本科生毕业论文
题 目 Analysis of the Characters in
Pudd’nhead Wilson
《傻瓜威尔逊》中人物形象分析
Analysis of the Characters in Pudd’nhead Wilson
THESIS
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
The degree of Bachelor of Arts
In Hunan University of Arts and Science
By Zhang Wenxing
Supervisor: Ran Li
May 2015
Hunan University of Arts and Science
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1894年出版的《傻瓜威尔逊》是马克吐温晚年反映美国奴隶文化的代表作之一,这部小说以美国南方奴隶制为背景，在19世纪的美国，种族歧视是一个独特且尖锐的话题，作者通过对小说人物的刻画，以其特有的讽刺，批判了当时美国社会根深蒂固的种族歧视政策和白人至上主义。本文着重剖析了小说中的两个典型人物傻瓜威尔逊和女奴罗克西，在我看来，这看似不相关的两个人物有着深刻的文化联系，在种族歧视的社会背景下，这两个人物深刻反映了美国社会中极端对立的种族矛盾。本文将通过罗克西娜和威尔逊两人的肖像，行为以及心理描写角度来分析，再现马克吐温以人道主义的立场,对残忍无情的奴隶制和僵化堕落的南方种族文化深刻而又尖锐的批判,更重要的是，反映出这部作品对后世的影响和深刻教训，即，唤起人们对于人权自由和平等的渴望和追求。
关键词：威尔逊 罗克西 奴隶制 种族歧视
Pudd’nhead Wilson, published in 1894, is one of Mark Twain’s representitive works, which reflect America slave culture. The novel is set in America southern slavery.During 19 century, slave and racial discrimination is a special and sharp subject in America. The author through the depiction of characters, with its peculiar irony, criticizes the American society at that time deep-rooted racial discrimination policy and white supremacist.This paper emphatically analyzed two typical characters of the novel fool Wilson and slave Roxy.In my opinion, this seemingly unrelated two characters has a profound cultural links,Under the social background of racial discrimination, the two figures reflects the opposite extremes of racial conflicts in American society.This article will analyze Roxy and Wilson from the point of view of their portrait, behavior and psychological reproducing Mark Twain’s deep and sharp criticism to the ruthless southern slavery and rigid fallen racial culture on humanistic view. What’s more, I want to reflect the influence of this work and profound lessons for later generations, that is, evoking people’s desire and pursuit of human rights, freedom and equlity.
Key words：Roxy; Wilson; Slavery;Southern Racial Discriminition
摘 要 i
Abstract ii
Introduction 1
Chapter 1 An Introduction to Mark Twain and Pudd’nhead Wilson. 2
1.1 Introduction to Mark Twain 2
1.2 Introduction to Pudd’nhead Wilson 2
Chapter 2 An Introduction to Character Analysis 4
2.1 The Way of Character Analysis 4
2.2 The Significance of Character Analysis 4
Chapter 3 Analysis to The Main Characters in Pudd’nhead Wilson 5
3.1 Analysis to Roxy 5
3.2 Analysis to Wilson 5
Conclusion 6
Bibliography 7
Acknowledgements
马克·吐温的一系列以美国密西西比河流域文化为背景的小说中，《傻瓜威尔逊》并不是最具代表性的作品。然而，书中罗克西娜这一人物形象以其独特的生理特征与文化意识引起了评论界的西方评论界的广泛关注。在这个以奴隶制经济为基础的名叫道森兰丁的小镇里，奴隶首先是像猪狗一样有价值的商品，他们可以被主人自由的买卖。被买卖的命运从一开始就笼罩在小说主人公罗克西娜和同伴们的生活之上，也正是由于惧怕被卖到河的下游去，罗克西娜才一手产生了调包的想法.作者通过对小说人物的刻画，以其特有的讽刺，批判了当时美国社会根深蒂固的种族歧视政策和白人至上主义.
Mark Twain (pseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemens,1835-1910) was an American writer, journalist and humorist, who won a worldwide audience for his stories of the youthful adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. Although he was not rich, he was still regarded as one of the most famous people because of his great humorous and witty and fame. He was honoured as Lincoln of literary history. Helen Keller once said , I like Mark Twain . Who does not like him ? Even God loves him , provide him with wisdom and paint a rainbow of love and belief in his heart. William Faulkner said that Mark Twain was the first real American writter and we all come to inherit him. Mark Twain was died in 1910 and buried at Elmira,NewYork.
