●短文回答语言方面要求
一、答案语法结构应与问题要求一致
二、照搬：a. 以单词或短语回答--彻底照搬
b. 小于等于4个字的句子--彻底照搬
c. 超过4个字的语句可用代词替换名词，用动词替换动词词组。
例如：There is a basic human earth to make sense of the world.
可以将make sense of 改写为 understand。
三、注意语言错误（主谓不一致、时态不对应）
答案时态与题目时态保持一致
Unit 1
Part IV Short Answer Questions
In Britain, the old Road Traffic Act restricted speeds to 2 m. p. h. (miles per hour) in towns and 4 m. p. h. in the country. Later Parliament increased the speed limit to 14 m. p.h. But by 1903 the development of the car industry had made it necessary to raise the limit to 20 m. p. h. By 1930, however, the law was so widely ignored that speeding restrictions were done away with altogether. For five years motorists were free to drive at whatever speeds they liked. Then in 1935 the Road Traffic Act imposed a 30 m. p. h. speed limit in built-up areas, along with the introduction of driving tests and pedestrian crossing.
注：1.ignore 忽略
2.be done away with 取消、废除
3.impose 实施
4."A and B"结构就用"A and B"结构回答
71.During which period could motorist drive without limits?
注：用单词短语，把时间起点终点找出来，然后用介词联起来
From 1930 to 1935
72. What measures were adopted in 1935 in addition to the speeding restrictions?
注：1.measure n.措施；v.衡量
2.题中measures 表明考得是列举语言现象
Driving tests and pedestrian crossing
Speeding is now the most common motoring offence in Britain. Offences for speeding fall into three classes: exceeding the limit on a restricted road, exceeding on any road the limit for the vehicle you are driving, and exceeding the 70 m. p. h. limit on any road. A restricted road is one where the street lamps are 200 yards apart, or more.
注：exceed 超过
73. Speeding is a motoring offence a driver commits when he _________
注：1.offend v. 犯罪；冒犯
2.题中只需要补充一个谓语动词
Key：Exceeds the speed limits
The main controversy (争论) surrounding speeding laws is the extent of their safety value. The Ministry of Transport maintains that speed limits reduce accidents. It claims that when the 30 m. p. h. limit was introduced in 1935 there was a fall of 15 percent in fatal accidents. Likewise, when the 40 m. p. h. speed limit was imposed on a number of roads in London in the late fifties, there was a 28 percent reduction in serious accidents. There were also fewer casualties (伤亡) in the year after the 70 m. p. h. motorway limit was imposed in 1966.
注：maintain 认为
74. What is the opinion of British authorities concerning speeding laws?
注：What+opinion 题型，需要用句子来回答，根据 British authorities 定位第三段
Key：Speed limits reduce accidents
In America, however, it is thought that the reduced accident figures are due rather to the increase in traffic density. This is why it has even been suggested that the present speed limits should be done away with completely, or that a guide should be given to inexperienced drivers and the speed limits m ade advisory, as is done in parts of the USA.
75. What reason do Americans give for the reduction in traffic accidents?
注：根据 Americans 定位第四段
Key：The increase in traffic density
Unit 3
Part IV Short Answer Questions
For many women choosing whether to work or not to work outside their home is a luxury: they must work to survive. Others face a hard decision.
Perhaps the easiest choice has to do with economics. One husband said, "Marge and I decided after careful consideration that for her to go back to work at this moment was an extravagance (奢侈) we couldn't afford." With two preschool children, it soon became clear in their figuring that with babysitters (临时照看小孩的人), transportation, and increased taxes, rather than having more money, they might actually end up with less.
Economic factors are usually the first to be considered, but they are not the most important. The most important aspects of the decision have to do with the emotional needs of each member of the family. It is in this area that husbands and wives find themselves having to face many confusing and conflicting feelings.
There are many women who find that homemaking is boring or who feel imprisoned (被囚禁) if they have to stay home with a young child or several children. On the other hand, there are women who think that homemaking gives them the deepest satisfaction.
