。
内部文件，版权追溯
内部文件，版权追溯
第二讲 代词和介词(短语)
◆ Part Ⅰ 真题变式体验
1．[2017·天津高考]When you drive through the Redwood Forests in California, you will be________ trees that are over 1,000 years old.
答案：among be among “处于……之中”， 符合语境。句意： 当你开车穿过加州的红木森林时， 你将会置身于树龄超过1,000年的古树中。
2．[2017·北京高考]Many people who live along the coast make a living________fishing industry.
答案：in 此处用介词in, 意为“在……方面”。make a living in fishing industry “在渔业方面谋生”。
3．[2017·江苏高考]Determining where we are in relation ________ our surroundings remains an essential skill for our survival.
答案：to in relation to “关于，涉及”。句意：确定我们所处的与周围环境相关的位置仍然是我们的一种基本的生存技能。
4．[2016·浙江高考]That young man is honest, cooperative, always there when you need his help. ________ short, he's reliable.
答案：In 固定搭配in short “简言之”。
5．[2016·浙江高考]The study suggests that the cultures we grow up ________ influence the basic processes by which we see the world around us.
答案：in “we grow up ________”为省略了关系代词which/that的定语从句，修饰先行词the cultures，将先行词代入定语从句后为：we grow up in the cultures，故设空处填介词in。
6．[2015·福建高考]The research group produced two reports based on the survey, but________ contained any useful suggestions.
答案：neither 此处应填代词作主语。根据题干中的two reports和but可知，此处表示“两个中的任何一个都不”，所以填neither。
7．[2015·陕西高考]The little pupil took his grandma________ the arm and walked her across the street.
答案：by take sb. by the arm “抓住某人的胳膊”。
8．[2015·重庆高考]The meeting will be held in September, but ________ knows the date for sure.
答案：nobody 根据结构可知，此处缺主语，结合语义及but, for sure两个关键信息可以确定答案是nobody。
9．[2016·浙江高考]In many ways, the education system in the US is not very different from ________ in the UK.
答案：that 首先可以将原句理解为：In many ways, the education system in the US is not very different from the_education_system in the UK. 代替特指的同类异物的单数名词用that。
10．[2015·天津高考]The quality of education in this small school is better than________ in some larger schools.
答案：that 根据句式结构和语义可知，此处代替的是前文出现的表示同类异物概念的quality，为抽象名词，故用that。
◆ Part Ⅱ 语篇真题演练
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
[2016·全国卷Ⅲ]In much of Asia, especially the socalled “rice bowl” cultures of China, Japan, Korea, ___61___ Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks.
Chopsticks are usually two long, thin pieces of wood or bamboo. They can also be made of plastic, animal bone or metal. Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic. Truly elegant chopsticks might ___62___ (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters. Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal ___63___ (create) special designs.
The Chinese have used chopsticks for five thousand years. People probably cooked their food in large pots, ___64___ (use) twigs (树枝) to remove it. Over time, ___65___ the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly. Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which ___66___ (gradual) turned into chopsticks.
Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, ___67___ lived from roughly 551 to 479 BC, influenced the ___68___ (develop) of chopsticks. Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and ___69___ (be) too violent for use at the table.
Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat ___70___ their hands.
