补语

发布时间:2018-07-01 08:14:32   来源:文档文库   
字号:

分词作宾语补足语现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find,

glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及have, keep, get, catch,

leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语,作宾语补语的成分。

过去分词可以在allow, ask, consider, desire, expect, feel, find, get, have, hear,

imagine, keep, like, make, observe, order, permit, prefer, remember, request,

require, see, urge动词等后面作宾语补足语。

作补语

高中阶段只研究分词作宾补的情况 不研究作主补的情况

只有两类动词可以加现在分词作宾补

1)感官动词:see hear watch feel notice observe keep find listen to look at

2)使役动词:have get catch leave set

值得注意的是:要想用现在分词来作宾补 只能是用于这些词后 但是并不代表这些动词后的宾补形式都要用现在分词(有些后面可以加不带to的不定式作宾补)

eg.I saw him singing now.

Don't have the students studying all day.

注意 :宾语与作宾补的现在分词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系 即宾语是现在分词动作的发出者

至于 现在分词作主语补足语的情况只须知道上述动词的被动语态形式中的现在分词作的是主补即可 无须深入

七、表语:

  表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的,表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当,它常位于系动词(be, become, appear, seem, look, sound, feel, get, smell等词)之后。如果句子的表语也是由一个句子充当的,那么这个充当表语的句子就叫做表语从句。

3.作表语

现在分词作表语的情况只适用于上述的现在分词做定语部分中的注意3 有三级变化 可被副词修饰

eg.The story is interesting.

The match is exciting.

注意 :表动作的现在分词不能作表语 例如上面例子的变形A boy is running.这不是主系表而是主谓(其中助动词is与现在分词running和起来作谓语) 关于句子成分的语法内容 有时间再为大家补充

补语:

  英语补语的作用对象是主语和宾语,具有鲜明的定语性描写或限制性功能,在句法上是不可或缺的。补语是起补充说明作用的成份。最常见的是宾语补足语。名词、动名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以在句子中作宾补。

主语+谓语+宾语+宾补:

  这种句型可简称为主谓宾补结构,其补语是宾语补语,与宾语一起即构成复合宾语,例:   I found the book easy.我发现这本书不难。(形容词easy作补语)   I'll let him go.我将让他去。(不定式go用作补语)   注意:有时两个或更多的并列主语拥有一个共同的谓语,甚至并列有两个主语和两个谓语,这样的句子仍然是简单句,例:   China and other countries in the east Asia are developing rapidly.中国和东亚其它国家正在迅速地发展。(China and other countries并列主语)   Mr. Wang and I often work together and help each other.王先生和我常在一起工作互相帮助。

过去分词作补语的两种结构、四个难点

英语中,过去分词和不定式、现在分词一样都可以在句中作宾语补足语(补语)。过去分词作补语常用在下面两种结构中:

一、“动词+宾语+补语”结构。

常接补语的动词有findgetleave wantfeelhavemakegethearseewatch等。例如:

In the morning people woke up and found the world outside their house completely changed

早上,人们起来以后发现家门外的世界已经完全变了。

Later on the centre had a large number of new trees planted

后来,在中心地带新栽了大量的树木。

二、“withwithout)+宾语+补语”结构。例如:

All the afternoonhe worked with the door locked

整个下午,他都是锁着门干活。

Without the job finishedI wouldn't dare to go home

由于工作没有干完,我不敢回家。

过去分词作补语的难点有下面四个:

1.分清过去分词作补语与现在分词作补语的区别。一般说来,过去分词作补语表示“被动”和“完成”的意义;现在分词作补语表示“主动”和“进行”的意义。试比较:

I found the young trees watered.我发现这些小树已经浇过水了。

I found them watering young trees.我发现他们正在给小树浇水。

请看高考试题:

The speaker raised his voice but still couldn't make himself ______ .(MET'91

Ahear

Bto hear

Chearing

Dheard

解析:根据题意:说话的人提高了嗓门,但是,他还是无法让人听清楚。显然,由于句子的宾语是him self,“让人听清楚”是指“让自己的话被其他人听清楚”,可见,对于宾语 himself来说,“听”(hear)是一种“被动”的行为。因此,应选用过去分词(heard)作补语。又如:

If DrBacker is in the hallwill he please make him self known to me

When we talk with others we make ourselves understood not just by words

2过去分词作补语与现在分词的被动式作补语的区别。一般说来,过去分词作补语表示“被动”和“完成”的意义;现在分词的被动式作补语表示“被动”和“进行”的意义。例如:

I saw the school being built

我看见学校正在(被)修建。(现在分词的被动式being built表示“正在进行”的动作)