From my own experience. I would like to suggest that sometime the decision to go back to work is made in too much haste. There are few decisions that I now regret more. I wasn't mature enough to see how much I could have gained at home. I regret my impatience to get on with my career. I wish I had allowed myself the luxury of watching the world through my little girl's eyes.
Questions: （注意：答题尽量简短，超过10个词要扣分。每条横线限写一个英语单词，标点符号不占格。）
73. What are the two major considerations in deciding whether women should go out to work?
注："A and B"结构
Economic factors and emotional needs
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
36. Plants will emit an increased amount of heat when they are _________.
A) sprayed with pesticides
B) in poor physical condition
C) facing an infrared scanner
D) exposed to excessive sun rays
注：when /as/ if 为条件句引导词，定位条件句
37. In order to apply pesticide spraying precisely, we can use infrared scanning to _________.
A) locate the problem area
B) draw a color-coded map
C) measure the size of the affected area
D) estimate the damage to the crops
38. Farmers can save a considerable amount of pesticide by _________.
A) transforming poisoned rain
B) consulting infrared scanning experts
C) resorting to spot-spraying
D) detecting crop problems at an early date
39. The application of infrared scanning technology to agriculture met with some difficulties due to ______.
A) the lack of official support
B) its high cost
C) its failure to help increase production
D) the lack of financial support
注：考因果关系
40. Infrared scanning technology may be brought back into operation because of ________.
A) growing concern about the excessive use of pesticides on crops
B) the desire of farmers to improve the quality of their produce
C) the forceful promotion by the Department of Agriculture
D) full support from agriculture experts
注：back into operation 重操旧业
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
Even plants can run a fever, especially when they're under attack by insects or disease. But unlike humans, plants can have their temperature taken from 3, 000 feet away - straight up. A decade ago, adapting the infrared (红外线) scanning technology developed for military purposes and other satellites, physicist Stephen Paley came up with a quick way to take the temperature of crops to determine which ones are under stress. The goal was to let farmers precisely target pesticide (杀虫剂) spraying rather than rain poison on a whole field, which invariably includes plants that don't have pest (害虫) problems.
注：1.文章首句提出问题：植物受到病虫害侵扰会发烧
2.straight up 高空
3.adapt 使用，适用
4.come up with 提出（方案、计划）
5.precisely 准确的、精确的
6.spray 喷射
Even better, Paley's Remote Scanning Services Company could detect crop problems before they became visible to the eye. Mounted on a plane flown at 3,000 feet at night, an infrared scanner measured the heat emitted by crops. The data were transformed into a color-coded map showing where plants were running "fevers". Farmers could then spot-spray, using 50 to 70 percent less pesticide than they otherwise would.
注：1.Mounted on 安装在……之上
2.transform 转变 = trans 变化 + form 形式
3.spot-spray 点喷
The bad news is that Paley's company closed down in 1984, after only three years. Farmers resisted the new technology and long-term backers were hard to find. But with the renewed concern about pesticides on produce, and refinements in infrared scanning, Paley hopes to get back into operation. Agriculture experts have no doubt the technology works.
注：1.第一句为现象，后面跟着原因和解释
2.with 因为，因果关系
3.renew 恢复
4.工业产品：product；农业产品：produce
5.refinement 提炼、精炼
"This technique can be used on 75 percent of agricultural land in the United States," says George Qerther of Texas A& M. Ray Jackson, who recently retired form the Department of Agriculture, thinks remote infrared crop scanning could be adopted by the end of the decade. But only if Paley finds the financial backing which he failed to obtain 10 years ago.
36. Plants will emit an increased amount of heat when they are _________.
A) sprayed with pesticides
B) in poor physical condition
C) facing an infrared scanner
D) exposed to excessive sun rays
注：第一段首句的同义改写when句：受到病虫害侵扰的时候
Even plants can run a fever, especially when they're under attack by insects or disease. But unlike humans, plants can have their temperature taken from 3, 000 feet away - straight up. A decade ago, adapting the infrared (红外线) scanning technology developed for military purposes and other satellites, physicist Stephen Paley came up with a quick way to take the temperature of crops to determine which ones are under stress. The goal was to let farmers precisely target pesticide (杀虫剂) spraying rather than rain poison on a whole field, which invariably includes plants that don't have pest (害虫) problems.