Mark Twain, American founder of critical realism, the world famous short story master, went through the development process from early American capitalism to imperialism, The tone of his works also turned from brisk to sarcastic and then to pessimistic. He wrote many works which reflected America's social phenomenon. Mark Twain established a memorial monument in both history of America literature and history of the world. As a great spiritual wealth of mankind ,his works will be spreaded on earth forever.
" Pudd’nhead Wilson" is written by Mark Twain in 1893.It tells a bizarre story made by man. Female black slave Roxy only has sixteenth black ancestry, her son has only one over thirty-two black descent. Although the skin of her son is as same as the white man, he still will be treated as slaves for his whole life. So Roxy plays a shrewd trick.She changes her own son ,Toms,leeping in cradle and Thomas `a Becket, the white race, the son of Driscoll. As a result, the two wrong-identitied children grow up in different environment not belonging them. During the later long 23 years, Roxy’s son becomes young master of the house while the real master becomes black slave.Tom grows up in a superior environment, unlearned, also pick up a bad habit of gambling. To pay his debts, he dresses as a girl in the town to steale. Finally, he is discovered when he steals his uncle’s money. He killed his uncle and flees at night. At the last minute of the trial, Wilson find the truth by fingerprint. The two children don’t go back to their own position until Wilson distinguish them with unique dactylography.
The style the work telling the story continue the American humor pattern of Mark Twain and it also has a distinctive ideological significance of criticizing southern racial and cultural-discrimination. He sharply criticized the cruel and savage slavary.
At the begining chapter of the book, Mark Twain uses many words to describe Roxy. From Roxy's manner of speech, a stranger would have expected her to be black, but she was not. Only one sixteenth of her was black, and that sixteenth did not show. She was of majestic form and stature, her attitudes were imposing and statuesque, and her gestures and movements distinguished by a noble and stately grace. Her complexion was very fair, with the rosy glow of vigorous health in her cheeks, her face was full of character and expression, her eyes were brown and liquid, and she had a heavy suit of fine soft hair which was also brown, but the fact was not apparent because her head was bound about with a checkered handkerchief and the hair was concealed under it. Her face was shapely, intelligent, and comely--even beautiful. She had an easy, independent carriage--when she was among her own caste--and a high and "sassy" way, withal; but of course she was meek and humble enough where white people were.
From the first sentence, From Roxy's manner of speech, a stranger would have expected her to be black, we can get the information that the author suggests the difference between black and white. Tone of voice. However only sixteenth of her was black, and that sixteenth did not show. What’s more, with later words about Roxy, we know that Roxy is as same as white people except her tone of voice and hei sixteenth black lineage even she is more beautiful than others. As a very typical, slaves of oppression by white culture. Her life is full of contradictions. She is always in a natural "identity crisis". She looks different with the white, but she was born a slave. Her skin is white but her words are vulgar; she has thick soft hair but wears the humble clothes; She is very deferential to white masters but very bossy to those black workers. In other words, Roxy , as a black people, agrees with and also accept the racial attitudes and slavery. She agrees that the status of white people is naturally higher than black. So sad she is.
However, as a woman slave, she has an attractive appearance. It is doomed that she is not only a slave with economic value but also a tool available for white master to vent their sexual desire. The novel implys to readers when refer to Tom that she once is the plaything of a another prominent noble race. Unfortunately, the white master who makes her to be pregnant is only interested in her body. Also this novel darkly implys that Roxy becomes the focused target of her new master when she is sold down the river. And then the hostess retaliates her unscrupulously nearly killed her. Thus it can be seen, what her pretty appearance takes her is just a string of misfortune. Since that she is a slave. Meanwhile, we can get that under the slavery socal background, slaves have no any status. They are treated without dignity, just like dogs. The author, with its peculiar irony, criticizes the American society at that time deep-rooted racial discrimination policy, white supremacist and slavery.
In order to distinguish herself and those black slaves slightly, Roxy goes to church like white people and stresses repeatedly in front of her son that his father have the same noble lineage with the judge. Thus it can be seen, in the very bottom of her heart, Roxy feels deeply fear about the terrible slave society system. But on the other hand , she attaches herself to it willingly. This is the most sad place for Roxy as a slavery.
