医学英文摘要写作
How to write a medical English abstract
第一章 概述
一、摘要的定义、用途、和长度
二、摘要的内容
三、摘要的类型
四、摘要的写作格式
五、摘要写作的注意事项
What is an abstract?
An abstract is a brief summary of the most important points in a scientific paper.
摘要是作者研究过程、研究目的、研究方法和研究结果的简要陈述和概括。
Purposes for Abstracts
Abstracts typically serve five main goals:
Help readers decide if they should read an entire article
Help readers and researchers remember key findings on a topic
Help readers understand a text by acting as a pre-reading outline of key points
Index articles for quick recovery and cross-referencing
Allow supervisors to review technical work without becoming bogged down in details
二、摘要的内容Contents
1. Title
2. Name of the author
3. Unit of the author/address
4. Text of the abstract
5. Keywords
1）目的2）方法3）结果
4）结果的分析、比较、评价以及应用，提出的问题以及建议5）其他
三、摘要的类型
1. descriptive abstract —— 描述性摘要
2. informative abstract——资料性摘要
3. descriptive-informative abstract——描述-资料性摘要
1. Non-structured abstract （非结构式摘要）
2. Structured abstract （结构式摘要）
full-structured
semi-structured
1.描述性摘要 Descriptive Abstract/ Indicative Abstract
The descriptive abstracts tell what topics are taken up in the paper. They contain indicative information on purpose, scope, or methodology in the original documents, but mention little or nothing about details of results, conclusions or recommendations. The advantages of a descriptive abstract are that it is easy to write and is usually short; a serious disadvantage is that it contains little information.
一般只用两三句话概括论文或报道的主题，而不涉及具体的数据和结论，通常用于综述、会议报告等。
Samples of descriptive abstracts:
例一：
心得宁引起的胸膜纤维化
我们报道两例患者服用心得宁后继发胸膜纤维化
Pleural Fibrosis After Practolol Therapy
We describe two patients who developed pleural fibrosis after treatment with practolol.
例二：
论原发性胃肠道淋巴瘤
本文综述了治疗原发性胃肠道淋巴瘤的主要经验，并就该病的临床、病理及治疗等问题进行了讨论。
Primary Lymphomas of the Gastrointestinal Tract
An institutional experience with primary gastrointestinal lymphoma (PGL) is reviewed. The clinical, pathologic, and therapeutic aspects of PGL are discussed.
2.资料性（报道性）摘要 Informative Abstracts
The informative abstracts give the gist, or essence, of a piece of writing: they include the most significant material in the original writing. It is the original document in miniature. Important information on purpose, scope and method of the research are included in this type of abstracts. They also contain key results, conclusions, or recommendations. The advantage of an informative abstracts is that it provides much more information than does a descriptive abstract. But it is usually longer than the descriptive type.
概括论文的主要信息，一般阐明研究的问题和关键的研究成果， 其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论。通常，阅读这种摘要可以部分取代阅读全文。
Malignant Hypertension and Cigarette Smoking
The smoking habit of 48 patients with malignant hypertension was compared with that of 92 consecutive patients with non- malignant hypertension. Thirty-three of the patients with malignant and 34 of the patients with non-malignant hypertension were smokers when first diagnosed, the difference were considered separately. Results suggest that malignant hypertension is yet another disease related to cigarette smoking.
Informative-Indicative Abstracts
以报道性文摘的形式表述一次文献中信息价值较高的部分，而以指示性文摘的形式表述其余部分的文摘。字数 200词左右为宜
Traditional Abstract 传统式摘要
IMRAD
Introduction 引言
Materials and Methods 材料与方法
Results 结果
Discussion 讨论
全结构式摘要（Full-structured Abstract） 1974年4月，加拿大McMaster 大学医学中心的Dr R Brian Haynes首先提出建立临床研究论文的结构式摘要。
在 Dr Edward J Huth创导下，美国《内科学记事》（Annuals of Internal Medicine）在国际上率先采用了全结构式（full-structured）摘要。
1．目的（Objective）：说明论文要解决的问题2．设计（Design）：说明研究的基本设计，包括的研究性质3．地点（Setting）：说明进行研究的地点和研究机构的等级4．对象（Patients, participants or subjects）：说明参加并完成研究的病人或受试者的性质、数量及挑选方法5．处理（Interventions）：说明确切的治疗或处理方法6．主要测定项目（Main outcome measures）：说明为评定研究结果而进行的主要测定项目7．结果（Results）：说明主要客观结果
8 ．结论（Conclusion）：说明主要结论，包括直接临床应用意义与非结构式摘要相比，。
全结构式摘要观点更明确（more explicitness），信息量更大（more information），差错更少（fewer errors）.
但其缺点也是显而易见的，即繁琐、重复、篇幅过长, 而且不是所有研究都能按以上8个要素分类的。于是更多的杂志扬长避短，采用半结构式摘要（semi-structured）
半结构式摘要(Semi-structured Abstract)
半结构式摘要也称为四要素摘要，包括：
目的（objective/purpose/aim）、
方法（methods）、
结果（results）
结论（conclusion）
目前国内许多杂志正从非结构式摘要向半结构式摘要过度。
Does smoking predispose to peptic ulcer relapse after eradication of Helicobacter pylori?
Chan F.k.l. –Department of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital,..
Objective: To investigate whether smoking would increase ulcer recurrence after…
Methods: A total of 287 patients with gastric ulcers …
Results: Of the 83 smokers,3 had ulcer recurrence,
Conclusions: Cigarette smoking did not increase the recurrence of peptic ulcers after eradication of H. Pylori.
About the tense
1）目的部分：背景介绍：一般现在时或现在完成时目的说明：一般现在时/现在完成时，或一般过去时
2）材料、方法和结果部分：除指示性说明外，一律用一般过去时。过去完成时只用于说明研究前的情况或研究中某一点时间之前发生的情况.
3）结论部分：凡陈述研究的材料、方法和结果时，一律用过去时；分析结果或发现的原因时，或者提出结论性意见时，如果作者认为具有普遍意义，可用现在时；如果作者认为自己的分析或结论只限于本研究范围或者仅是一种可能性，则用一般过去时为好。
Length of Abstracts
Keep abstracts of most papers and portions of monographs to fewer than 250 words, abstracts of shorter papers to fewer than 100 words, and those of reports and longer theses to fewer than 500 words. Rarely does an abstract exceed one page. Write most abstracts in a single paragraph, except those for long documents.
五、摘要写作的注意事项
1、要概括研究的要点
2、要尽可能简洁
3、要符合逻辑、重点突出
4、要结构合理，用完整句表述
5、要行文流畅
第二章 标题（title）
一、标题二、副标题三、英、汉标题特点的比较
四、冠词的省略五、标题中常用名词的搭配
六、标题中常用介词的搭配 七、几种常用的标题句式
一、标题 Title
（一）名词性标题（二）完整句标题（三）疑问句
（一）名词性标题
标题一般由一个名词或若干并列的名词，加上必要的修饰语构成，一般没有谓语成分
Laboratory diagnosis of SARS
SARS的实验室诊断
Haemorrhagic cholecystitis
出血性胆囊炎
Alcohol use, myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, and hypertension
饮酒、心肌梗塞、心源性猝死及高血压病
Surgery for Infective Endocarditis
感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗
Left Ventricular Function Before and Following Surgical Treatment of Mitral Valve Disease
二尖瓣病变手术前后左心室的功能变化
感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗
（1）只在标题开头的第一个单词的首字母大学，收尾句不用句号
（2）标题中每个词的首字母都大写，只有某些虚词才小写，句尾不用句号。某些需要小写的虚词，指的是冠词、3个字母以内的连词和介词，4个字母以上的，如with, from, during , after, against, during ,between 仍需要大写。
词组型标题词组型标题是由一个或数个单词或词组单独地、并列地或按偏正关系排列组成. 按其组成关系又可分为以下三类
①单一概念标题②多概念并列标题 ③多概念偏正标题
①单一概念标题,是由一个不可再细分的、具有完整概念的单词或词组构成. 由于这些单词或词组是文章所讨论的唯一对象,即文章标题的中心词.因此,英译标题时可以直接对译.
创伤性血胆症 Traumatic hemobilia［中华肝胆外科杂志, 2004, 10(7)］；颅底软骨肉瘤
Chondrosarcoma of the skull base［中华神经外科杂志, 2003, 19(6)］.
②多概念并列标题,由两个或两个以上具有独立完整概念的词组并列组成. 由于词或词组之间没有说明或被说明、修饰或被修饰的关系,而是无主次的并列关系. 因此,英译标题时可按表达各个概念的词或词组的先后顺序译出.
例如:催乳素和免疫系统Prolactin and immune system［中华内分泌代谢杂志, 2004, 20(6)］；
嗜铬细胞瘤病人的临床特点及围术期麻醉管理Clinical features of pheochromocytoma and anesthetic management during perioperative period［中华医学杂志, 2002, 82(8)］.
③多概念偏正标题,由多个具有独立、完整概念的词或词组构成. 而其中有一个受其它词或词组所修饰、限制或说明. 这个被修饰、限制或说明的词或词组就是文章标题的中心词,它位于标题末,与修饰、限制或说明它的词构成偏正关系.
多概念偏正标题是科技论文标题中最常见的一种,它又可分为并列偏正结构标题和递进偏正结构标题.
并列偏正结构标题是以联合词组充当标题中心词的定语. 英译标题时,可按顺序译出各并列成分,并置于中心词之后.
例如:泮托拉唑三联与奥美拉唑三联疗法根除幽门螺杆菌的对比研究
Comparison of pantoprazole and omeprazole- based triple therapy regimens in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection［中华医学杂志, 2002, 82(18)］
递进偏正结构标题以偏正词组充当标题的中心词. 定语中的各组成部分总是前一个修饰后一个,层层相叠,最后作为一个整体来限定代表标题重心概念的中心词. 英译标题时,代表标题重心的中心词置于题首,定语中的各组成部分,在多数情况下,按由小到大,由近到远的次序排列.
例如:抑郁症患者红细胞儿茶酚氧位甲基转移酶活性的研究
The erythrocytes catechol O methyl transferase activity in patients with depression［中华精神科杂志, 2005, 38(3)］；
（二）完整句标题
医学论文标题一般都是名词性标题。有的医学杂志，如美国的 Journal of the National Cancer Institute 甚至规定标题不得写成完整的句子。但是，在其他英美医学杂志中，仍可以看到标题为完整句，只是句尾没有句号。如：
Dietary cholesterol is co-carcinogenic for human colon cancer
胆固醇饮食--- 人类结肠癌的协同致癌因素
Cytochrome b is present in neutrophils from patients with chronic granulomatous disease
存在于慢性肉芽杂红患者嗜中性白细胞里的细胞色素把b
（三）疑问句
标题也可以是疑问句。疑问句标题尾一般有疑问号，如有疑问副词或疑问代词，也可不用疑问句。 如：Home or hospital births?
在家分娩还是住院分娩？
Genetic damage form diagnostic radiation ?
诊断性放射检查能否导致遗传性损害？
What to look for rib fractures and how
肋骨骨折时应检查什么及如何检查？
Is treatment of borderline hypertension good or bad?
治疗临界型高血压是利是弊？
Are potassium supplements for the elderly necessary?
中年以上的患者是否比须补钾？
What does exercise mean for the menstrual cycle?
锻炼对月经周期有什么影响？
二、副标题
副标题往往用于突出论文某一方面的内容，如病例数、研究方法等。
正、副标题可用不同字体字号加以区别，也可用冒号隔开
（一）突出病例数
Abdominal pain in the emergency room: A study of 176 consecutive cases
腹痛急诊——176 连续收治的病例研究
Surgical treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts: Analysis of 119 cases
假性胰腺囊肿手术治疗 ——119例分析
（二）突出研究方法
Diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in immunosuppressed patients: Prospective study of 80 cases
Heparin therapy: A randomized prospective study
Diabetes after infectious hepatitis: A follow-up study
免疫抑制患者弥漫性肺浸润——前瞻性研究80例
肝素疗法前瞻性随机研究
传染性肝炎继发糖尿病患者随访调查
（三）突出重点内容
Diabetes mellitus: New diagnostic criteria
Digitalis therapy in practice : Correlation between clinical evaluation and plasma digoxin concentration
Aorto-arteritis: Chest X-ray appearance and its clinical significance
糖尿病诊断的新标准
洋地黄疗法的实际应用——地高辛血浆浓度与临床疗效的关系
大动脉炎胸部X线表现及其临床意义
（四）表示同位关系
哌唑嗪——一种新的治疗高血压的血管扩张剂
乳腺癌组织中的癌胚抗原——一种有用的预后指标
Prazodine: A new vasodilator used for treatment of hypertension
Carcinoembryonic antigen in breast-cancer tissue: A useful prognostic indicator
（五）提出疑问句
Drug regulation: Evolution or revolution？
Chronic abdominal pain: A surgical or psychiatric symptom?