37. In order to apply pesticide spraying precisely, we can use infrared scanning to _________.
A) locate the problem area
B) draw a color-coded map
C) measure the size of the affected area
D) estimate the damage to the crops
注：B选项在第二段出现，C选项测量区域不对
Even plants can run a fever, especially when they're under attack by insects or disease. But unlike humans, plants can have their temperature taken from 3, 000 feet away - straight up. A decade ago, adapting the infrared (红外线) scanning technology developed for military purposes and other satellites, physicist Stephen Paley came up with a quick way to take the temperature of crops to determine which ones are under stress. The goal was to let farmers precisely target pesticide (杀虫剂) spraying rather than rain poison on a whole field, which invariably includes plants that don't have pest (害虫) problems.
38. Farmers can save a considerable amount of pesticide by _________.
A) transforming poisoned rain
B) consulting infrared scanning experts
C) resorting to spot-spraying
D) detecting crop problems at an early date
注：考得是二段末句
Even better, Paley's Remote Scanning Services Company could detect crop problems before they became visible to the eye. Mounted on a plane flown at 3,000 feet at night, an infrared scanner measured the heat emitted by crops. The data were transformed into a color-coded map showing where plants were running "fevers". Farmers could then spot-spray, using 50 to 70 percent less pesticide than they otherwise would.
39. The application of infrared scanning technology to agriculture met with some difficulties due to ______.
A) the lack of official support
B) its high cost
C) its failure to help increase production
D) the lack of financial support
注：考得是三段的第二句，因果关系due to ，B项为错误推理
The bad news is that Paley's company closed down in 1984, after only three years. Farmers resisted the new technology and long-term backers were hard to find. But with the renewed concern about pesticides on produce, and refinements in infrared scanning, Paley hopes to get back into operation. Agriculture experts have no doubt the technology works.
40. Infrared scanning technology may be brought back into operation because of ________.
A) growing concern about the excessive use of pesticides on crops
B) the desire of farmers to improve the quality of their produce
C) the forceful promotion by the Department of Agriculture
D) full support from agriculture experts
注：因果关系词 because of
"This technique can be used on 75 percent of agricultural land in the United States," says George Qerther of Texas A& M. Ray Jackson, who recently retired form the Department of Agriculture, thinks remote infrared crop scanning could be adopted by the end of the decade. But only if Paley finds the financial backing which he failed to obtain 10 years ago.
一、翻译标准：忠实、通顺
1.忠实指意义忠实于原文
2.通顺指符合中文表达习惯。
3.“信、达、雅”
二、评分情况(每题2分）
1.全句结构（句子当中各个成分位置顺序安排是否恰当合理）0.5分
2.除全句结构0.5分之外，剩下1.5分分布于句子当中三个重要给分点（通常为重要词组或者重要结构）
重要结构：定语从句、比较结构、虚拟语气、倒装结构、双重否定
例：Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive (认知的) areas such as attention and memory.
研究人员证实人们在动脑筋时，头脑里会产生生化变化，使头脑在注意力和
0.5
记忆力这类认知领域中更加有效的活动。（全句结构0.5）
0.5 0.5
三、翻译过程
1.找到需翻译语句对应文中的位置
2.理解阶段
1）根据上下文关系 2）分析句子结构
3. 表达阶段（注意中英文表达习惯的差异）
1）词序：即词与词或词与句子之间的位置顺序关系，中文习惯为修饰语前置。
例：The girl in red is my sister.
穿红衣服的女孩是我姐姐。
I like the watch which you bought me.
我喜欢你给我买的那块表。
We can keep fit by going in for exercise.
我们可以通过参加体育锻炼来保持健康。
2）句序：a.中文习惯为状语从句前置，英语中状语从句（如原因、条件从句）有时置于主句之后，而汉语一般将状语从句置于主语之前。
例：I would be most happy to go with you if I am not in the way.
如果不碍事的话我很高兴和你们一起去。
b.中文按照时间逻辑顺序安排句序，英文按照事情的重要性来安排句序。
例：It was a keen disappointment when I had to postpone the visit which I had planned to pay to China in January.