毫无疑问，作为奴隶的罗克西娜对于左右她命运的社会规范几乎达到了俯首帖耳的地步。她迷恋血统的高贵，敌视奴隶的卑贱，对于生活的苦难逆来顺受，甚至于企图以自杀的方式结束自己的生命，对赐予她人身自由的主人感激涕零。一言以蔽之，她认为自己像猪狗一样的活着是完全合情合理的，因为她生来就是“奴隶”。
小说中换子一幕极为鲜明地表现了社会权力对罗克西娜行为意识的决定性作用:在刚刚换完小孩之后,罗克西娜惊讶地发现,/那种使她对小主人说话恭敬、态度顺从的畏惧心竟然那么又肯定又自然地转移到冒牌少爷的身上去了,还有,那种做母亲的草率的语气和粗鲁的态度,也同样迅速地转移到这位真正的继承人身上了0(P25)。连罗克西娜本人都无法相信,她自己作为母亲的天性为何在一瞬间就完全被对主人的畏惧和服从取代了)))她的生理本能被社会强权彻底地压制了。由此可见,在这样一个畸形变态的南方农奴制社会,决定一个人地位与命运的是他所表征的/社会符号0,而不是其真正的自我。因此,/汤姆0吃着精细的食物,集千般宠爱于一身,接受耶鲁大学的教育,虽然身体羸弱生性怯懦,却是一个/不折不扣0的主子;/钱伯斯0吃着杂食长大,被卖到河下游去的可能性始终伴随着他,虽然身形健硕勇敢过人,却是一个让主子殴打出气的贱奴。吐温借助于离奇的调包故事,充分表明/在道森兰丁这一小镇,社会地位完全是由个人的血统决定的,与人的自我实现毫无关系,因为个人没有自由选择的权利0»。
2.3 The Psychoanalysis of Roxy and Wilson
当然,最可悲的还在于种族歧视的偏见不仅盛行于白人社会,而且也毒害了黑人的心灵本身.小说中写道,/无论从想法还是动机而言,罗克西娜和白人毫无二致0。(P13)º尽管如此,无论她看上去多么像一个白人,也无法减少她对/可能被卖到河的下游去的恐惧0。(P20)吐温在小说开始非常成功地描
摹了罗克西娜极其矛盾的内心世界: 小说中的奴隶主波赛,似乎还比较仁慈,但正是这种所谓仁慈举动的任意给予或收回,更揭示了奴隶们任人宰割的悲惨命运。人生最大的恐怖莫过于不能把握自己的生活和未来,而恰恰在这一点上,所有奴隶的感受都是一样的。当主人帕西#德里斯科尔威胁要将偷窃的奴隶卖到河的下游去时所有奴隶都吓得瑟瑟发抖,头脑发昏,感到末日来临。从这种心理反应中可以看出,长年累月、骇人听闻的悲惨遭遇已经构成黑奴们日常生活中无所不在的恐怖氛围。实际上,每一处的黑奴都坚信有一处比此地更为可怕的地方存在,这个地方之可怕已经取代了地狱。这种异乎寻常的心理氛围说明什么呢?说明黑奴们在生活上和精神上已经彻底绝望。 ,罗克西娜最初的反应是非常庆幸自己检点的行为,并将她诚实的行为归于虔诚地参与教堂的礼拜活动,吐温在这里暗示了罗克西娜似乎有了一种真正为白人社会接受的/可能性0。然而,随即涌上心头的恐惧感使她认识到,自己和孩子永远也无法真正摆脱/被卖到河下游去的可能性0。正是意识到在奴隶制下母子关系的纽带是极其脆弱的,才产生了罗克西娜最初的自杀以及后来施展调包计的种种念头,而作为一个真正意义上的人有可能被接受的短暂喜悦在瞬间就被关于孩子命运和前途的焦虑彻底替代了。她充分意识到,一时为奴,一世为奴,无论她如何向白人社会靠拢,也无法逃脱像牲口一样被贩卖的潜在危险。
罗克珊就很讨厌自己身上的那十六分之一黑人血统。尽管她在黑人面前带着/高傲和莽撞的神气0,在白人面前,她却是/老老实实、服服帖帖的0(10)。在这样一个人物身上,我们看到的是当时/实实在在的历史现实,建立在种族基础上的奴隶制、种族混血、社会对立、酝酿中的无法避免的种族憎恨0»。罗克珊讨厌自己的黑人身份,憎恨自己的种族属性。在她心目中,白人高贵而勇敢,黑人低贱而懦弱。当然,最可悲的还在于种族歧视的偏见不仅盛行于白人社会,而且也毒害了黑人的心灵本身。在第二章中,罗克珊和杰斯白斗嘴戏谑时,就表示对黑人看不起,流露出明显的自卑感.儿子对决斗事件的反应让她痛心疾首,也让她更加鄙视黑人血统。按照她的说法,儿子指甲上很少的一丁点儿黑人血都/足够把他的灵魂涂黑了0(111)。身为奴隶却中了统治阶级的毒素不能自拔,就象鲁迅笔下的阿Q一样,这可以说是最悲哀的了,