61．________ 62.________ 63.________ 64.________
65．________ 66.________ 67.________ 68.________
69．________ 70.________
Step 1：通读全文，掌握主旨大意。
本文是一篇说明文。讲述的是筷子的材质和中国使用筷子的悠久历史及文化内涵。
Step 2：逐题解答，确定答案。
61．and 考查并列连词。分析句子结构及语境可知，Vietnam与空前的“China, Japan, Korea”之间是并列关系。
62．be_made 考查动词的语态。此处指真正雅致的筷子可能是由金和银做成的。make与句子主语Truly elegant chopsticks之间是被动关系，空格前有情态动词might，故填be made。
63．to_create 考查非谓语动词。根据句意可知，此处用to do形式表目的。
64．using 考查非谓语动词。use与句子主语People之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，故应用现在分词作状语，表方式。
65．as或when 考查状语从句。此处表述随着人口的增长或当人口增长时人们开始把食物切成小片……。根据句意和句子结构可知，空格处用as或when引导时间状语从句。
66．gradually 考查词性转换。修饰动词应用副词。
67．who 考查定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，空格处在此引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为Confucius(孔子)，指人，故用关系代词who。
68．development 考查词性转换。根据空格前的the及空格后的of可知，此处应填名词。
69．were 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据句中的believed及would可知，此处描述的是过去的情况。从句主语为knives，谓语动词应用复数。
70．with 考查介词。此处指在印度大部分人用手吃饭。with “用，凭借”。
Step 3：代入验证。
需保证语法结构正确且语义符合逻辑，这样才能确保万无一失。
考点1 常见代词的基本用法
1人称代词用来代替人或物，有人称、数和格的变化，其形式如下：
人称代词在句子中通常作主语和宾语。
2物主代词：在句子中作定语修饰名词或代词的为形容词性物主代词；在句子中相当于“形容词性物主代词＋n.”的为名词性物主代词，通常在句子中作主语或宾语，如下表：
注意：(1)形容词性物主代词只能用作定语，修饰名词，如：her father她的父亲。
(2)“of(介词)＋名词性物主代词(或名词所有格)”构成双重所有格，如：a friend of my father's我父亲的一位朋友。
[典题1] [2018·山东济宁模拟]“Hongbao”seems to be on everyone's lips these days. ________ (it) origins are rooted in history.
[答案] Its 由空格后面的名词，可判断此处应填形容词或形容词性的词，提示词为代词，故应填形容词性物主代词its。
[典题2] [2017·安徽淮南模拟]Scientists found five different basic ways of toothbrushing and decided all of ________ were incorrect.
[答案] them 介词后应填名词/代词/v.ing，并结合语境可知，此处指代five different basic ways，且作宾语，故填them。
3指示代词：this, that, these, those；其中this, these是时间或空间上的“近指”，可与“here”连用；that, those是时间或空间上的“远指”，可与“there”连用
4反身代词
(1)反身代词在句中可用作宾语、表语、同位语等。
①You shouldn't leave the child by himself at home.
你不应把孩子独自留在家里。
②I am not myself today.
我今天不舒服。
③The thing itself is not important.
事情本身并不重要。
(2)常见的一些含反身代词的固定搭配：
by oneself 独自地
for oneself 亲自
enjoy oneself 玩得愉快
behave oneself 举止良好
seat oneself 坐下来
devote oneself to 投身于
come to oneself 苏醒过来
dress oneself 自己穿衣
help oneself to sth. 自取，自用；随意吃/用某物
[典题3] [2017·辽宁沈阳二中模拟]In 2003, Fabien created a Shark Submarine that enabled him to put ________ (he) inside the Shark world.
[答案] himself 根据空格的位置可知，应填所给代词的相应形式作动词put的宾语。结合语境可知，此处意为“使得他能够将自己置身于鲨鱼世界”。故填he的反身代词。
考点2 易混不定代词的区别
1one, ones, the one, the ones, that, those, it的区别
①The train was crowded so we decided to catch a later one.
这趟火车太挤了，所以我们决定乘坐下一趟。
②His own experience was different from that of his friends.
他自己的体验和朋友们的体验不同。
③I love spring—it is a wonderful time of the year.
我喜欢春天——这是一年中一段美妙的时节。
④The books on the desk are better than those/the ones under the desk.
桌子上面的书比桌子下面的书要好。
[典题4] [2018·广东惠州模拟]Once you get to work, you can afford to spend at least an hour working on big, important tasks rather than on all those little urgent ________ (one)．
[答案] ones 此处空格的意义，指代前面的tasks，并且与all those呼应，代替可数名词复数，故填ones。
2the other, other, another, others的区别
Recycling is one way to protect the environment；reusing is another.