药物调节：进化还是革命？
慢性腹痛是手术症状还是精神症状？
（六）表示长篇连载论文各分篇的主题
Physical and chemical studies of human blood serum:
A study of normal subjects
Physical and chemical studies of human blood serum:
II . A study of 29cases of nephritis
人类血清的理化研究：I 正常人的研究
人类血清的理化研究：II. 29例肾炎患者的研究
（七）说明研究时间
A collaborative study of burn nursing in China: 2002~2006 A collaborative study of burn nursing in China: 2002~2006
Endoscopic varicose sclerosis: One year clinical experience
中国烧伤护理综合研究： 2002~2006
曲张静脉内镜硬化疗法：一年临床经验研究
Exercises
1. 将下列标题改为带有副标题的格式
1) A light and electron microscopic study of two cases of primary sarcoma of the heart
2) Experimental study of laser surgery of the liver
3) A report of60 cases of primary vaginal carcinoma
4) Clinical analysis of 55 cases of subacute thyroiditis
5) A study of 127 cases of deafness due to noise trauma
6) A review of 37 cases of diffuse malignant mesothelioma of the pleura
7) Clinical, angiographic, and myocardial scintigraphic observations on unstable angina pectoris
8) Fifteen years’ experience with carcinoma of the pancreas
9) Experiences in the treatment of 50 cases of vascular injuries
10) Physiopathologic mechanisms for jaundice and cirrhosis
将下列完整句标题改为名词性标题
1) Angiodysplasia is a cause of colonic bleeding in the elderly
2) Thyroid cancer is a late consequence of head-neck irridation.
3) Coronary heart disease: Overweight and obesity are risk factors
4) Prostaglandins serve as mediators of inflammation.
5) Ferritin serves as an index of bone marrow stores.
6) High uric acid serves as an indicator of cardiovascular disease
7) Pernicious anemia is a risk factor for cancer of the stomach
8) Inferior vena cava obstruction is a complication of prostate cancer
三、英、汉标题特点的比较
（一）Study of, Report of 等词的使用 （二）带 as 的句式 （三）带 and 的句式
（四）病例数的处理（五）汉语标题中几个常用词的翻译
（一）Study of, Report of 等词的使用
18世纪，科技论文中可以 some thoughts on… a few observations on…
现代科技论文Study of… 、investigation of…、 a report of… 也不多见
标题越来越趋向简短扼要。
如：Ultrasound in the diagnosis of cholestatic jaundice
超生诊断胆汁郁积性黄疸
Cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis patients
血液透析患者的心血管病变
Toxic effect of benzene on leucocytes
苯对白细胞毒性作用的研究
Clinical efficacy of disopyramide in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias
双异丙吡胺治疗心律失常的疗效观察
Studies on the diuretic effects of Etozolin in heart failure
乙氧唑啉对心力衰竭患者利尿效应的研究
An angiographic and clinical study of coronary collateral circulation
冠状动脉侧枝循环的血管造影与临床研究
（二）带 as 的句式
在需要用表语（或同位语）的概念时，常用带as 的句式
Pernicious anemia as a risk factor for cancer of the stomach
Gastrocolic fistula as complication of benign gastric ulcer
（三）带 and 的句式
表相互关系的意义时，可用and来表示
Viral hepatitis and medical professions
Malignant hypertension and cigarette smoking
（四）病例数的处理
在我国医学论文标题，为吸引读者注意，往往将病例数置于正标题中
1. 779例气道异物的治疗
2. 系统性红斑狼疮80例分析
在国外，病例数大多置于副标题中。
3. 软骨肉瘤——附26例报告
4.输血后肝炎60例报告
5. 55例亚急性甲状腺炎临床分析
The treatment of 779 cases of foreign bodies in the air passage
Analysis of 80 cases of SLE
Chondrosarcoma : Report of 26 cases
Posttransfusion hepatitis : A report of 60 cases
Subacute thyroiditis: Clinical analysis of 55 cases
有时根据英文标题不列出病例数这一特点，在英译时可将病例数不译。
慢性胃炎分类探讨（附71例分析）
Evaluation of classification of chronic gastritis
肾下腹主动脉瘤39例治疗经验
Experience in the treatment of infra-renal abdominal aortic aneurysm
（五）汉语标题中几个常用词的翻译
1. “探讨”
Discussion , evaluation , approach, study, investigation
如1）实验性肺功能不全的探讨
2）中西医治疗肝炎的探讨
3）亚临床肝癌诊断问题的探讨
4）心源性猝死51例临床病理探讨
5）原发性肝癌临床诊断的探讨
6）脑血管病1000例临床分析及若干问题探讨Discussion on experimental pulmonary insufficiency
An evaluation of treatment for hepatitis by combined traditional Chinese and western medicine
An approach to diagnosis of subclinical liver cancer
Sudden cardiac death: Clinicopathologic investigation of 51 cases
On clinical diagnosis of primary carcinoma of liver
Cerebral vascular disorders: Clinical analysis of 1000 cases
“体会” experience
1） 818例糖尿病患者治疗体会
2）治疗革兰氏阴性杆菌菌血症的新体会
3）全胃切除治疗贲门癌的体会
Experience in treating 818 patients with diabetes mellitus
Recent experience with bacillemia due to gramnegative organisms
The treatment of cancer of the esophago-gastric junction by total gastrectomy
3 “总结” experience 如：
先天性心脏病20年临床资料总结
Congenital heart disease: A twenty year clinical experience
4. “问题” problem , aspect
1) 完全肠道外营养临床实践中的几个问题
Certain problems of total parental nutrition in clinical practice
2）关于门脉高压症手术治疗的几个问题
Some aspects on surgical treatment of portal hypertension
5. “初步体会”
1）肝移植术麻醉的初步报告
A preliminary report on anesthesia for liver transplantation
10例二尖瓣膜置换术临床初步小节
Clinical experience of mitral valve replacement in ten patients
四、冠词的省略
（一）一般名词前的冠词
在报纸、杂志和书本中的标题，往往省略冠词
(the)Treatment of gram-negative shock
Shock caused by gram-negative microorganisms: (an)Analysis of 169
（二）疾病名称
Carcinoma of the anal canal
Diabetes after infectious hepatitis: A follow-up study
五、标题中常用名词的搭配
（一）study
Study on/ of/ in
Studies / study
如果Study 之前有表示研究对象的定语，后接疾病名称时，往往不用of, 而用in e.g.
Platelet function studies in heart disease
（二）report
Report of /on
E.g. Thyroid carcinoma induced by irradiation for Hodgkin’s disease: Report of / on a case
放射治疗何杰金氏病引起甲状腺癌1例报告
（三）survey
Survey of/ on
（四）observation
Observation on/of/ in
（六）各种治疗与检查名称的搭配用法
治疗方法与疾病名称连用时，一般用介词for
Shunting operations for obesity
Surgery for portal hypertension
Blindness after treatment for malignant hypertension
Surgical treatment of hyperthyroidism
治疗方法、检查方法还可后接介词 in
同for
Surgery in active infective endocarditis
Parathyroidectomy in chronic renal failure
六、标题中常用介词的搭配
in
1 各种生理病理现象+in+ 生物名词
Epidemic mealses in young adults
Thyroid function in patients with breast cancer
2 in+ 动源性名词
Steroid in the treatment of clinical septic shock
Ultrasound in the diagnosis of cholestatic jaundice
3 治疗方法、检查方法、药物名称各种病理现象名称+in+疾病
Parathyroidectomy in chronic renal failure
An analysis of pancreatic sonography in suspected pancreatic disease
（二）due to
标题中表示原因，应用due to , 不可用because of , owing to , 可以用caused by代替
Bacteremia due to gram-negative bacillli
Infections due to group C streptococci in man
（三）after, following
Postoperative syndromes after / following liver surgery
Exercises
1.检查标题中介词的用法
1) Gram-negative infections of cancer
2) Circulatory failure of metastatic carcinoma of the lung
3)Hypercalcemia on malignant lymphoma
4)Acute renal infections of adults
5)Tiberculosis in the liver
6) Sonography in the common bile duct
7) The use of radioactive iodine at the evaluation of thyroid noduels
2. 填空
Jaundice _ a rare cause: Tuberculous lymphadenitis
结核性淋巴结炎——引起黄疸的罕见原因
Restrictive antibiotherapy_ renal transplantation
肾移植后有节制的使用抗生素
Hyperparathyroidism _ head and neck irradiation
头颈部放疗后的甲状旁腺机能亢进
Tumor emboli _ pulmonary hypertension
表现为肺动脉高压的瘤拴
Portal vein thrombosis_ cirrhosis
肝硬化合并门静脉血栓形成
七、几种常用的标题句式
（一）表示药物治疗的标题句式
药物名称+in /for + 病名
药物名称+in the treatment (management) of+ 病名
药物名称+treatment (therapy)of + 病名treatment of+病名+ with+药物名称
Use of+药物名称+in the treatment of + 病名
1. vasodilator drugs in peripheral vascular disease
2.Prednisone for chronic active liver disease
3. Penicillin in the treatment of severe respiratory infections.
Revised: Treatment of severe respiratory infections with penicillin
4. Vancomycin therapy of bacterial meningitis
5. Use of diuretics in the treatment of hypertension secondary to renal disease
（二）表示非药物治疗的标题句式
治疗方法+for /in +病名
治疗方法+ in the treatment (management) of +病名
Treatment (management) of +病名+by +治疗方法
血液透析治疗牛皮癣
Hemodialysis for psoriasis
Hemodialysis in the treatment of psoriasis
Treatment of psoriasis by hemodialysis
（三）表示诊断方法的标题句 式
诊断方法+in+ 病名
诊断方法+ in the diagnosis of +病名
Assay (detection) of +某种成分+in +病名
Diagnosis of 病名+by /with +诊断方法
Detection of 病名+by +诊断方法
Application of +诊断方法+ to the diagnosis of +病名
Exercises
1.将下列词次组编写标题
1) splenectomy, myeloid metaplasia
2) splenic irradiation myelofibrosis
3) leukemia, marrow transplantation
4) computer tomography, acute pancreatitis
5)ultrasound, cholestatic jaundice
2. 英译下列标题
1)结核病患者的黄疸
2）婴儿及儿童的血管创伤
3）一例慢性肾功能衰竭患者的胃肠道综合征和休克
4）剂量是肿瘤化疗的关键因素
5）青霉胺（penicillamine)治疗类风湿性关节炎
6) 高选择性迷走神经切断术(hyperselective vogotomy)治疗十二指肠溃疡的经验
7) 放射免疫测定（radioimmunoassay）诊断肠道及胰脏的内分泌（endocrine)肿瘤
8) SLE患者的胰腺炎: 一例报道及文献综述
第三章 作者姓名、学位和工作单位
一、作者姓名
欧美人的name既指名也指姓。如诺贝尔的全名是Alfred Bernhard Nobel．Alfred 是first name。 Bernhard 是second name Nobel 是last name.
First name 与 second name 相当于我国的“名”。 last name 相当于“姓”。也有只有first name 而无second name。
在论文署名时，一般将first name, last name用全文写出，而将 second name缩写 如： Afred B. Nobel, Wilhelm C. Roentgen
李时珍 雷锋 司马光 司徒汉城
二、学位
1. M.B.(MB)= Bachelor of Medicine
2.M.C.(MC)=Magister Chirurgiae
3.M.S.(MS)= Master of Surgery
4.M.D.(MD)= Doctor of Medicine
5.Ph.D.(PhD) =Doctor of Philosophy
三、工作单位
（一）“教研室”与“科”
Department
Department of Physiology, university of California, San Francisco, California 94143
Department of Anatomy, Ningxia Medical College
重庆医学院传染病教研室
（二）“组”
division , section, unit
Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine
Division section 除后接 of介词短语外还可前接名词或形容词定语
Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical School, Huston, Texas
Unit 前 往往有名词限定语
Oncology Unit of the Department of Medicine
在科研机构，“组”还可用branch表示
Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
Laboratory
实验室，研究室
可以后接of介词短语，也可前接名词或形容词定语
Renal Division and Cardiovascular-pulmonary Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine
常用医疗、医学教学和科研单位名称
附属医院 省人民医院
药学院 县医院
中医医院 胸科医院
教学医院 综合医院
针灸研究所
关键词、缩略语和致谢
1 关键词
Key words, Key Words, Keywords 《中国学术期刊检索与评价数据规范》Key words
Key words: …… Key words ……...