在整部小说中,罗克西娜对于由于奴隶身份带来的种种苦难只是一味地忍受,毫无真正的反抗意识,这种选择在战后南方奴隶制社会文化中具有广泛的普遍性。尽管我们并未从小说中得知非常具体的/河的下游0生活状况,但是可以推测,对于罗克西娜和其他奴隶而言,/被卖到河的下游去0基本等同于被宣判了死刑或者被投入了地狱。正如Porter所言,在南方奴隶制文化中,奴隶的生存权利完全掌控在他们的主人手中,他们的生存状况取决于主人的态度
然而,罗克西娜的悲剧并不仅仅在于她所遭受的身心压迫,而在于她自己对奴隶制这一扭曲的社会关系的/认可与接受.在自命为天之骄子的白种人绅士的心目中，黑人只是牛马不如的财物和赚钱的工具，可悲的是黑人自己也都听天由命，视为当然。随着小说故事情节的展开,吐温非常巧妙地告诉我们,在罗克西娜被驯化了的意识形态中,她根本就瞧不起作为奴隶的自己。当罗克西娜自己的亲生儿子/汤姆0由于胆怯懦弱,不敢用决斗的方式与孪生兄弟中的路易吉解决他们之间的纠纷时,她将这种没有血性的行为归罪于他天生的奴隶血统,在她愚昧的意识中,决斗是/贵族社会的特权
在罗克西娜的悲剧中,小镇上所有的人都扮演了自己的角色,他们无意识的状态下/共谋0了这一悲剧,类似的悲剧迟早也会降临到他们的头上。罗克西娜满心以为使用调包计就可以彻底改变自己儿子的命运,结果这恰恰是她一连串厄运的开始
这一无序和混乱最后由威尔逊来纠正和整治,小镇原先的等级秩序被恢复了,老弗吉尼亚人的名门望族地位被重新确定。假汤姆被卖往/大河下游0为奴,做了多年奴隶的白人公子汤姆顺理成章地继承了法官伯父的财产,成为众人瞩目的富家少爷。一切似乎都令人满意。不过,在真正的汤姆恢复白人自由身的同时,尴尬也随之出现了。多年以来,真汤姆已习惯了自己的黑奴身份,突然间获得的自由和财富让他眩晕,无所适从,做白人公子使他浑身不自在。小说结尾有这样一段叙述:他既不会读书,也不会写字,他说的话是黑人区的最粗鄙的土话。他的步法、他的态度、他的姿态、他的举止、他的笑声)))一切都是鄙俗而粗野的;他的习气是个奴隶的习气。金钱和漂亮衣服都不能弥补这些缺点,也不能把它们掩饰起来;反而使这些缺点更加刺眼,更加叫人难过。这个可怜虫一进白种人的客厅就感到恐怖,简直受不了,除了在厨房里而外,无论到什么地方,他都觉得不自在、不安宁。他家里的人在教堂里占的座位也使他苦恼,但是他却再也不能到/黑人座0里去,把那儿当成安身之所)))那地方永远也不许他进去了。¹真汤姆的这个结局寓意深刻。从这一点上,我们可以把这个故事解读为作者对当时流行的血统制度的辛辣嘲讽。白人汤姆虽然血统纯正,但因为多年以来一直以黑奴的身份生活在社会的最底层,所以他的一切言行举止都是按照社会对黑奴的要求培养起来的。进入白人世界并不能让他从心理上或行为上变成白人。罗克珊的掉包计在客观上变成了一项种族实验,这一实验使黑人变成了白人,使小少爷变成了仆人。黑人/小书僮0因为得到了舒适的成长环境,长成了能读会写的上流社会青年;白人汤姆因为按照黑奴的模式长大,变成了畏首畏尾、话语粗鄙的
奴仆。这也就是说,那些自诩天生就有高贵血统的白人同样可以变成目不识丁的卑微黑奴,而一向被白人踩在脚下的黑人也可以变成社交场所的儒雅人士。如此一来,白人与黑人之间的区别被模糊了,白人高雅、黑人鄙俗的观念被颠倒了,基于肤色的社会等级秩序也受到了质疑。真假汤姆这两个原本属于不同种族的个体因为罗克珊的换婴事件变得可以互换角色,血统纯正的白人和混血的黑人变得他无法分辨,这本身就是对以血统差异为基础的种族论的抨击。事实上，没有觉醒过来的黑人之所以看不起自己，无非是中了种族歧视者的毒罢了。