回收利用是保护环境的一种方法；而重复使用是另一种。
[典题5] [2017·广东十校检测]I don't know whether the young man actually used the money for his breakfast or for ________ purposes.
[答案] other 根据语义可知，此空泛指用钱的其他目的，且purposes为复数，故填other。
[典题6] [2017·山西临汾三模]A large number of people in our community keep small dogs, cats, and birds as pets, and still ________ prefer to keep violent animals like tigers.
[答案] others 空格与前面的a large number of people对比，指大量的人喜欢养小狗，猫或者鸟之类的，而其他的人喜欢养像老虎这类的凶猛动物。others泛指其他的人们，故填others。
3either, both, neither, all, none, any的区别
①Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him, but neither of them wants to, because they have work to do.
拉里让比尔和彼得跟他一起去野餐，但他们两个都不想去，因为他们都有工作要做。
②I've lived in New York and Chicago, but don't like either of them very much.
我在纽约和芝加哥生活过，但是我不喜欢它们中的任何一个。
[典题7] [2018·重庆南开中学诊断]Many means had been tried but ________ of them were good enough.
[答案] none 根据空格前的内容和连词but可知，该空应填为否定意义的代词。根据many means可知，多种方法被尝试，因此填none。
[典题8] [2017·安庆一中模拟]—Did your mother have a professional career, or did she work at home?
—Actually, she did ________. When we were young, she stayed at home.Later, she went back to school and became a teacher.
[答案] both 根据空格后的内容可知，母亲两件事情都做过，故填both。
4none, no one与nothing的区别
[典题9] I knew that ________ would ever discourage him; he would never give up wanting to be a director.
[答案] nothing 根据下文他从未放弃可知，没什么能让他泄气，故填nothing。
[典题10] My brother would like to buy a good watch but ________ was available from that shop.
[答案] none but为关键信息，上文说买一块手表，but后表示没有一块，故填none。
考点3 it的用法
1it指代前面所提到过的事情、事物；身份不明的人或婴儿；未指明但谈话双方都明白的事情或情况
The Parkers bought a new house but it will need a lot of work before they can move in.
帕克一家买了一套新房子，但是在入住之前有大量的工作需要去做。(指代前面提到的同一事物)
2it用作形式主语或形式宾语，而把真正的主语或宾语放在后面，真正的主语或宾语往往由从句、动名词、不定式充当
①New technologies make it possible to turn out new products faster and at a lower cost.
新的科技使得在高效率低成本的前提下生产出新的产品成为可能。
②As far as I'm concerned, it is no use arguing with him; he won't change his mind.
就我个人而言，同他争论没用，他不会改变主意。
3表示“喜欢、恨”等心理方面的动词后面接it，构成固定结构，这类动词有enjoy, prefer, love, like, hate, dislike, appreciate等
They would appreciate it, to be frank，if the goods could be delivered as soon as possible.
坦率地说，如果货物尽快被送到，他们会感激不尽。
4it用于强调句型及其他固定句式中
①It is on the farm where we worked together that we got to know each other.
我们是在一起工作过的农场上相互认识的。
②Laughter is the best medicine—at least when it comes to protecting your heart.
笑是最好的药，至少当涉及保护心脏的时候(是这样)。
5it用来指代时间、地点等；也可用于意义表达不明确的语境中，通常不指代内容，如：get it(明白了)；make it(成功了)；forget it(算了吧)等结构中
[典题11] [2017·宁夏银川一中模拟]Parents often find ________ difficult to win their children's trust and they always forget how they themselves felt when young.
[答案] it 分析句子结构可知，此处用it作形式宾语，不定式为真正宾语。
考点4 介词及介词短语
1高考常考介词(短语)用法归纳与辨析
[典题12] [2017·贵州遵义高级航天中学一模]In Bulgaria, where I live, homeless dogs are everywhere but many people here turn a blind eye ________them.