首字母的大小写不统一
关键词之间的标点 分号/逗号
选词 应参考MeSH( medical subjects headings) 词表，以使用规范的词语
2 缩略语
HIV
摘要标题中不宜使用缩略语，（CT、MRI、LASER、DNA）
正文中第一次出现缩略语，前面应有术语全称
缩略语各个字母一般均大写，如 CNS，COPD，SARS
3 致谢
从作者本身出发表示感谢
1）The author deeply thank of Prof B for his valuable suggestions and comments on this work.
2) We wish to express our thanks for the valuable suggestions made by Prof. B
3) The author is particularly grateful to Prof. B for his guidance and encouragement in this work.
4) I wish to express my deep gratitude to Dr. A, who read the manuscript and made many valuable suggestions and comments
5) We wish to acknowledge our sincere thanks to Dr. B for his kind help.
6) I am much obliged to Dr. B for his help in writing this paper.
从客观角度表示感谢
1）Thanks are due to … for their invaluable suggestions and comments which have helped us greatly in the revision of this paper .
2) Appreciations goes to … for his encouragement in carrying out this study.
3) Appreciation is extended to … for their assistance in… .
4) For her many suggestions and comments, special thanks go to Dr. A
第四章 摘要中动词时态与语态的应用
一、语态(voice) 二、时态(tense)
在医学论文摘要中 动词使用什么语态往往与人称代词有关。
医学论文中往往用第三人称的被动语态
如：We suggested that… （我们建议）往往写成 It is suggested that…
We concluded that… （我们的结论是） It is concluded that…
科技论文中，对人称代词的使用有两种 截然不同的主张。
一种主张少用第一人称和第二人称代词，尤其是反对单数第一人称代词。如
I think, I feel, I believe
另一种主张 科技论文也应当写得亲切、自然、直截了当。如 It was decided that 应为I decided that
目前国外医学文摘中，仍以第三人称占优势。基本上不用单数第一人称和第二人称代词。
如何表达“我”
1、用复数第一人称 we。在报道性文章中，编者、著者第一人称，无论单复数多用 we.
1) We still consider, due to the above, that enterolithotomy alone is a sufficient primary procedure, and that only in cases of new biliary tract complaints can cholecystectomy and closure of an eventual fistula be considered.
由于上述原因，我们仍然认为最初单纯做肠结石切除手术就已经足够了。 只有出现了新的胆道症状 时才考虑切除胆囊已经可能产生的瘘管。
2、用被动语态
2) 我们报道了2例心脏血管肉瘤
Two cases of angiosarcoma of the heart are described.
3) 我们测量了61名患者的血清钙水平。
Levels of serum calcium were measured in 61 patients.
3、用 the author代表I ，the authors 代表 we。应注意，英语习惯不用 the writer 代表I 。
4) The author presents the experience with 264 patients with secondary renovascular hypertension.
我们（作者）介绍了264例继发性肾血管性高血压的治疗经验。
5) The authors report their experience with more than 5o patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
我们（作者）介绍了50例Zollinger-Ellison综合征的治疗体会。
4、在科技论文中，也可用代替this study , this report, this paper, this article 第一人称代词.
This article describes the unique behaviour of the pulmonary circulation under condition of acute and chronic stress.
本文报道急性或慢性应激状态下肺循环的特异表现。
This study reports our first year’s experience of endoscopic sphincterotomy for common bile ducts stones.
本文报道作者第一年经内窥镜切开括约肌治疗胆总管结石的经验。
exercise
1)We saw bone marrow necrosis in a case of acute myelomoncytic leukemia.
2) Over a two-year period, we studied prospectively 80 cases of diffuse pneumonia at Qilu Hospital.
3)This article describes severe involvement and proteinuria in a young black woman with Gaucher’s disease.
4) This paper discusses current concepts that involve the mechanism of endogenous pyrogen production.
5) The author reports a new series of 270 cases in support of this assertion.
6) The study presents the results of comparison of hepatic fat content with hepatic xenon retention in 45 patients.
7) These data suggested that dialysis and transplantation may allow previously acquired atherosclerosis to manifest itself clinically.
8) The author conclude that patients with anorexia nervosa and associated leukopenia do not have increased infection propensity.
2、将下列句子中的被动语态改为主动语态
1) Three new cases of gastroduodenal Crohn’s disease are presented.
2) Clinical and chemical findings in 6 patients with u-chain disease are reported.
3) A patient with duodenal plasmacytoma is described.
4) The diastolic blood pressure response to treadmill exercise testing was analyzed in 281 patients.
5) Gastric function and histology were investigated in 24 patients with untreated chronic renal failure.
. 6) The probable mode of evolution is discussed.
7) It is suggested that for such patients with myocardial disease in sinus rhythm, treatment should begin with diuretics.
8) It is concluded that levmepromzine is better tolerated than pethidine in acute myocardial infarction.
9) It is recommended that patients undergo a mammographic examination before having a breast biopsy.
10) The benefits over open biopsy are indicated
二、时态
（一）过去时（二）过去完成时（三）现在时
（四）现在完成时（五）将来时
Objective
1. This study is to observe the blood dynamics in the brain tissues after intracerebral hemorrhage with MR perfusion technology.
不定式短语
To observe the blood dynamics in the brain tissues after intracerebral hemorrhage with MR perfusion technology.
Methods
284 percutaneous biopsies had been done for pulmonary lesions from October 2003 to September2005.
Complications are related to the lesion’s size and depth, puncture numbers, sizes of needles and patients’ ages .
Results
Of the 6 patient with FAIREST images, there is an observable cerebral blood flow decreasing in relation to collateral symmetric area in patients.
Conclusion
A model of ischemia reperfusion with MRI can be set up by using this method. It laid a foundation for further study.
（一）过去时
1.研究过程中所进行的活动。2.研究目的
作者连续对37例肾移植患者是否有关节病变做了前瞻性观察。
通过前瞻及回顾性研究观察了盐酸丙咪嗪对血压的影响。
对65例早期胃癌疗效作了分析
Thirty-seven consecutive renal transplant recipients were studied prospectively for joint disease.
The effect of imipramine hydrochloride on blood pressure was examined in a prospective and retrospective study.
The results of treatment of early gastric carcinoma were analyzed in 65 patients.
本研究旨在调查产生非病理性喷射杂音的可能因素。
这篇前瞻性研究的目的，是确定病程早期采用呼气末正压呼吸对成人窘迫综合症的效用。
The purpose of this study was to investigate factors that may participate in the production of innocent ejection murmurs.
This prospective study was designed to determine the effect of positive end-expiratory pressure instituted early in the course of adult respiratory distress syndrome.
（二）过去完成时
1. 在着手研究之前就已经进行过的工作或已存在的状态。
2.在研究过程中有两个前后相连的动作，先发生的动作往往用过去完成时。
In a 22-year-old male, who had been irridated 16 years previously for Hodgkin’s disease, a radiation-induced thyroid carcinoma developed.
Among 877 patients with gastric cancer, pernicious anemia had previously been diagnosed in 9.
一例16年前因患何杰金氏病接受过放射治疗的22岁男患者发生放疗诱发的甲状腺癌。
877例患者中有9例原来已确诊有恶性贫血。
Of 47 segments with abnormal contractility, 16 were improved after the patients had been given nitroglycerin and 11 of 16 were improved after aorto-coronary bypass.
Two patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax died despite intensive treatment. In the first the pneumothorax had been present for 10 days…
47例心收缩力异常的患者，有16例用硝酸甘油治疗后，症状有所改善还有16例在作了主动脉-冠状动脉 搭桥手术后，其中11例好转。
两例原发性自发性气胸患者虽得到积极治疗，仍然死亡。第一例患者气胸已持续达10天之久…
Exercises
将括号中的动词改为适当形式：
1) The significance of intraphepatic biliary distension in the nonjaundiced patient ___(study).
2) Gastric function and histology __(investigate) in 24 patients with untreated chronic renal failure.
3)Thirty-three patients presenting with dyspepsia__ (examine) with the Olympus Fiber-gastroscope.
4) Resection of the rectum__(perform) in 1395 patients.
5)The serum ferritin concentration __ (measure) in 1417 Indians aged 1 to 89 years.
6) The effect of optimal medical therapy on coronary arterial anatomy ___( evaluate) in 25 patients with unstable angina pectoris.
7) The smoking habits of 48 patients with malignant hypertension ___ (compare) with those of 92 consecutive patients with non-malignant hypertesion.
8)HbA_ (determine) in 20 children with juvenile-onset diabetes and in 15 healthy control children of a similar age group.
（三）现在时
1. 写论文或论文发表时的当前情况。如：
About 50 cases of leptospirosis are diagnosed each year in the united kingdom, with an overall mortality of 5%. Renal failure , in association with jaundice, is commonly held responsible for this figure. Over a period of 18 years, 6 cases of leptospirosis complicated by renal failure were treated at the Royal Air Force Renal Unit; there were 4 survivors.
英国每年确诊为螺旋体病 约50例，总死亡率为5%。 造成这些死亡的原因一般认为时肾功能衰竭合并黄疸。18年来，有6例合并肾功能衰竭的患者在皇家空军肾病科进行治疗，有4例存活。
2. 介绍本文中的内容。
常用的动词有： report报告, describe描述, present提出、介绍, discuss讨论, review评述, emphasize强调, stress, 等
In this paper, we report the effect of plasma exchange in a patient with this syndrome.
A case of a 27—year old man who developed anemia after fracture of sella turcica is reported.
The authors present 7 cases of disseminated intravascular coagulation.
The role of colonoscope in the management of 100 cases of suspected large bowel tumour is described.
The problem of diagnose hyperthyroidism in the presence of thyroxine-binding globulin excess is discussed.
This report emphasizes current concepts and principles.
本文报道一例这种综合症患者血浆置换疗法的效果。
本文报道一例27岁 患者在蝶鞍骨折后发生贫血。
本文报道了7例弥漫性血管内凝血病。
本文报道结肠镜检查对100例拟诊为大肠肿瘤的诊断价值。
本文讨论了甲状腺结合球蛋白过多时的甲状腺机能亢进的诊断问题。
本文侧重谈了最新观点与原则。
3、作者的结论
The authors conclude that labetalol when combined with a thiazide diuretics is an important therapeutic advance in the treatment of the difficult hypertensive subject.
It is concluded that the collateral vessels are functionally very important to the myocardium in the presence of coronary disease.
This study suggests the possibility of person-to person transmission in Legionnaires’ disease.
The authors are of the opinion that this method is suitable for use in outpatients.
The majority of the results demonstrate the effectiveness of Ticlopidine as an antiaggregant.
但是也有作者认为研究结论可用一般过去时。
现在时：结论具有普遍真理的性质
过去时：不认为该结论有普遍性，而仅为当时研究的结果
Exercises
Describe here_ (be) a patient with severe watery diarrhea associated with common variable immunodeficiency.
The authors _(suspect) the existence of a certain cellular necrosis.
A hundred patient with gangrene of the lower extremity_ (treat) with lumber sympathectomy.
Severe secretory diarrhea resulting in dehydration and hypokalemia _ (observe) in a patient in whom primary cecal tuberculosis_ (diagnose) by colonoscopy.
In carefully monitored patients with acute myocardial infarction, bradycardic arrhythmias _(be) frequently_(observe).
Shock and ventricular failure after acute myocardial infarction generally _(relate) to the degree of loss of contractile muscle.
Twenty-two patients with acute pulmonary embolism _(undergo) hemodynamic examination.
The results _(give) support to the opinion that thrombolytic treatment _(be )valuable in cases with proximal thrombosis.
This study _(design) to compare the short and long-term effects of hydralazine when used as a vasodilator in the treatment of left ventricular failure.
（四）现在完成时
1. 表示持续到撰写论文时的行为和状态
2. 表示在另一现在动作之前就已完成的动作。
3. 用以提供过去时间背景。
1. 表示持续到撰写论文时的行为和状态
The patients have been followed for 18 to 37 years since the beginning of their disease.
Three patients have been now free from recurrences for 5years, 13 patients for4 years,11 patients for 3 years, and 9 patients for 2 years.
这些患者自发病起已随访了18至37年之久。
迄今为止无复发者 5年 3例，4年13例， 3年11例，2年9例
2. 表示在另一现在时动作之前就已完成的动作。
Radionuclide examinations provide considerable information in evaluating patients who have received renal transplants.