I saw the school built

我看见学校已经(被)建好。(过去分词built表示“已经完成”的动作)

请看高考试题:

The murderer was brought inwith his hands ______ behind his back.(MET'91

Abeing tied

Bhaving tied

Cto be tied

Dtied

解析:现在分词的被动式being tied只能表示“被捆绑”这一动作“正在进行”,显然不能与The murderer was brought in(杀人犯被带进来)这一情节同时发生。此题选用过去分词tied,表示“被捆绑”这一动作在“被带进来”以前“已经完成”。

3.过去分词与不定式的被动式作补语的区别。一般说来,过去分词作补语表示“被动”和“完成”意义;不定式的被动式作补语则表示“即将发生”的“被动”的动作。

请看高考试题:

He was disappointed to find his suggestion ______ .('88上海题)

Abeen turned down

Bturned down

Cto be turned down

Dto turn down

解析:根据此题的题意:他遗憾地发现他的建议已经被推翻了。可见,“被推翻”这一动作,在“发现”(to find)以前已经发生,因此,应选用过去分词作补语,表示“被动”和“完成”的意义;不定式的被动式to be turned down作补语只能表示“即将发生”的“被动”的动作,与He was disappointed这一语言环境相矛盾。

需要特别注意的是“have sthdone”结构中,有三种不同的含义,需要根据具体的语言环境确定:

1)表示通常意义的“有”。例如:

We have not any water left in the glass

玻璃杯里没有剩下一点水。

My father has no money saved for his old age

我父亲没有存下一点钱防老。

2)表示“受……影响”,“蒙受……损失”。例如:

He had his windows broken.他的窗子被打破了。

3)表示“让某事被做”。例如:

I had my watch repaired.我把我的表拿去修理了。

上述“have sthdone”结构与“have sb./sthdoing”表示的意义完全不同。have sb./sthdoing表示“让某人或某事一直进行某动作或保持某种状态”。例如:

Although the farm is largemy dad has only two men working for him

尽管农场很大,但是,我父亲仍然只雇用了两个人为他干活。

比较高考试题对“have sthdone”结构的测试:

1—Good morningCan I help you

—I'd like to have this package ______ Madam.(MET'89

Abe weighed

Bto be weighed

Cto weigh

Dweighed

2He didn't keep on asking me the time any longer as he had had his watch ______ .('93上海题)

Ato repair

Brepaired

Crepairing

Drepair

解析:1D 2B。以上两题均选用“have sthdone”结构,表示“让某事被做”。

3This morning I had m y finger ______ .('86上海题)

Acutting

Bto cut

Cto be cutting

Dcut

4He had his leg ______ in the match yesterday.(MET'86

Ato break

Bbroken

Cbreak

Dbreaking

解析:3D4B。以上两题选用“have sthdone”结构,表示“蒙受……损失”。

4.过去分词作补语与形容词作补语的差异。

请看下面一道改错题:

(误):You wouldn't have caught such a bad cold if you hadn't worked long into the night with the windows opened.('89上海题)

(正):...with the windows open

解析:句中过去分词openedwith复合结构中的补语,表示“窗户被打开”这一动作,与原句的句意不吻合。此题应使用形容词 open作补语,表示“窗户开着”的状态,体现一种工作环境。

Exercises

1The manager said that he ______ the work ______ within 2 hours

Awould havefinish

Bwould havefinished

Cwould havedo

Dmight haveend

2Try to speak slowly in order to make yourself ______

Aunderstood

Bunderstand

Cunderstanding

Dto understand

3When I returned home I found all the windows ______

Abroken

Bbreak

Cto break

Dbreaking

4Mr Wang wanted a basket of flowers ______ to his wife

Asending

Bto send

Csent

Dto have sent

Key: 1—4 B A A C

  

1、主语的补语

  它用在系动词后,是句子的一个基本成分。常用主-系-表结构。

  1.I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.

  我看到她和他们在一起,至少,至少我认为是她。(her做宾 语,them做介词宾语,her做主语补语)

  2.. -- Who broke the vase? --谁打碎了花瓶?

  -- Me. --我。 me做主语补语= It's me.

  3.John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she. she做主语补语)

  约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她。

  

2、宾语的补语

  

  1.不定式(to do)

  Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。

  We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。

  We made him copy the sentence.

  He is made to copy the sentence.

  I felt my hands tremble.

  2.名词

  At the meeting we elected him monitor.

  I think your brother a clever boy.

  3.形容词

  What you said made Xiao Wang angry.

  I found the classroom empty

  4.副词

  Please call the students back at once.

  He was seen to take his cap off.

  5.现在分词

  We hear him singing in the hall.

  I found him lying in bed, sleeping.

  6.过去分词

  He saw his face reflected in the water.