[答案] to 此处表述流浪狗很多，但是很多人对此熟视无睹。turn a blind eye to “对……熟视无睹，视而不见”。故填to。
2其他高考常考介词的用法
(1)介词at可表示动作、感情的原因，意思是“因……而；听到/看到/想到……就……”。
At the boy's remark, the book seller looked at him curiously.
听到男孩的那句话，卖书人好奇地看着他。
(2)“on/upon＋名词或动名词”结构可表示“一……就……”。
On/Upon his arrival he went straight to the counter and spoke to the clerk in uniform behind it.
他一到就径直往柜台走去，并与柜台后边穿制服的店员说话。
(3)to与情感名词连用，表示“某种行动后产生的感觉”。
to one's delight/surprise/horror/sorrow/joy/regret令某人愉悦/惊讶/恐惧/悲伤/高兴/遗憾的是
(4)with的用法：
①表示两种事物之间的相应关系或齐头并进的意思。
With time passing, they have grown into big boys.
随着时间的流逝，他们都长成大小伙子了。
②指原因或理由。
The small child trembled with fear.
小孩吓得打哆嗦。
(5)by的用法：
①表示变化或差异的程度。
This one is shorter than that one by three inches.
这一个比那一个短三英寸。
②表示“按，以，论”的含义，指买卖东西所用以计算的度量单位，或付酬所用以计算的时间。
Milk is sold by the pint, butter by the pound, and eggs by the dozen.
牛奶论品脱卖，黄油论磅卖，蛋类论打卖。
③表示“按照……”或“根据……”的意思。
By my watch, the time is half past eleven.
按我的表，现在是十一点半。
(6)of与抽象名词连用，表示的意义相当于该名词对应的形容词。
of＋great/much＋抽象名词＝very＋形容词；of＋no＋抽象名词＝not＋形容词。
It is of great/much value.＝It is very valuable.
这个东西很贵重。
[典题13] [2018·山东潍坊一中期末]________my delight, when my teacher raises a question, I know how to answer more often.
[答案] To to one's delight “令某人高兴的是”。
3介词搭配
①You can change your job, you can move house, but friendship is meant to be for life.
你可以换工作，可以搬家，但友谊却可以终生受用。
②I have an appointment with Dr Smith, but I need to change it.
我和史密斯医生有个约会，但我需要改一下。
③Apart from good service, the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Fujian dishes.
除了良好的服务外，本饭店还提供不同种类的传统闽菜。
4除以上介词短语外，还有以同一动词后跟不同介词(副词)表示不同意义的动词短语
[典题14] [2017·陕西咸阳模拟]Nowadays, you should be more careful not to be taken ________ by ads for slimming products.
[答案] in 此处为动词与介词搭配的动词词组。take in意为“吸收；理解；欺骗”。此处表述要小心不要被减肥产品的广告欺骗，作“欺骗”讲时，一般用被动形式。
[典题15] [2018·安徽六校联考]Thanks ________ Yuan Longping, he not only won the battle ________ hunger, but he could also export his crops abroad.
[答案] to; against 第一空为固定短语，thanks to意为“多亏，由于”；第二空表示“抵抗，对抗”的意思，因此填介词against。
NO.1解题步骤
1.首先分析句子结构，判断缺少的句子成分是什么。
2．根据各个代词/介词的意义和用法的不同填写符合语境的答案。
NO.2解题技巧
1当句子缺少主语或宾语时，填代词，要根据语境，判断该空格是指人还是指事物，是男还是女，是单数还是复数。
2空格在名词前，且与句子的某名词之间存在所属关系时，填形容词性物主代词。
3当空格后的名词或动名词不作主语、表语，也不作动词的宾语时，应为介词的宾语，故填介词；此时，要根据搭配或句意的需要，如：动词与介词的搭配，介词与后面名词的搭配等来确定具体填哪个介词。
[典题1] [2018·广东潮州模拟]After I ignored my dad's advice, I found ________ losing almost every match at the international level.
[答案] myself 此处表示“我发现自己……”，主语和宾语为同一人，形成互指关系。故填myself。
[典题2] [2017·福建厦门联考]A new research suggests that teens who go along with their friends may end ________ healthier as adults.