放射性同位素检查可对肾移植患者提供重要的评估资料。
3. 用以提供过去时间背景。在报道性文体中，往往 一开始用一个现在完成时做先导，接着用一连串的一般过去时。
The antihypertensive effects of Labetalol have been studied in 30 patients with severe hypertension. In seven of these patients acute administration was associated with falls in blood pressure which were maximal at two minutes for intravenous injection and one hour for oral administration. The bioavailability of acute oral administration was studied and varied between 11% and 76%.
我们对30例严重高血压患者作了拉贝洛尔降压作用的研究。其中7例 在快速给药后出现血压下降（静脉注射后2分钟达到最低点，而口服则为1小时）。快速口服药物的生物利用度为11%至76%。
（五）将来时
As greater clinical correlation is obtained, the usefulness of thyroglobulin determinations will increase.
随着甲状腺球蛋白测定与临床的关系日益紧密，其诊断价值也日益提高。
Exercises
将括号内的动词改为适当形式
1) Aplastic anemia is recognized complication of viral hepatitis, bu to our knowledge, no cases associated with typeB hepatitis_( describe).
2)The effect of successful therapy for thyrotoxicosis on left ventricular mass in human subjects_( not document).
3)to the author’s knowledge the occurrence of hyperuricemia, gout and renal medullary cystic disease_(not report) previously.
4)It _long_(consider) that the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems were exclusively responsible for the nervous control of the gout.
5)Mortality is high, especially where poverty_already _(impair) health.
6) Two patients with hematologic disease, one of whom_(receive) androgenic steroids, had liver damage associated with peliosis hepatitis.
7)coronary heart disease rates were higher among working women who_ever_(marry), especially among those who _(raise) three or more children.
8) During the past 15 years we have treated 175 patients with stomal or recurrent ulcers, approximately half of whom_(undergo)primary surgery elsewhere.
英译下列句子
1） 本文报道一例低血钾（不伴高血压）女性患儿。
2）本文讨论了这一罕见肿瘤的病因学、诊断和治疗问题。
3）作者的结论是：前驱(prodromal)症状在梗塞(infarction)与非梗塞(noninfarction)患者都是常见的。
4）二十年来，我们做了1109例消化性溃疡的手术。
5）结果证明，异丙托品(ipratropium)治疗慢性支气管炎至少与舒喘灵(salbutamol)同样有效。
6）本研究的目的是调查硝酸甘油对心肌缺血性(ischemic)损害的作用。
第五章 摘要的常用句式
论文主题的表达
我们报道/本文报道
We report/describe…; In this paper we report…; is presented/reported/described.
… is discussed.
The present situation of … is reported.
… is reviewed.
… was investigated.
Experiments was done/ performed on/carried out…
研究背景的表达
… were reported.
… has been recorded.
There is evidence that …/ It has been proved that…
研究目的的表达
To study/determine/ evaluate/ testify
To find out the relationship between … and …
The purpose /aim of this study is to …
The study was designed to…
研究结果的表达
The results showed/suggested/ revealed that…
It was found that…
… was closely related to …
结论的表达
Suggest
The author suggests that…
Conclude
Our conclusion is…
From this we conclude that …
Conclusion can be reached /drawn that
Show/ indicate
The results show
How to write an English abstract
第五章常用的句型及各种数值表达
一、有关study 的常见句型
二、有关各种诊断检查与手术治疗的句型
三、表达“测定”的句型
四、数目的表达
名词study 的单、复数用法
study 与表示“研究方法”的前置定语连用时，往往用单数。如：
A retrospective study
A prospective study
A double-mind, crossover study
A clinical study
A follow-up study
A controlled study
A randomized study
An echographic study
An epedemiological study
A cytological study
A national cooperative study
study 与表示“研究对象”的前置定语连用时，往往用复数。如：
Lymphocyte studies
Radioisotope red-cell survival studies
Hemodynamic studies
Electrophysiological studies
Physical and chemical studies
Structural studies
Neuromuscular studies
Cytogenetic studies
有关study 的常见句型
1.（我们）对…患者进行了… 研究…
A … study was done in patients…
A … study was made in patients…
A … study was carried out in patients…
A … study was performed in patients…
A … study was undertaken in patients…
A … study was conducted in patients…
… studies was done in patients…
2 …患者受到… 研究；
我们对…患者进行了…研究
…patients underwent a …study…
…patients underwent …studies…
…patients entered a …study…
3 in a …study… 在一次…研究中
in a study of … 在对… 的研究中
4…was (were) studied in…patients…
（我们）对…患者进行了…研究
5. we studied … patients to …
…patients were studied to …
我们对… 患者进行研究，以期…
…patients were studied for …
我们对…患者进行研究，看是否…
我们对61例支气管癌患者血清降钙素水平作了前瞻性研究。
A prospective study was done of serum calcitonin levels in 61 patients with bronchogenic cancer.
我们用放射性同位素对20例用奎宁治疗的恶性疟疾患者的红细胞生存期进行了研究
Redioistope red-cell survival studies were carried out in 20 patients with falciparum malaria.
我们连续对190例二尖瓣脱垂患者作了超声心动图检查。
Echocardiographic studies were performed on 190 consecutive patients with mitral valvular prolapse
作者对11例肥厚性梗阻型心肌病患者进行了广泛的神经肌肉研究，以期确定无并发症的原发性心肌病是否与骨骼肌病有关。
Eleven patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy underwent extensive neuromusclular studies to if a skeletal myopathy is associated with uncomplicated primary cardiomyopathy.
Thirty patients with mild to severe essential hypertension satisfactorily controlled by twice-daily sotalol therapy entered a double-minded, cross-over study comparing the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of their usual twice-daily sotalol administration with the same dosage given once daily.
30例轻度至重度原发性高血压患者经甲碘胺心定治疗（每天两次）病情稳定后，进行一次双盲交叉研究，比较一天两次与一次用药（剂量相同）的疗效、耐受性和安全性。
In a study …
In a study of …
…was (were) studied in …patients…
In an uncontrolled study 38 patients with chronic asthma were treated up to4.5 years with depot injections of triamcinolone acetonide.
我们对使用缩丙酮去炎松长效注射剂治疗已达4.5年的38例慢性哮喘患者进行非对照治疗。
我们检查了250例自身免疫性甲状腺疾病的患者，发现7例有多发性风湿性肌痛或巨细胞动脉炎。
In a study of250 patients with autoimmune thyroid disease, seven were found to have polymyalgia rheumatica or giant cell arteritis.
我们对20例高血压患者作了前瞻性的研究，以评定造影对肾静脉肾素的影响。
The influence of contrast material on renal venous renin activity was evaluated in a prospective study of 20 hypertensive patients.
我们对23例前列腺转移癌骨痛的特点进行了研究。
The characteristics of bone pain in metastatic cancer of the prostate were studied in 23 patients.
我们对31例卡氏肺囊虫肺炎骨髓移植患者进行研究，以期确定抗体及抗原对该病诊断的价值。
Thirty –three marrow transplant patiens with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia were studied to determine the usefulness of antibody and antigen detection in the diagnosis of pneumocystis infection.
我们研究了11例充血性心力衰竭患者及10名正常人的体内血小板 凝集活性。
We studied 11 patients with congestive heart failure and 10 normal subjects for in vivo platelet aggregate formation activity.
Exercises
按照所学句型将下列词组编成完整句子
1. effects of oral metoprolol and propranolol, patients with essential hypertension
2. the relationship between in vivo sensitivity and in vitro binding to adipocytes, obese and nonobese subjects
3. an outpatient regimen of oral high-dose methotrexate 14 patients with solid tumours over 12 years
4. two patients with dystrophia myotonica, electrophysiological studies
5. an echographic study, 30 patients with cystic fiberosis, evaluate left and right ventricular function
6. one hundred and seventy-six consecutive cases of abdominal pain, determine the cause of abdominal pain
7. the carriage rate of staphylococcus aureus, patients receiving long-term hemodialysis
英译下列句子
1. 我们对一组正常人及10例甲亢患者进行了血浆C-AMP及C-GMP水平的研究
2.100例心脏病患者受到心回声图检查。
3. 15例骨Paget 氏病患者在Calcitonin 治疗期间受到组织学和生化的检查。
4. 我们进行了一次前瞻性研究，对73例洋地黄维持治疗(on maintenance digitalis treatment)的患者作了临床检查。
二、有关各种诊断检查与手术治疗的句型
检查或手术名称+was (were) done (performed) +in (on) …patients
病人+ underwent +检查或手术名称
我们对48例患者剖腹前作了胆总管镜检查，诊断准确率达94%。
Pre-exploratory choledochoscopy was performed in 48 patients with a diagnostic accuracy of 94%.
我们对402例胃部术后上腹部持续不适的患者作了425次内窥镜检查。
Four hundred and twenty-five endoscopies were performed on 402 patients with persistent epigastric compliants following gastric surgery.a
作者对37例已确诊为胰腺癌的患者作了超声显像检查。
Ultrasonography was performed in 37 cases with proven cancer of the pancreas.
每人各做两次胆囊造影（间隔时间为10天）。
Two cholecystograms were performed with 10-day intervals in each subject .
两年来，我们对75例患者作了100次静脉造影。
Over a two-year period, 100 venous angiograms were performed on 75 patients.
在21年里，有33例患者因疑似恶性黑色素瘤肺转移而作了开胸切除术。
Thirty-three patients over a 21 year period underwent thoracotomy for resection of suspected pulmonary metastases from malignant melanoma.
这类患者应作冠状血管造影，以对该病作出诊断。
Such patients should undergo coronary angiography for detection of the disease.
Exercises
1. percutaneous transluminal renalangiplasty, a 43-year old woman.
2. cholecystostomy, 22 patients with acute cholecystitis after partial or complete removal of gallbladder stones.
3. a Hartmann procedure, 25patients with complications of acute diverticulitis
4. echocardiograms, 13 patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease
有26例外科病人未作手术。
我们对1393例患者做了直肠切除术
6例患者做了内腔镜切除胃息肉。
82例长期接受阿司匹林治疗的风湿病患者做了内腔镜检查。
我们对25例肝功能异常但无肝病症状或体征的患者作了肝活检。
三、表达“测定”的句型
measure, determine
1.各种化学与生化成分， 如antibody, potassium, zinc, lipid
2.表示“含量”的词， 如 concentration, level, rate, output
3. 表示各种机能的名词，如function, activity, change, response, binding 等
我们对肝细胞瘤、肝硬化及健康的对照人员作了血脂测定。
Serum lipids were determined in patients with hepatoma, liver cirrhosis and healthy controls.
我们测定了网状内皮系统的吞噬与代谢功能。
The phagocytic and metabolic functions of the reticuloendothelial system were determined.
我们对冠心病监护室收治的61例患者做了血清钙、磷及镁含量的测定。
Levels of serum calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium were measured in 61 patients admitted to a coronary unit.
Exercises
1. 我们测定了1417名印第安人的血清铁蛋白(ferritin).
2. 我们对47名患者做了血鎘 (cadmium)及血浆锌(zinc)的测定。
3.作者测定了53名患者及25名健康志愿人员血浆中 propranolol 的结合能力(binding)。
4.我们对32名正常人及11名十二指肠溃疡患者作了血清胰多肽(pancreatic polypeptide)水平的测定。
四、数目的表达
表达“大数目中的小数目”
如“在※ ※例中有※ ※例”，可用以下的结构。
数字+of+数字 \ 数字+out of+数字
among+数字+数字
在5086例实施过肝外胆道手术的患者中，有340例须再次作胆道手术。
Three hundred and forty of 5086 patients undergoing operations on the extrahepatic biliary trees required reoperations on this system.
在190例未经治疗的患者中，有16例死于精原细胞癌。
Of 190 previously untreated patients, 16 died of seminoma.
37例患者中10例症状缓解不长。
In ten of the 37 patients, no long-term palliation was accomplished.
22例患者中有20例主诉由于微循环紊乱引起的足趾和手指疼痛。
Twenty out of 22 patients complained of pain in toes and fingers due to disturbances and microcirculation.
在4例小细胞癌患者中有2例口服药物客观有效。
Out of four patients with small cell carcinoma, two showed an objective response to oral treatment.
在腹部手术的22例患者中，第一周内有两例死亡。
Among 22 patients who underwent abdominal surgery during the first week of treatment, 2 died.