我原计划1月份访问中国，后来必须推迟，对此我深表遗憾。
翻译技巧
1.增词法：目的在于使译文通顺而不是增加含义
1）增加动词
例：After the banquet and the concert, he would work on his report.
(参加)宴会和(出席)音乐会之后他会继续写报告。
2）增加名词
例：He cann't endure the tension of modern life.
他不能忍受现代生活的紧张(节奏)。
例：You are frank and honest with all your faults.
你对错误的（态度）坦诚。
2.转译法：
1）含有动词意味的名词转译为动词
例：It is evidence enough of the desire of all of us to solve the problem according to people's will as soon as possible(ASAP).
这充分证明了我们都希望按照人们的意愿尽快解决问题。
2）动词转译为名词
例：Formality has always characterized their relationship.
他们之间关系的特点是以礼相待。
例：Most satellites are designed to burned up themselves after completing mission.
按照设计大部分卫星在完成任务后自行燃烧。
3）形容词副词之间相互转译
例：We took several brief and restless naps.
我们简短不安地睡了几次。
四、一些具体结构的翻译：
1.限定性定语从句: 按照修饰语前置翻译方法。通常译为“……的”。（置于被修饰的名词之前）
例：For the population as a whole, we must be more concerned with the delayed effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticides that invisibly pollute our world.
从人口的总体考虑，我们必须更多地关注摄入少量的、在不知不觉中污染我们世界的杀虫剂所造成的延迟效应。
2. 非限定性定语从句（即which之前有逗号）译为单句
例：He said that this was a good idea, which he would consider.
他说这是一个好主意，他会加以考虑。
3. 同位语从句
1）分译法：将先行词与同位语从句分开翻译，中间用“即”、“就是说”、冒号、破折号分开。
例：He said that this was a good idea that he would consider.（定语从句）
We have to face the fact that we are still poor.（同位语从句）
我们必须面对一个事实，即我们还很贫穷。
2）转换法：如果同位语修饰的名词含有动作意义，则可将该名词译为动词。这类词有：suggestion / opinion / belief / hope
例：He has a feeling that his son was not wrong.
他感觉到他的儿子没有错。
4.比较结构：最根本的译法译为“比…更…”
例：Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive areas such as arention and memory.
研究人员证实人们在动脑筋时，头脑里会产生生化变化，使头脑在注意力和记忆力这类认知领域中更有效地活动。
And someone with a history of doing more
rather than less will go into old age more cognitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind.
习惯于多动脑筋而不是少动脑筋的人，在进入老年以后，要比一个从来不积极动脑子的人的认知能力更为健全。
The latter ignores the higher cost of providing full services to a scattered community and the cost in both monery and time of the journeys to work for the suburban resident.
后者忽视了向分散居住的社区提供充分的服务需要较高的花费，以及近郊居民上下班既费钱又费时间。
1）将more…than…译为“比…更…”；将more译为“更…”
例：He was more active than I.
他比我更积极。
2）用比较级表达最高级含义时，可译为“最”、“莫过于”。
例：There is no better example than this.
这是最好的例子。
5. 被动结构
1）译为被动。如“被”、“受到”、“遭到”、“由”、“为…所”。
例：The committee established by UN is considering the problem.
由联合国建立的委员会正在考虑这个问题。
2）译为表语。即“是……的”
例：The decision was not made easily.
这个决定不是轻易做出的。
3）译为主动句。
例：He was given a high mark by his teacher.
他的老师给了他一个高分。
阅读错误答案的特征
1.名词在原文为特指，在选项中为泛指
2.错误推理：
1）一般错误推理 2）特殊错误推理
3.与原文相反
4.片面选项：
1) 原文中提到不可或缺的两个方面，选项只给出一个方面。but 前面或后面同时出现形容词或副词表示不可或缺的并列，此类的词还有yet.
2) 中立调和选项
5.混淆：窜段、窜句
6.选项中出现文章中没有的内容
7.绝对化语气词（最高级，唯一性,all, any, every, only, no+n. none, never, must）
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