[答案] up 根据句意可知，那些和朋友们关系相处比较好的青少年们往往长大成人后，会更加地健康。end up “最终成为，最后处于”，故填up。end up的用法除了后接介词短语和v.ing形式，还可接形容词。
1.在代词的学习过程中要做到以下两点：
(1)熟练掌握代词的基本用法和重点难点；
(2)明确指代内容，把指代的内容与考点有机地结合起来是解决代词问题的关键：①代词指代的是人还是物；②代词指代的是可数名词还是不可数名词；③代词指代的是单数概念还是复数概念(是两者，三者还是三者以上)；④是特指还是泛指；⑤在句中代词是全部否定还是部分否定。
2．介词需在平时的学习过程中日积月累，并在使用时注意不同介词的使用特点。
建议用时：20分钟
Part Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．[2018·安徽安庆一中模拟]To her joy, Della first earned the trust of her students and then ________ of her colleagues.
答案：that 这里需要一个代词指代the trust, that可以指代特指的可数名词单数或不可数名词。句意：让她高兴的是，德拉首先赢得了学生的信任，然后是同事的信任。
2．[2018·河北正定期末]Many singles say the regular dating scene has led them from one bad experience to ________ and are ready to try something else.
答案：another 空格前为介词，应填名词或代词。结合语义可知，此处填another，表示泛指，意为“从一个不好的经历到另一个不好的经历。”
3．[2017·甘肃天水一中期末]In fact, there were cases ________ which the bride was beaten by her mother for not crying at the wedding ceremony.
答案：in 此处为“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句。从句中which指代的是先行词cases。根据固定搭配in the case可确定，此处介词填in。
4．[2017·重庆育才中学月考]Before I got on the bike, I felt extremely nervous and I was afraid that I would fall off and hurt ________ (me)．
答案：myself 本句中主语与宾语为同一人，形成互指，故使用反身代词作动词hurt的宾语，表示“弄伤了自己”。故答案为myself。
5．[2017·河北衡水调研]In Dubai, over the last four years, ________ the help of the Consulate General of the Turkish Republic, we have organized four Successful Charity celebrations to mark April 23 Children's Day.
答案：with with the help of为固定短语，表示“在……的帮助下”。
6．[2017·福建漳州模拟]The staff turned the lights ________ in the restaurant so as not to be noticed by the attackers.
答案：off 根据语境可知，此处表示“把灯关掉”，故应填off。turn off “关闭，关掉”。
7．[2017·天津模拟]________ our arriving at the airport, we were given a warm welcome by the local people.
答案：Upon/On upon/on＋名词/动名词表示 “一……就……”，相当于as soon as。
8．[2017·江苏南通模拟]The Belt and Road Initiative is viewed by many as a historymaking project,________applauded by the Chinese and those along the route as well.
答案：one one作a historymaking project的同位语，泛指一个创历史性的项目，故填one。句意： 一带一路的倡议被许多人看作是历史性的项目，受到不仅中国而且还有那些沿路国家的交口称赞。
9．[2017·江苏徐州模拟]The address is on the envelope. I would appreciate ________ if you could give me your earliest reply.
答案：it would appreciate it if ... 为固定句式，意为“如果……我将非常感激”。此处it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面if引导的从句。故填it。
10．[2018·湖南长沙模拟]They carry out regular checks on milk products to make sure that they are________high quality.
答案：of 此处“be of＋抽象名词”是一个固定结构，表示“具有……”。
Part Ⅱ.单句改错
1．[2017·驻马店模拟]It is hoped that rules and regulations should be improved about the ehongbao system to guarantee their operation.
________________________________________________________
答案：their→its 根据语境可知，此处指代的是前面的单数概念的名词the ehongbao system，表示“确保电子红包的运行”，故将their改为its。
2．[2017·辽宁葫芦岛模拟]Personally, we should not regard money as anything. Money is just a toy with which we can get what we need.