集团数：以整体形式表现出来的数目
A total of … 总数为…
A series of … 连续数为…
A group of… 一组…
我们对总数达149名患者随访了1-4年，随访期平均为2.6年。
A total of 149 patients was followed up from 1 to 4 years, the average follow-up period being 2.6 years.
我们对21例乳房皮肤原发性黑色素瘤手术治疗的患者进行了研究。
A series of 21 patients treated surgically for primary melanoma of the skin of the breast has been studied.
四个病人中有两人死亡。
这两个病人中只有一个病人治疗是成功的。
这些病人中无一例用过红霉素治疗。
这些病人中5例有症状。
在16份所检查的标本中，恶性细胞全部阴性。
可随访的患者总共178例。
另加数与其余数
“另有多少例 ” 与 “其余多少例” 表达如下：
another + 数词+ 名词
the other + 数词+ 名词
数词+ others
an additional + 数词+ 名词
a further + 数词+ 名词
the remaining + 数词+ 名词
the remainder
Twelve patients with primary pleural tumors died of respiratory failure; three others with pericardial involvement died of congestive heart failure.
12例原发性胸膜肿瘤患者死于呼衰；另外3例有心包受累的患者死于充血性心衰。
A total of 178 patients was available for follow-up. Of these 2 proved to have carcinoma on immediate follow up, and a further 2 patients developed cancers in the same breast, one 4 and the other 7 years after aspiration.
可随访的患者共178例。在这些患者中，有2例已开始随访就确诊有癌症。另2例在同一乳房发生癌，分别见于针吸后4年及7年。
平均数与中位数
表达平均数可用average or mean.
表达中位数可用 median
1. average
2. average+名词
mean +
median +
3. an average +名词. +数词
a mean +名词. +of +数词
a median +名词. +of +数词
4. an average of +数词
a mean of +数词
a median of +数词
5. on (the) averageSurvival following splenectomy averaged 25.5 months.
脾切除后存活时间平均为25.5个月
On the twenty-third day following injury , urine volume averaging from 50 to 100 ml per 24 hours were obtained.
受伤后第23天，尿量平均为50-100毫升/24小时。
这些患者年龄平均为50岁
实验组的年龄平均为40.5岁。
这10例患者的中位生存时间为19个月。
This produced an average reduction of 1.2mg/100ml within 24 hours.
这种情况导致尿量24小时平均减少1.2ml/100ml.
Of these patients 6 achieved a partial response with an average duration of more than 6 months.
在这些患者中有6例部分有效，持续时间平均在6个月。
Pruritus has recurred in 15 patients after a mean remission of 3 months.
15例患者痒疹在平均缓解三个月后又复发。
在所观察的67例患者中，有49例体重平均下降20公斤。
Among 67 patients studied, 49 lost an average of 20kg.
他们发现，心室充盈压平均从22毫米汞柱降到12毫米汞柱。
They found that ventricular filling pressure was lowered from an average of 22 to 12 mm Hg.
患者年龄在10-82岁之间，中位数为53岁。
Patients ranged in age from 10 to 82 years with a median of 53 years.
这些患者低血钾症的时间平均为6.5年。
The patients were hypokalemic during 6.5 years on the average.
以往发生跛行时间平均为7.5个月
The onset of claudication had on average been 7.5 months previously.
平均长为3厘米。
It is 3 cm long on average
Exercises
Total hospitalization for both stages _(平均23天)
这四名男性的平均体重为84.6公斤。
The 156 patients with established gout_(平均随访133个月)
平均随访6年之久，这9例患者无一人复发。
Eleven patients developed knee effusions at _(平均间隔10天) following transplantation.
百分数
Per cent or percent or %
5%的病例
5%的葡萄糖
respectively
在表达两个以上的人或事物各具不同的某种数值时，可用respectively
如敏感性为85%，特异性为98%，分类正确率为91%
患者分别为41及43岁健康男性。
血清碱性磷酸酶 serum alkaline phosphatase 升高者为15例，天冬氨酸转氨酶 aspartate aminotransferase升高者18例。
倍数
-times _fold
一倍、两倍、三倍
Commonly used structure
A is 3 times as long as B.
The length of A is 3 times the length of B
The length of A is 3 times that of B .
A is 3 times longer than B.
A increases 3 times.
体循环的容量约为肺循环容量的7倍。
左心室的厚度约为右心室的两倍。
心室休息时间几乎是工作时间的两倍。
比例
ratio,
ratio of A to B; A to B ratio
A:B ratio
A/B ratio
ratio of the two
住院平均年龄为80岁，男女比例为3：1
极限数的表达法
as … as + 数词 达…
up to +数词 直到…
at least + 数词 至少…
该病的潜伏期可长达18-24天。
这人有粘液性腹泻，多达每30分钟一次。
总数为705例患者随访达10年之久。
该心力衰竭患者出现症状至少已有6周。
剂量
dose & dosage
Dose a quantity to be administered at one time
Dosage the determination and regulation of the size, frequency and number of doses
表示一次剂量时只能用dose,特别要用 a dose of 结构。
口服普萘洛尔，每次80毫克，8小时一次。
Propranolol was given orally in as dose of 80 mg 8-hourly.
如果为一天量，或总剂量，则二者互用。
如果是泛指性剂量，则应用dosage
在决定剂量方案时，必须知道药物在体内蓄积的程度。
In determining dosage regimens, it is also necessary to know the extent of drug accumulation.
年龄表达
a 50 year old patient
A patient aged 50 years
A patient aged 50
A patient 50 years of age
At the age of 50years; at the age of 50; at the age 50 years; at age 50
over (the) age (of) 50 (years)
over 50 years of age
under (the) age (of) 50 (years)
above (the) age (of) 50 (years)
below (the) age (of) 50 (years)
before (the) age (of) 50 (years)
after (the) age (of) 50 (years)
more than 50 years old
less than (the) age (of) 50 (years)
older than 50 years
younger than 50 years
aged 50 years and over
50 years of age and under
at 50 years of age or less
in women 50 years or older
between the ages of 30 and 50 years
from 6 to 12 months of age
aged 30 to 50 years
ranging in age from 50 to 80 years
表达年龄范围，可用ages or between
十二指肠患者最常见于30-40岁的人。
他们的年龄为76-80岁。
患者年龄在33-80岁之间。
The patients ranged in age from 33 to 80 years.
Their ages ranged from 7o to86 years.
Duodenual ulcers most occur between the ages of 30 and 40 years.
研究过程持续状态
近十年来
during the past 10 years;
over the past years
为期10年中
during a 10 year period; over a period of 10 years; in a 10 year period
在1998-2003年期间
During the period 1998-2003
During the 1998-2003 period; in the period 1998-2003
在1998-2003年年间
In 1998-2003; in the years 1998-2003； for the years 1998-2003
从1998年1月至2003年12月
From January 1998 through December2003;
From January 1998 until December2003
比较句型的用法
1自身对照 2 组间对照3 注意事项
1 自身对照
表示经过某种处理或一段时间后，某项(些)指标的变化
表示时间 previously, preoperative, after, during, with time， over time
表示变化 become; reach; increase, elevate; decrease, decline, fall, diminish
E.g. These data suggest that the HEV could be more widespread than previously thought.
这些数据提示HEV可能比以前认为的传播范围更广。
The combined use of the three markers increased sensitivity to 87%, which reached 100% in patients with positive preoperative levels.
标记物联合应用敏感性达87%，术前阳性者达100%。
However, after adjustment for observation time, the age at diagnosis decreased minimally, if at all, with each successive generation.
然而，在调整了观察时间之后，诊断年龄下降明显减少。
In addition, levels of plasma cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and P-selectin decreased during the NCEP-1 and Mediterranean diets.
血脂，低密度脂蛋白，apoB，P选择在2组皆降低。
The effect of H/RZ on tuberculosis diminished over time (P = 0.011)
H/RZ对结核病的效果随时间而减少。
The excess risk for malignant disease diminished with time.
恶性病发病风险随着时间增加而减少
After excision of the gene encoding SV40Tag with Cre-recombinase, cells stopped growing, DNA synthesis fell by 90%, and production of liver-specific mRNAs was either increased or became newly detectable. In addition, the morphology and epithelial cell polarity of the cells became more characteristic of differentiated hepatocytes.
2 组间对照
方法及结果部分均涉及两组或多组的比较，方法部分常用的标志词为compare。
Standardized incidence ratios were calculated to compare the incidence of malignant disease in patients with inflammatory myopathy and the general population.
计算标准化发病率比较炎性肌病患者和普通人群恶性病的发病率。
2.1 结果无统计学差异
be similar
did not differ
be not different
had no difference
In sicker hospitalized patients, performance on seven Piagetian tasks of judgment was similar to that among children younger than 10 years of age.
在患病的住院病人，Piagetian题目的完成情况与小于10岁的儿童类似.
Patients with Karnofsky scores greater than 50 did not perform differently than controls.
Karnofsky评分高于50的患者与对照组答题正确率与对照组无区别
The level of chimerism did not differ between patients and controls either in blood or in liver.
嵌和性的水平无论在外周血还是在肝内，患者和对照均无明显差异。
There was no significant difference between the tuberculosis rates in the H and RZ groups at any time.
在H组和RZ组的任何时间段的结核病发病率都没有显著差异。
The nonprecipitated amylase levels (pancreatic and salivary amylase fractions) were not different from those of the controls.
与对照者相比，非沉淀性淀粉酶水平（胰腺的以及唾液淀粉酶成分）无明显差异。
2.2 结果有差异，但不直接说明孰高孰低，而是客观地交待数值，句子中常含有表示转折或比较的词，如but，however，versus等。
Male cells were detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from one healthy control at a level of 1 male cell per 10(6) female cells, but were not detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of women with primary biliary cirrhosis.
在一个健康对照者外周血单个核细胞中检测到含Y-染色体的细胞，水平为1/10(6)个雌性细胞，但在原发性胆汁性肝硬化女患者的外周血单个核细胞中未检测到。
In all, 86.5% of these polyps were precisely diagnosed by EUS. However, only 51.7% were diagnosed by US.
EUS准确诊断胆囊息肉86.5%。US诊断率仅51.7%。
The median number of operations was one for women who had stereotactic biopsy versus two for women who had diagnostic surgical biopsy.
对于接受立体定位活检的女性病人，手术次数的中位值为1次，但是接受诊断性外科活检病人的手术次数中位值为2次。
相对危险度也用于两组指标的比较
Persons in the highest quintile of fruit and vegetable intake had a relative risk for coronary heart disease of 0.80 (95% CI, 0.69 to 0.93) compared with those in the lowest quintile of intake.
与最低摄入量者相比，摄入水果蔬菜量在五分之一高限部份者冠心病相对危险度为0.80 (95% CI, 0.69 - 0.93)。
2.3 一(几)组指标高(早)于另一(几)组，常含有more，higher, greater，earlier等副词或形容词，或elevated， increased等分词。
Whole-body MR imaging has a higher sensitivity than skeletal scintigraphy for the detection of bone marrow metastases but a lower sensitivity than FDG PET.
对于诊断骨和骨髓转移，全体部MR敏感性高于核素扫描，但是低于FDG PET。
Females who became overweight or obese between 6 and 11 year of age were 7 times more likely to develop new asthma symptoms at age 11 or 13 (p = 0.0002).
在6-11y超重或肥胖的女性在11y或13y出现新的哮喘症状的可能性增加7倍(p = 0.0002)。
In subjects with COPD R5 rose from 0.68 ± 0.06 to 0.74 ± 0.07 kPa/L/s after the cold dry air challenge (p < 0.01) and in the control subjects R5 rose from 0.34 ± 0.03 to 0.39 ± 0.03 kPa/L/s (p < 0.01).
COPD患者激发后R5从0.68 ± 0.06 增加到 0.74 ± 0.07 kPa/L/s (p < 0.01)，对照组从0.34 ± 0.03 增加到 0.39 ± 0.03 kPa/L/s (p < 0.01).
另外，比较句型中常涉及到最高级，含有most，biggest等词。显而易见，这是是指与其他所有的组进行比较所得的结果。
Nucleotide sequence analysis identified 2 strains with 93.4% identity, phylogenetically most closely related to the Greece1 isolate.
核酸序列分析证实2株有93.4%的同源性，种遗传性上与希腊种最为相近。
Morbid obesity is the biggest independent risk factor for early mortality.
病理性肥胖是早期死亡的最大独立危险因素。
2.４ 一(几)组指标低于另一(几)组，常用含lower，decrease，decline等词的句子表达。
The cumulative risk of tuberculosis in the first 2.5 years was significantly lower in the H/RZ group than the placebo group (rate ratio 0.55; 95% confidence interval 0.32-0.93; P = 0.028).