  I heard it spoken of in the next room.

宾语补足语:   某些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语,意思才完整,宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。而复合宾语的第一部分通常由名词或代词充当,第二部分表示第一部分的名词或代词发出的动作或身份、特征等,称为宾语补足语。

[编辑本段]举例

  比如说:   I'm going to paint it pink.   句子中的it显然是宾语。但是主语将要做的并不是it,而是paint it pinkpink 是句子中的宾语补足语。它和宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,也就是说从逻辑上来讲,是执行了paint的动作。   句子中的pink是形容词做宾语补足语。能够充当宾补的还有宾语补足语的大致有:不定式,现在分词,过去分词,形容词,副词,介宾短语等。一般情况下,宾补通常紧跟在宾语之后。   比如:   I find learning English difficult.(difficult是形容词做宾补)   I saw the kite up and down. up and down是副词做宾补)   Tom made the girl cry. (cry是省略不定式符号to的动词不定式)   *常跟复合宾语的动词有:call ,name, make, think, find, leave ,keep, nominate (任命),choose, elect (选举),define(定义),regard(认为), see, recognize(认出),treat, take, consider 考虑), look up, refer to(提到), accept(接受), acknowledge(承认),describe, depict(描述),represent(表现出),declare(宣称),denounce(指责), employ(雇佣), use, show, organize, express(表达)

[编辑本段]注意

  当感官动词和使役动词,如:   see hear notice watch hear feel observe(感官动词)   make have let get(使役动词)   接宾补时,不定式的符号to必须省略。   在help,不定式可以带to,也可不带。   补充:简单句常见结构有:   "+"结构: 句子由主语和谓语两部分构成,谓语动词是不及物动词.   "++"结构:谓语动词是及物动词,后面接有宾语.   "+++宾补"结构:有一些句子有了前3个成分后,还需要有一个宾语补足语对宾语做出补充说明,表明宾语的身份,特征等,使句意完整。宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语.   如果宾语和宾补是逻辑上的动宾关系,则宾补须用过去分词形式。如:Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English improved in a short period.

[编辑本段]什么动词后可有宾语补足语

  1. 在表示心理状态的动词后作宾语补足语。   这类动词有:consider, think, believe, discover, find, imagine, judge, suppose, prove等。这类动词后的不定式通常是"to be+形容词或名词"结构,think, consider, find后的to be常可省略。   We consider him (to be) a good teacher.    我们认为他是一个好老师。   He proved that theory (to be) very important.    他证明那个理论是很重要的。   I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her.   我第一次见到她的时候就认为她人很好,很诚实。   2. 表示情感状态的动词后作宾语补足语。   这类动词有:love, like, prefer, hate, want, wish, expect等。   I'd prefer you to leave him alone.    我希望你不要打扰他。   I don't want there to be any trouble.    我不想有任何麻烦。   3. 注意:hope, demand, suggest等动词后面不能接不定式作宾语补足语。   I hope you can give me a hand.   我希望你能帮我一把。   I wish you to give me a hand.   我希望你能帮我一把。   He required us to be present at the meeting.    他要求我们出席会议。   Mr Li suggested that she should not go there alone.    李先生建议她不要独自去那里。   宾语补足语是用来补充说明宾语的,双宾语是同等地位的宾语,二者在本质上是不同的。1.比如pass me the book中,me是间接宾语,指人,也是近宾语;the book是直接宾语,指物,也是远宾语。又如:They gave him a watch. 这里的him 是间接宾语, a watch 是直接宾语, 这种间接宾语和直接宾语同时出现的情况叫双宾语. 常用宾语 常用的能接双宾语的及物动词有:give, teach, buy, lend, find, hand, leave, sell, show, read等。2.在英语中有些及物动词,接了宾语意义仍不完整,还需要有1个其他的句子成分,来补充说明宾语的意义、状态等,称为宾语补足语,简称宾补。 比如说: I heard Jean singing this morning. 句子中的Jean显然是宾语。但是主语I听到的并不是Jean,而是Jean singingsinging 是句子中的宾语补足语。它和宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,也就是说从逻辑上来讲,是Jean执行了singing的动作。 句子中的singing是现在分词做宾语补足语。能够充当宾补的还有宾语补足语的大致有:不定式,现在分词,过去分词,形容词,副词,介宾短语等。一般情况下,宾补通常紧跟在宾语之后。例:I find learning English difficult. difficult是形容词作宾补。

本文来源:https://www.2haoxitong.net/k/doc/ff4a21d249649b6648d747d4.html

《补语.doc》
将本文的Word文档下载到电脑,方便收藏和打印
推荐度:
点击下载文档

文档为doc格式