________________________________________________________
答案：anything→everything 根据语义可知，我们不应把金钱看作一切。everything强调整体，anything强调个体，因此将anything改为everything。
3．[2017·牡丹江一中检测]I didn't like the clothes at first. I was afraid that I would be laughed by other kids.
________________________________________________________
答案：laughed后加at laugh at为固定短语，在变为被动语态后，介词at不能省略，故应加上at。
4．[2017·福建三明调研]Instead of the traditional impressions of highpressure Asian schools, with rows of heads buried by books, the students are trying different approaches to learning.
________________________________________________________
答案：by→in be buried in “埋头于……”是一个固定词组。故将by改为in。句意：亚洲学校学生们不再是传统的埋头于书中的印象，他们现在正在尝试使用不同的方法来进行学习。
5．[2018·福建莆田质检]Television in America today remains, to a large extent, with the same organization and standards as they had thirty years ago.
________________________________________________________
答案：they→it 由前文主谓语“Television”“remains”可知，as从句中的主语指代的是单数概念的Television，故改they为it。句意：当今的美国电视在很大程度上，和它30年前一样，仍然具有相同的机构和标准。
Part Ⅲ.语法填空
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
[2018·福建厦门质检]Ten years ago, I ___1___ (ask) to have a demonstration (示范) lecture on behalf of our college, with the presence of probably 60 teachers from other schools. Deep inside, I didn't want to do it. I had less than one year's teaching experience. Many experienced teachers were not willing ___2__ (do) it. Most of them worried that ___3___ they didn't do a good job, it would bring ___4___ (embarrass) to the college and themselves, too.
Finally, I promised to undertake the ___5___ (challenge) task after plenty of inner struggles. I decided the only way to escape fear is to trample (踩踏) ___6___ beneath my foot. I did a good job. Almost all the teachers ___7___ attended the lecture spoke highly of my teaching. That's a magical moment. Ever after, I have been making progress all the time. And every time I face a challenge or something like that, I remind myself ___8___ the difficult but rewarding one a decade ago.
The ___9___ (far) you get away from a challenge, the more difficult it is. Never give up ___10___ (easy) because the roughest roads often lead to the top.
1．________ 2.________ 3.________ 4.________
5．________ 6.________ 7.________ 8.________
9．________ 10.________
篇章导读：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者要代表他的大学在60名外校老师面前做示范演讲，他感到恐惧，经过内心的一番挣扎，作者决定勇于接受挑战并最终做得很好。此事使作者感受颇深并一直激励着作者努力前行。
1．was asked 考查动词的时态和语态。根据语境可知，主语I和动词ask之间是被动关系，表示“我被要求进行一次示范演讲”，同时根据时间状语Ten years ago可知，此处应用ask的一般过去时的被动语态。故填was asked。
2．to do 考查非谓语动词。固定短语be willing to do sth. 意为“愿意做某事”。故填to do。
3．if 考查状语从句。此处表述他们大多数人都担心如果他们讲得不好，……。空格处引导条件状语从句，意为“如果”。故填if。
4．embarrassment 考查词性转换。此处应用embarrass的名词形式作动词bring的宾语，指“带来尴尬”。故填embarrassment。
5．challenging 考查词性转换。此处定冠词the和名词task之间缺少定语，故用challenge的ing形式challenging作定语，意为“具有挑战性的”。
6．it 考查代词。根据句意可知，trample的宾语为前面出现的fear，故用代词it代替，表示“我决定摆脱恐惧的唯一办法就是把恐惧踩在脚下”。故填it。
7．who/that 考查定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，指代先行词Almost all the teachers，并在从句中作主语。故填who/that。
8．of 考查介词。固定短语remind sb. of sth. 意为“使某人想起某事”。故填of。
9．farther/further 考查副词的比较级。“the＋比较级 ...，the＋比较级 ... ”为固定结构，表示“越……，就越……”。故填farther/further。
10．easily 考查词性转换。此处表示“永远不要轻易放弃”，需用easy的副词形式修饰动词短语give up。故填easily。
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