是H/RZ组在头2.5年的结核病累积危险明显的比安慰剂组低。
英文药品说明书的写法Notes to Pharmaceuticals
第一节 药品名称 第二节 性 状 第三节 药理作用
第四节 适 应 症 第五节 禁 忌 症 第六节 用法用量
第七节 不良反应 第八节 注意事项 第九节 包 装
第十节 贮 存 第十一节 其它项目
第一节 药品名称Name
一、进口药英文说明书的结构简介 “药品说明书”的英文表达方式有Instructions，Directions，Description 现在多用Package Insert，或简称 Insert，也有用Leaflet或Data Sheets。Insert原意为“插入物，插页”。药品说明书即为附在每种药品包装盒中的一份用药说明。经过注册的进口药品一般是国家承认的有效药物，其说明书是指导医生与患者合理用药的重要依据，具有一定的法律效力。较简单的悦明书仅介绍成分composition、适应症indications、禁忌症contraindications、用法与用量dosage and administration等内容；较详尽的说明书中除上述内容外还包括：药品性状descriptions、药理作用pharmacological actions、临床药理clinical pharmacology、临床前动物试验pre-Clinical tests on Animals、临床经验clinical experience、药代动力学pharmacokinetics、注意事项precautions、不良反应或副作用adverse reactions or side-effects、用药过量overdosage、药物的相互作用drug interactions、警告warnings、有效期expiry date、包装package、贮存条件storage 、患者须知patient’s information及参考文献 bibliography 、出厂日期manufacturing Date等诸多项目。
大多数英文说明书都包括以下内容
①药品名称（Drug Name），
②性状（Description），
③药理作用（Pharmacological Actions），
④适应症（Indications），
⑤禁忌证（Contraindications），
⑥用量与用法（Dosage and Administration）．
⑦不良反应（Adverse Reactions）。
⑧注意事项（Precautions），
⑨包装（Package），⑩贮存(Storage），
⑾其他项目（Others）。 二、药品名称 英文药品说明书中常见的药品名称有商品名（ Trade Name或 Proprietary Name），通用名（ GenericName,or Formal name）和化学（Chemical Name），其中最常见的是商品名。例如，日本田边有限公司生产的熊去氧胆酸片，其商品名为 Ursosan（Tablets）：通用名为 Ursodesoxycholic Acid（熊去氧胆酸）；化学名为3a,7p dihydroxy-5p-Cholanoic acid（3a，7p二羟基5p胆烷酸。有时同一种药品，不同的厂家使用不同的商品名称。 药品说明书中的标题药名用其商品名。有时在其右上角（或在上角）有一(R)标记，例如ADRIBLASTNA(R)（阿霉素）,TEGRETOL（痛痉宁）。“R”是Register（注册）的缩写，(R)表示该产品已经本国的有关部门核准．取得了此项专用的注册商标（Registered Trade Mark）。有时在商品名之下（或后）又列有通用名或化学名.例如： Rulide（罗力得）之下列有（Roxithromycin，罗红霉素）： Minipress（脉宁平）之后列有（Praxosin HCI，盐酸哌唑嗪）； Nitro-Dur（护心贴片〕之下又列有（ Nitroglycerin，硝酸甘油）。 药品名称的翻译可采用音译、意译、音意合译及谐音译意等方法。 1、音译：按英文药品名歌的读音译成相同或相近的汉语。如：Tamoxitn它莫西芬，Ritalin利他林，Penicilin 盘尼西林。音译较为方便，但不能表意。
2、意译：按药品名称所表达的含意译成相应的汉语。例如：Cholic Acid 胆酸，Tetracyline四环素。 3、音意合译：药品名称中的一部分采用音译，另一部分采用意译.例如：Neo-Octin新握克丁（neo-新）；Medemycin麦迪霉素（－mycin 霉素），Cathinone卡西酮（－one酮）。
4、谐音译意：以音译为原则，选用谐音的汉字，既表音，又表意，音意结合。例如：Doriden多睡丹，Legalon利肝隆，Webilin胃必灵.商品名称可以这样翻洋，而法定名称则规定不可以这样翻译。
传统中药的翻译
音译 安神补心丸 小青龙汤
音译加意译
意译为主 胃舒平 Gastropin tablets 药品的化学名称反映出该药品的化学结构组成成分，可借助英汉化学化工词典进行翻译。如果名称很长，可以分解开来，分别查出各个组成部分的名称，组合而成。例如：Catalin（卡他林）的化学名称是1－Hvdroxy- 5－oxo-5H－pyrido（3，2－a）－Phenoxazine－3-carboxylic acid,译成汉语是1-羟基－5－氧－5H－吡啶开(3，2－a)吩 嗪－3－羧酸。如能掌握一些常用的酸、碱、盐、基因、化合物的英文名称，以及常用的前缀、后缀等，翻译时会顺利得多。例如：chloride氯化物，sulfate（sulphate）硫酸盐，acetyl一乙酰基，amino氨基，di-二，dihydro-二氢。nitro-硝基，－ester酯，－lactone内酯，－one酮、－oxide氧化物，－urea脲等等. 为了统一药品名称的译名，卫生部药典委员会已拟定出原料药和辅料命名原则，并刊行了《药名词汇》一书，可供翻译英文药品名称时参考。
第二节 性状(Description)
许多药品说明书的第一项是Description（性状），其原意是“叙述”、“描写”，在药品说明书及药典中一般都译为“性状”，其内容主要是介绍外观、理化性质、组成成分、结构、特征等。这一项最常用的标题是Description，此外还可能有其他的表示法，如： Chemical Structure 化学结构 Composition 成分 Physical and Chemical Properties 理化性质 这一项中的英语词汇除一部分化学专业词汇外，多为常用词，借助英汉化学化工词典及英汉词典即可通读。 结构特点与语言特征
陈述句，一般现在时
不完全句
本项中常用的词语 1、表示组成、制备的词及短语，如： be derived from 由……衍生 consist of 由……组成 be obtained 制得 contain 含有 be prepared from 由……制备 have (possess) 有（具有） 2、表示性质的一些词类，如： colo(u)r 颜色 stable 稳定的 taste 味道 molecular formula分子式 odo(u)rless 无臭的
molecular weight 分子量 crystalline 结晶的 structure 结构 solubility 溶解度
injection 注射剂 insoluble 不溶的 solution 溶液 odo(u)r 气味 tablets 片剂 colo(u)rless 无色的 derivative 衍生物 tasteless 无味的 liquid 液体 sterile 无菌的 powder 粉沫 soluble 可溶的 solid 固体本品稳定纯正，甘甜、清香。
Pure flavour with sweet taste and fragrant aroma.
本品是一种血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂。
This drug is an angiotension converting enzyme inhibitor.
氟康唑(Fluconazole) 为白色或米白色结晶粉末，微溶于水，及盐水溶液。分子量是306.3。本品有两种剂型：每粒含氟康唑50mg的胶囊；每毫升含2mg的静脉注射液。
Fluconazole is white to off-white crystalline powder which is sparingly soluble in water and saline. It has a molecular weight of 306.3. the product is available as a gelatin capsule containing 50mf and intravenous infusion containing fluconazole 2mg/ml in a saline solution.
本项中常见的句型
例1．Folic acid is a yellowish to orange, crystalline powder; odourless or almost odourless. 叶酸是淡黄色至橙色结晶粉沫，无臭或几乎无臭。 例2．Intralipos 10% is a white opaque fat emulsion for intravenous injection, containing 10 % W/V of purified soybean oil. 脂肪乳剂（10%）是白色，不透明，供静脉注射用的脂肪乳剂，含有10%（W/V）的精制大豆油。 例3．Ursosan Tablet is a white plain tablet which contains 50mg of ursodesoxycholic acid. 熊去氧胆酸片为白色素片，每片含50mg熊去氧胆酸。
例4．Sterile pyrogen-free, orange red, freeze-dried powder in vials containing 10mg and 50mg of doxorubicin hydrochloride with lactose. （本品）为小瓶装，灭菌无热原，桔红色冻干粉沫，每小瓶含有10mg或50mg阿霉素盐酸盐与乳糖。 例5．It occurs as a white to off-white, crystalline solid, poorly soluble in water, dilute acid and most organic solvents. 本品（炎痛息康）为白色至类白色结晶固体，难溶于水、稀酸及大多数有机溶剂中。 例6．Pamine, chemically known as epoxytropine tropate methylbromide, has the empirical formula C18H24NO4Br and the molecular weight 398.3. 哌明的化学名称为环氧莨菪碱托品酸酯溴代甲烷，实验式为C18H24NO4Br，分子量为398.3。 例7．Kanendomycin is a very stable antibiotic, and its activity does not decrease when the powder is placed in an airlight container and kept at room temperatures for more than 2 years. 卡内多霉素是一种很稳定的抗生素，其粉沫置于密封容器中，在室温下保存二年以上，活性不减。 例8．This product is prepared from units of human plasma which have been tested and found nonreactive for hepatitis associated (Australia) antigen. 本品由人血浆制备，此血浆业经检验，并且证明对肝炎（澳大利亚）抗原无反应。磷酸氯喹片
[成分]本品含磷酸氯喹0.25克（相当于氯喹基质0.15克）
[Composition]Each tablet contains cholroquine phospate 0.25gm (equivalent to 0.15gm of cholroquine base).
高特灵片
（盐酸四喃唑嗪）
[性状]高特灵是一种选择a- 肾上腺受体阻滞剂，是喹唑啉的衍生物。盐酸四喃唑嗪为白色结晶，易溶于水和等渗盐水。分子量为459.93。本品为口服片剂，有含药1mg,2mg,5mg 等规格
HYTRIN
[Composition ]HYTRIN(terazosin hydrochloride), an alpha-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent, is a quinazoline derivative .
The product is white crystalline substance,freely soluble in water and isotonic saline and has a molecular weight of 459.93. HYTRIN tablets for oral ingestion are supplied in three dosage strengths containing terazosin hydrochloride equivalent to 1mg,2mgor 5mg.
安神补心丸
本品为最新滋补药。根据中医临床验方，采用丹参，朱砂、五味子等多种地道药材，以科学方法制成。
This product is a tonic produced recently according to a recipe extensively used in the Chinese medical profession through years of clinical experience. The medicine is scientifically made from valuable Chinese herbs such as Danshen,Zhusha,Wuweizi,etc.
第三节 药理作用
有些说明书较详细地介绍药品的药理作用(Pharmacological Actions)。其内容主要包括药理作用、临床药理(Clinical Parmacology)、体外试验(in vitro experiments)、药物代谢(Metabolism)、药效(Potency)及毒性(Toxicity)等。这一项常用的标题是： Pharmacological Action 药理作用 Pharmacological Properties 药理性质 Pharmacology 药理学 Clinical Pharmacology 临床药理 其他的表示方法还有： Actions 作用 Actions and Properties 作用与性质 Clinical Effect (Use) 临床效果（用途） Mechanism of Action 作用机理 Mode of Action 作用方式 如果药品的一种抗生素，可能出现： Biological Action 生物活性 Microbiology 微生物学 这一项目中涉及的词汇范围包括药理学、生理学、化学、毒理学、微生物学及医学等学科，专业词汇多，是较难阅读的一部分内容，阅读时可参阅《英汉医学词汇》、《英汉微生物学词汇》及《英汉化学化工词汇》等工具书。另外，还会遇到许多缩写词，如：CNS（中枢神经系统）、EEG（脑电图）、LD50（半数致死剂量）、ECG（心电图）等，这些缩写词可在英汉医学缩略语词典中查到。 语言特点
专业词汇较多
完整句、长句较多
时态以一般现在时为主，有时用现在完成时
常用词及短语举例
1、名词 ability 能力 activity 活性 distribution 分布 excretion 排泄 action 作用clearance 廓清率 effect on 对…的作用
function 功能，作用 half life 半衰期 in vitro 体外 kidney 肾 mechanism 机理 serum concentration 血清浓度 tolerance 耐受性 infection 感染 in vivo 体内 level 水平，浓度 plasma level 血浆浓度（水平） toxicity 毒性 2、动词 absorb 吸收 act 作用 cause (be cause by) 引起（由……引起） demonstrate 显示 exert (action on) 起……作用 exhibit 显示 inhibit 抑制 accumulate 积蓄 administrate 投药 excrete 排泄
result in 导致 indicate 表明 maintain 维持 produce 产生 protect (from) 保护（不变） reach 达到show 显示，表明 treat 治疗metabolize 代谢 promote 促进 prevent 阻止，预防 tolerate 耐受 3、形容词 (be) active (effective) against 对…有效的 (be) related to 与……有关的 (be) sensitive to 对……敏感的 resistant to ……有耐药性的 average 平均的 minimum 最低（小）的 maximum 最高（大）的 normal 正常的 常见句型举例
Suphathaizole （磺胺噻唑） is an effective bacteriostatic agent.