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小说巧妙设置了两个孩子被偷偷调换的情节。结果,随着命运的人为改变,两个孩子的生存方式和生活道路也被改变了。但结果怎么样呢?白人的孩子并没有因为所谓天生的血统高贵而显示出有所不同。被娇生惯养的容易得胃病,而被当做奴隶孩子喂养的却反而身体强壮。假少爷趾高气扬,动不动就辱骂黑人,包括他的亲生母亲罗克珊;而假黑奴在长年的压迫和极度的压抑下显得精神畏缩。假少爷以白人社会为舞台,对各种交际手段驾轻就熟;假黑奴长期生活在黑奴的圈子中,习惯了低声下气的生存方式,以至于当最后真相大白时,这个重新获得继承权的白人的孩子仍然进入不了角色。因为他既不会读书,也不会写字,他说的话全是黑人的土话,他一举手一投足都是奴隶的习气,而他自己也是一进入白种人的场合就条件反射似的感到恐怖,只有呆在黑人堆里才觉得自在。这真是一个莫大而绝妙的讽刺。
这种命运颠倒的结局说明了什么呢?说明这个社会制度的极不公平,而且极没道理。既然所谓血统高贵的白种人,放在不同的生活和教育环境下,他们的表现和反应一点也不象龙种,照样是忍气吞声,苟活度日,没有显出一点聪慧和灵性来改变他们的命运。那么凭什么他们仅靠这身天生的白皮肤就高高在上,占尽好处,肆意侮辱和奴役他们的只不过皮肤黑些的同胞呢?这种严格的种族区分究竟有什么道理呢?人类社会不是蚂蚁窝,蚁群区分出蚁王、蚁后、兵蚁和工蚁是为了群居的需要,是生存方式的选择与顺应。人生而自由,生而平等,一个仅凭种族、肤色、出身就把人分成三六九等的社会无疑是一个傻瓜的社会,因为它毫无道理,站不住脚;它也是一个野蛮的社会,因为它信奉暴力
那些自诩天生就有高贵血统的白人同样可以变成目不识丁的卑微黑奴,而一向被白人踩在脚下的黑人也可以变成社交场所的儒雅人士。这就充分说明了，贵贱之分是认为的，而不是什么天生的，命定的。《傻瓜威尔逊》让老愤青忍不住联想，它让我思考：一个人的家庭出身、社会地位、经济基础、思想观念、性格特征、人性的良善与丑恶等诸多问题。一个人在有权势的家庭里，在物质条件十分优越的环境中，思想深处就会自然地滋生出优越感，可是，一但天有不测风云，家境发生了巨变，地位没了，权势没了，财产没了，他将怎么样呢？他可能会感到一落千丈、六神无主、头晕目眩、四肢无力、悲催得要死。而一个人出身贫贱、置身寒门，却能够“穷则思变”、埋头苦干、品性端正、心地良善，即使经过自己的奋斗拼搏“飞黄腾达”、跻身于富贵豪门之列，仍能够坚守那份诚实和自然，仍习惯过着简约、朴素的生活。看起来，马克·吐温的《傻瓜威尔逊》不仅仅可以让我们透视那特定年代的文化，还可以透过罗克西娜的故事，深入思考人性这一古老的话题。所以，老愤青忍不住要说：马克·吐温真是具有绝顶智慧的大写的“美国人”！！
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I have eternal gratitude to…, my tutor, for his inestimable help and valuable instruction, and to Professor …, for his insightful lectures, which inspire me to compose this dissertation.
I am greatly indebted to Professor … for his allowing me to have access to his books pertinent to this dissertation.
I also thank those who help me in course of the writing and whose names I can’t list here one by one.
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