have to tear down( =take to pieces ) the broke n mach ine . Hewill tear up( =tear to pieces ) the con tract whenit is no more useful to him . Hetold off (=reproached ) his employees . He can think up (=devise ) all kinds of lies . He threw on (=put on) his gown.

1366在上面所有例句中，及物的动词成语都用名词或代词作宾语，但有

些也可用动名词作宾语：

He kept on ask ing me . He put off going to the doctor .

He left off studying French . He gave over (or gave up ) smoking.

1367注意不要把地点副词错误地看作是介词，把及物动词看作不及物动

词，换言之，不要把这第七类谓语类型和下面第八类谓语类型混淆。

1368图解：

{ewe MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}

这个符号表示，上方所有的词(动名词短语)应看作是一个词类(名词)， 尽管它们内部各有特定的作用。Asking作为动词，以me作宾语，而me和kept on没有直接关系。

{ewe MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !}

8.S+IV. P+ N or G 或 S+IV . P. N(John laughed at me .)

1369无数的不及物动词可跟特定的介词构成成语，整个成语起及物动词

的作用，可以用名词、代词或动名词作宾语：

a.You must abide by (=keep) your promises . The river abounds with

(=has many) fish . I agreed to his view . We aim at success in the

exam in ati on . This an swer amounts to refusal . I must apologize for my

fault . I ask for (=demand nothing luxurious . He depended upon me for

advice . Hedreamed of his grandfather . Hegot into politics . Don't gamble on it . He imposed on (=deceived ) her . He laughed at (=derided ) me She looks after her child . Helooked in to (=exam in ed) the matter . He sent for

(=summone) them . I thought of (=considered ) this matter . Don't trifle with (=mock)her .