This product has also been shown to be active in animal models of endemic mycoses, including infection with Blastomyces dermatitis.
Mometasone furoate (糠酸莫他米松）,a synthetic cortiosteroid, exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-pruritic and vasoconstrictive properties.
About 80% of Suphathaizole taken is readily absorbed from the grastoentric tract and an effective concentration in the blood is found in 3-6hours.
Though the concentration in the urine is fairly high, it can be rapidly and completely excreted in the urine in 24hours.
It owns merits of being stable in quality, small in dose and high in efficacy.
Plasma concentrations are proportional to dose
Propofol is extensively distributed and rapidly cleared from the body (total clearance 1.5-2liters/minute)
This prevents the onset of angina pectoris attacks.
All the symptoms of parkinsonism regress markedly after sufficiently prolonged treatment with MADOPAR.
Chronic inflammatory conditions of the airways can be improved and cleared up with long –term treatment.
胃舒平片
胃舒平是疗效可靠的胃药，具有缓冲作用，能校正胃酸，保持胃内酸碱度适当。药性和善，服后不产生二氧化碳气体，不致增加胃压而促使胃溃疡穿孔；并具有吸附作用，能保护溃疡面，有助于溃疡痊愈。本药不会引起碱中毒、腹泻、便秘、消化不良或其他副作用。Gatropin is an effective and reliable medicine for stomach, capable of adjusting the gastric contents with a suitable PHvalue owing to its buffer function. It has mild action and does not produce carbon dioxide which distends the stomach and accelerates the perforation of the ulcer. Its adsorptive properties create local effect on the ulcerated area providing a favourable environment for the healing of the ulcer. It does not produce alkalosis, diarrhea, constipation, indigestion and other effects.
更多例句 例1. Mean peek serum concentrations of tobramycin occur between 30 and about 60 minutes after intramuscular administration. 肌注后约30~50分钟之间妥布毒素的平均血药浓度达到高峰。 例2. Nembutal Sodium exerts a depressant action on the CNS and shares the sedative-hypnotic actions typical of the barbiturates. 戊巴比妥钠对中枢神经系统产生抑制作用，并显示戊巴比妥类特有的镇静催眠作用。例3. In clinical trials the drug was shown to be highly effective in improving and normalizing the alterated cerebral circulation and those disorders related to insufficient arterial flow in the limbs. 临床试验证实，本品疗效高，可改善已改变了的脑循环，使之恢复正常，治疗与四肢动脉血流不畅有关的疾病。 例4. Orbenin is stable to staphylococcal penicillinase, and highly effective against resistant staphylococci. It is bactericidal, acid-stable and well absorbed by either the oral or the intramuscular route. 全霉林对葡萄球菌的青霉素酶稳定，对耐药葡萄球菌十分有效。本品具杀菌、耐酸作用，且口服或肌注吸收良好。 例5. Nystain has been found to inhibit the growth of yeast like flora in the intestinal tract. 已查明制霉菌素在肠道内可抑制菌丛类酵母菌的生长。 例6. Fenarol has proved to be effective as a striated muscle relaxant. 已证明芬那露是疗效很好的横纹肌松施药。 例7. Halcion is a potent short-acting hypnotic agent, which produces its hypnotic activity from the first night of administration. 好而睡是一种强力速效催眠药，它从服药后的第一个夜晚开始产生催眠作用。 例8. Therapeutically, ATP injection exhibits effects, especially such as activation of the function and metabolism of the nerve, and also coronary and peripheral vasodilation to increase the blood stream. 从治疗上看，三磷酸腺苷注射剂显示了非常好的效果，特别是在活化神经的功能及代谢，以及舒张冠状与外周血管以增加血流方面更是如此。
第四节 适应症
“适应症”最常用的有以下几种表示方法 Indications适应症 Indications and Usage 适应症与用途 Major(Principal)Indications 主要适应症 Uses用途 Action and Use作用与用途
语言特点
完整句
更多的为表示疾病名称的单词或短语
本项中出现频率最高的是疾病名称以及微生物（尤其是致病菌）的名称，如： angina pectoris 心绞痛 cancer癌 diabetes（mellitus）糖尿病 hypertension 高血压 gram-positive microorganisms(bacteria)革兰氏阳性菌 virus 病毒 gram－negative mcroorganisms（bacteria）革兰氏阴性菌 E.coli 大肠杆菌
常见句型 1、不完全句结构．仅列出疾病或微生物的名称．例如： 例1、Angina pectoris, Prinzmetal's angina,hypertension 心绞痛，变异性心绞痛，高血压。 例 2 The following diseases caused by bacteria including gram－positive and gram－negative bacteria such as Staphylococcus，Streptcoccus, Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae…… 用于治疗由革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌，如葡萄球菌、链球菌。大肠杆菌、肺炎杆菌……引起的下列疾病…… 2 由For（或In等）引出的短语，例如： 例3 For prevention of the advance of cataract. 用于预防白内障进展。 例 4 In the treatment of all forms of pulmonary tuberculosis in association with other antitubercular drugs. 与其他抗结核药配伍，治疗各种类型肺结核。 3.To+动词原形构成的短语，如： 例 5 To prevent the formation of urinary calculi，especially in cases where they tend to recur. 用于预防尿路，特别是易发部位的结石的形成。 例6 To protect the liver cell during administration of drugs hazardous to the liver． 在服用对肝脏有危害的药物期间，用以保护肝细胞。 4,完整的句子结构或段落，有时结构很复杂； 例 7 Amikacin is useful in the treatment of infections from Gram－negative sensitive species，there included the Pseudomonas species；it may also be useful to treat infections caused by sensitive staphylococci, 阿米卡星可用于治疗革兰氏阳性敏感菌（其中包括假单孢菌）引起的感染，也可用于治疗敏感葡萄球菌引起的感染。 例 8 Nebcin is indicated for the treatment of the following infections caused by susceptible microorganisms： 乃柏欣适用于治疗下列由敏感细菌引起的感染： 例 9 Octinum D has proved effective in the prophylaxis and therapy of disorders arising from spasm of the smooth musculature. 新握克了已证实对平滑肌痉挛引起的病症有预防和治疗作用。 例10 Fungizone intravenous is especially intended to treat cryptococcosis…… 注射用凡疾送特别适用于治疗隐球菌病。… 例11 Kanamycin is active both in vitro and vivo against Gram－possitive and Gram－negative bacteria as well as acid-fast bacteria 卡那霉素在体外及体内对革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性菌以及耐酸菌都有效。 例12 Benemid is recommended for the treatmemt of gout and gouty arthritis, and to increase and prolong the plasma concentration of penicillins and cephalosporins during anti-infective therapy. 丙磺舒被推荐用于治疗痛风及痛风关节炎，及在强化抗感染治疗时增加并延长青霉素类及头孢菌素类的血浆浓度。 例 13 Information available at present suggests that Oncovin may be useful either alone or in conjunction with other oncolytic drugs for the treatment of acute leukaemias …… 据现有资料表明，硫酸长春新碱可单独使用，亦可与其他溶瘤细胞药物合用，以治疗急性白血病…… 例14 Adriamycin is frequenly used in combination chemotherapy regiments with other cytotoxic drugs. 阿霉素常与其他细胞毒药物合用于化疗方案。 例 15 Concomitant therapy with other calcium antagonists, antihypertensives and alcohol may potentiate the hypotensive action of the drug. 与其他的钙桔抗剂、抗高血压药物及酒精饮料同时使用，会增强本品的降低血压的作用。本项中的常用词及短语 be active against对……有效 be intended to…适用于…… be administered in …适用于… be of value of … 适用于…… be effective in （for，against）…对…有效 be recommended for 推荐用于…… be employed to …用于…… be used to（for，as）…用于…… be helpful in … 用于…… be useful in … 用于…… be indicated in（for）…适用于… for（in） the treatment（management）of… 用于治疗（控制） 表示与“其他药物合用”的结构有： be associated with in association with be combined with in combination with be compatible with in conjunction with concomitant with together with
第五节 禁忌症
本项中最常用的英语表示法是Contraindications，也有用Restrictions on Use（用药限制）的。
语言特点本部分段落较短，句子结构一般不复杂，常用省略句或祈使句
The use of Kirin Sterile Powder is contraindicated in patients previously found hypersensitive to it.
对本品过敏者禁用。
本项中涉及到禁用（或慎用）某些药物的患者或某种特殊情况，例如： 1、孕妇、妊娠期或哺乳期，幼童等： pregnant women 孕妇 lactation 哺乳期 in pregnancy 妊娠期 children under …years of age …岁以下儿童 the first trimester (3 months) of pregnancy 妊娠期的最初三个月 2、患有某些疾病或过敏的患者，如： allergic (hypersensitive) to… 对…过敏的 allergic (anaphylactic) reaction 过敏反应 allegy (hypersensitivity) to… 对…过敏 patients with… (who…) 患有…的患者 出现一些疾病名称，例如 cardiac failure 心力衰竭 hypertension 高血压 cardiac (renal) insufficiency 心（肾）功能不全 severe hypotension 严重低血压 impairment of kidney (renal function) 肾功能损伤 diabetes 糖尿病 liver (hepatic) damage 肝损伤 severe anemia 严重贫血 常见句型 1) 省略句型，只列出禁忌对象或疾病名称等。 例1. Pregnancy, allergy to methotrexate, functional disorders of liver and kidneys, diseases of the haematopoietic system (bone marrow hypoplasia, leucopenia, thrombocy - to penia, anaemia), intectious diseases, ulcers of the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract, recent operation wounds. 孕期，对氨甲叶酸过敏，肝、肾功能障碍，血液系统疾病（骨髓机能减退、白细胞及血小板减少、贫血），传染病，口腔及胃溃疡，近期术后伤口等忌用。 例2. Hypersensitivity to quinoiones, severe renal insufficiency. 对喹喏酮类过敏，严重肾功能不全 Not to be used in cases of known hypersensitivity to Ginkgo biloba extracts.
已知对银杏膏过敏者禁用此药
…must not be administered /given to
It is advisable to avoid the use of …
…should be used with caution
.. be forbidden to…
This medicine is forbidden to the pregnant.
2) 完整的句子或段落。其中常用的结构有： contraindications are… 禁忌症是… be contraindicated in (for) … 对…禁忌 should not be used (employed) in … 不得用于… It is advisable to avoid the use of … 建议不用于… must not be administered (given) to… 对…不得用药 should be used with caution 慎用 be not recommended for… 最好不用于… none reported 未见报道 not known 不清楚 还可能有一些其他的结构。 例3. Cetazolin sodium is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to cephalosporin group of antibiotics. 先锋5号禁用于已知对头孢菌素类抗生素过敏的患者。 例4. It is advisable to avoid the use of Aramine with cyclo-propane or halothane anesthesia, unless clinical circumstances demand such use. 如果不是临床需要，建议本品不要与环丙烷或氟溴氯乙烷麻醉剂合用。
例5.若以前使用丙磺舒曾引起过敏反应，则应禁用。已知有血液疾患及尿酸性肾结石的患者建议不要使用本品，二岁以下儿童不得服用。 例6.接受大剂量安眠药的患者不应使用吩噻嗪化合物，对有惊厥病史的患者应慎用，因为已知有发生过癫痫大发作。 Do not take Benemid if prior administration resulted in hypersensitivity . Benemid is not recommended for persons with known disorders of the blood or uric acid kidney stones. Do not give Benemid to children under two years of
Phenothiazine compounds should not be used in patients receiving large doses of hypnotics, and should be used, with caution in patients with a history of convulsive disorders, since grand mal convulsions have been known to occur.age.例7. 暴发性肝炎及胆管阻塞患者禁用熊去氧胆酸。 例8.除非根据医生的意见，认为需要治疗的患者的病情危及生命，并且只有两性霉素治疗才可能使其有所改善之外，对本品过敏的患者禁用本品。
Ursosan should not be given to patients suffering from fulminant hepatitis and bile duct obstruction.
This product is contraindicated in those patients who have shown hypersensitivity to it unless, in the opinion of the physician, the condition requiring treatment is life threatening and amenable only to amphotencin B therapy.例9.5岁以下儿童禁用敌胺。
例10. 哺乳期妇女最好不用爱力生。
Children under 5 years of age should not be treated with Antistine
The use of Alexan in nursing mothers is notrecommended. 例11. 妊娠期禁用：香豆定禁用于孕妇，或可能已怀孕的妇女，因为本品可能穿过胎盘屏障，引起子宫内胚胎致命的出血
Pregnancy: Coumadin is contraindicated in women who are or may become pregnant because the drug passes through the placental barrier and may cause fatal hemorrhage to the fetus in uterus.第六节 用量与用法
本项最常用的英语表示法有： Dosage and Administration 用（剂）量与用法 Route of Administration 给药途径（用法） Administration 用法 Direction for Use 用法 Method of (for) Administration 用法 Application and Dosage 用法与用（剂）量 Mode of Application 用法 Dosage 用（剂）量 How to Use 用法 Posology 剂量学 还可能有其他的表示方法。
语言特点
本部分常用祈使句和省略句，句中谓语动词多用被动语态 1、常用表示剂量的术语 average dose 平均剂量 minimal (minimum) dose 最小有效量 daily dose 日剂量（一日量） multiple dose 多剂量 divided dose 分次剂量 overdose (overdose) 过量 fatal (lethal) dose 致死量 single dose 一次剂量 indicated dose 有效剂量 standard dose 标准（合适）剂量 initial (beginning, starting) dose 首次量 suggested (recommended) dose 推荐剂量 maintenance dose 维持量 therapeutic dose 治疗剂量 maximum dose 最大剂量（极量） usual (normal) dose 常用剂量2、常用的剂量单位表示法
g=gram 克 l=liter (litre) 升 mg=milligram 毫克 ml=milliliter 毫升
kg=kilogram 千克 c.c. 毫升 mcg=microgram 微克
I.U.=international unit 国际单位
ug 微克 body weight 体重
per square meter of body surface 每平方米体表面积 3、每次给药次数的表示方法 daily (per day, a day, every day ) 每日 every …hours 每隔…小时 intervals of … 每隔… once (twice) daily (a day) 每日一（二）次 every other day 每隔一日 three times a day (daily) 每日三次 three times a week 每周三次 once (twice) a week (weekly) 每周一（二）次 Divided into … doses 分…次 in two or three divided doses 分为二或三次（个剂量） After meals
Before meals
30minutes before and /or after meals
At (two-week) intervals
A day/daily/every /per day
Every other day/every second day
(Once/twice/three times /x times) a day /daily
分为……份的表示法
分为两份，每12小时一次
分为二或三等份
每日6克分为3等份
分为……份；每四小时一次
Divided into two twelve-hourly doses
In two or three equally divided doses
3g per day in 6 equally divided doses
Divided into … doses every four hours
按体重给药
每日每公斤体重用量50-100mg/10000-20000国际单位
50-100mg (10000-20000I.u.)per/kg of body weight daily.
每日每公斤体重用量0.8-1.2mg
0.8-1.2mg/kg/day
每磅体重每日剂量至少为20毫克
Daily dose of at least 20mg per pound body weight
每周每平方米体表面积用0.5毫克
0.5mg per square meter of body surface daily 4、给药对象：最常见的用词有 adolescents 青少年 intant(s) 幼儿 adult(s) 成年人 male 男性 baby (babies) 婴儿 newborn baby (babies) 新生儿 children (child) 儿童 patient(s) 患者，病人 debilitated patients 体弱患者 pediatric 儿科的 elderly patient(s) 老年患者 pregnant women 孕妇 female 女性 senile patient(s) 老年患者（病人）nursing mother
Senile patients
The allergic /hypersensitive to patients with…
School-age children 例1 for …dose is…
For adults: initial dose is 1-2mg (2-4tab.) followed by1-1.5mg(2-3tab.)every four hours.
成人初服1-2毫克（2-4片），以后每隔四小时服1-1.5克（2-3片0
例2 The suggested dose is 10 to 15 mg per kg body weight daily in 3-4 divided doses orally, taken with meets. 日剂量最好每公斤体重10-15mg，分3-4次口服，与食物共服。
例3 The initial dosage recommended is 1/2 tablet of Madopa 250 three times daily. 开始剂量最好为每日3次，每次半片美多巴250。
例4 Children: The usual dose is 50 to 100 mg/kg/day total, given in four equally divided and spaced doses. 儿童：常用总剂量为每日50-100mg/kg体重，均分为四等份，等间隔给药。
例5 The recommended starting dose is 20mg given as a single daily dose. 推荐的首剂量为每20mg，一次服用。
5、给药方式的表示法：多用副词成或介词短语表示，例如： intra-arterially 静脉内给药 by mouth (OS) 口服 intragluteally 臀肌内给药 by phleboclysis 静脉输液 intramuscularly 肌内给药 by intramuscular (IM) injection 肌肉注射 intraperitoneally 腹（膜）腔内给药 by intravenous (IV) injection 静脉注射 intrapleurally 胸（膜）腔内给药 by the intra-articatar administration 关节内给药 intrathecally 鞘内给药 by the intramuscular administration (route) 肌内给药 intravenously 静脉内给药 by the intranasal route 鼻内给药 locally 局部给药 orally 口服给药 parenterally 肠道外给药 by the intraperitoneal administration 腹（膜）腔内给药 subconjuntivally 结膜下给药 by the intravenous infusion (perfusion) 静脉输注 subcutaneously 皮下给药 sublingually 舌下给药 submucously 粘膜下给药 by the intrathecal administration 鞘内给药 by aerosol 喷雾给药 by the subligual administration 舌下给药 by drip phleboclysis 点滴静脉输液 per rectum 直肠给药 by enema 灌肠 per vaginum 阴道给药 by lumbar 腰椎给药 per recto 直肠给药 6、表示“投药”的常用动词 administer (或be administered、give、be given、indicate、be indicated) 给药、投药
use (或be used 、employ、be employed) 用药
recommend (be recommended、suggest、be suggested) 推荐给药 7、表示不同的用药方式的动词： take 服用 inhale 吸入 apply to 用于、涂于、敷于 spray 喷雾 inject 注射 swallow 吞服 例6 …the recommended single dose is 1 ampoule, given subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously. 建议一次剂量为1安瓶，皮下、肌肉或静脉注射给药。 例7 I.M injections should be administered in the amount of 25-50mg daily per kilo of body weight, subdivided into injections every 6-8-12 hours. 肌肉注射：每日每公斤体重给药25-50mg，每6-8-12小时一次。 例8 For adults give intramuscular injection of 400 to 600 mg per day in 2-3 divided doses. For infants give intramuscular injection of 10-20mg/kg per day in two divided doses. 成年人：肌肉注射，每日400-600mg，分2-3次注射；婴儿：肌肉注射，每日10-20mg/kg体重，分2次注射。 例9 The tablets (or the syrup) are to be taken during or after a meal with a little liquid. 片剂（或糖浆）应于食间或饭后用少量液体送服。 例10 Apply the Nitro-Dur system firmly to the skin surface. The Nitro-Dur system may be applied to any convenient skin area, a recommended side of application is the arm or chest. 把护心贴片紧贴在皮肤表面，护心贴片可贴在任何方便的皮肤区域，最好是贴在手臂或胸部。 例11 In general 1 to 3 metered doses should should be inhaled or sprayed onto or under the tongue at the every oneset of anginal pain. 一般应在心绞痛开始发作时就吸入，或向舌上或舌下喷入1-3个规定的剂量。
8、其它的短语或句型，例如： according to 根据 be adjusted 调整 depend on 依据 adapt to 适合，修改 on the basis of 在…基础上 vary from…to… 变化范围由…至…，因…而异 range from … to … 变化范围由…至… it is advisable to (it is recommended to、it is suggested to ) 建议… 例子很多，不一一列举。 例12 Dosage should be adapted to patients individually, on the basis of periodic tests of glycosuria and blood sugar. 在周期性检验尿糖和血糖的基础上，调整剂量，使之适用于不同的患者。 例13 It si advisable to initiate therapy with massive doses: 3x2 tablets daily after meals over 2-4 days. 建议开始治疗时采用大剂量，每日剂量为3x2片，饭后服用，持续2-4日。 例14 In severs chronic cases, treatment is started with daily 1 to 2 ampoules of Bilocid and continused with one ampoule every other day, injected slowly by the intravenous route. 治疗严重的慢性疾病时，治疗从每日1-2支利胆素注射剂开始，继续治疗时每隔一日1安瓶缓慢静脉注射。 例15 The number of injections required may vary from from patient to patient. 所需注射次数因患者而异。 例16 The dosage of Glutril must be adjusted by the doctor according to the individual metabolic state. 格路特利的剂量需由医生根据每个患者的代谢状况调整。 例17 In such instance, it is recommended that the dose be reduced. 在这种情况下，建议减少剂量。 例18 The maintenance dosage is determined by response of the patient. 维持剂量视患者对药物的反应而定。
剂量：
成人（包括老年病人）
依病人体重不同，常用剂量为1.6-3.2g特美汀，每6-8小时给药一次，最大剂量为每4小时3.2g 特美汀。
肾功能障碍者剂量：
轻度障碍（肌酐清除率30ml/分）：每8小时3.2克
中度障碍（肌酐清除率10-30ml/分）：每8小时1.6克
严重障碍（肌酐清除率10ml/分）：每12小时1.6克
儿童：
常用剂量为每6-8小时给与80mg/公斤体重，早产及足月新生儿，每12小时80mg公斤体重，其后增加至8小时给药一次。
肾功能障碍儿童：
其剂量必须同成人剂量一样减少
Dosage
Adults (including elderly patients):
The usual dosage is 1.6~3.2g Timentin 6-8 hourly according to body weight. The maximum recommended dosage is 3.2 every 4 hours.
Dosage in renal impairment:
Mild impairment (creatinine clearance >30ml/min):3.2g every 8 hours
Moderate impairment (creatinine clearance 10~30ml/min):1.6g every 8 hours
Severe impairment (creatinine clearance <10ml/min): 1.6g every 12 hours
Children:
The usual dosage of Timentin for children is 80mg/kg bodyweight given every 6-8hours
For premature infants and full term infants during the perinatal period, the dosage is 80mg/kg bodyweight every 12hours, increasing to every 8hours thereafter.
Children with renal impairment:
As with the adult dosage, similar reduction should be made for children.
第七节 不良反应
不良反应这一项中包括药物的副作用、症状及体征、毒性作用及耐受力、过敏反应、停药等。现分述如下： 1.“不良反应”的常用的英语表示法有： Adverse Reaction（s）不良反应 Unwanted（Untoward） Reaction（s）不良反应 2“副作用”的常用的英语表示法有： Side-effect(s) 副作用 Unwanted（Undesirable） Effects 副作用 Side Reaction(s) 副作用 By-effects 副作用
Accompanying symptoms
Untoward symptoms
Unwanted effects
Undesirable effects
3.常见的毒副反应的症状及体征的词语很多，但记住下列词语很有必要： allergic (hypersensitive，anaphylactic）reaction(s) 过敏反应 allergy(hypersensitivity) 过敏 dizzziness 眩晕 gastrointestinal tract 胃肠道 fever 发热 local reaction(s) 局部反应 flush 潮红 skin reaction（s）皮肤反应 headache 头痛 symptom（s）症状 nausea 恶心 systematic 全身的 pruritus 瘙痒 anorexia 厌食 rash 皮疹 blood count 白细胞计数 spasm 痉挛 blood pressure 血压 thirst 口渴 coma 昏迷 tiredness 疲倦 diarrhea 腹泻 vomiting 呕吐 4.“毒性”、“耐受性”的英语表示法： toxicity 毒性 tolerance（tolerability) 耐受力，耐药性 tolerate（toleration） 耐受 5.“停药”的英语表示法举例：
abandon 停药 discontinue（discontinuance,discontinuation) 停药，中断（治疗） cease（cessation）（stop）停药（停止治疗） don't use 勿使用（停药） suspend 停药 terminate 停止，结束 withdraw（be withdrawn，withdrawal）from treatment 停药 6.其他一些常见的基本词汇及短语
acute 急性的 control（be controlled）控制 chronic 慢性的 diminish（reduce，reduction）减少 common 常见的 disappear 消失 irreversible 不可逆的 encounter 遇到，见到 mild 轻微的 give rise to 产生 normal 正常的 include 包括 rare（ly）罕见的（地） lead to 导致 reverside 可逆的 manifest 表明，显示 severe 严重的 observe（be observed）（被）观察到 temporary 暂时的 produce 产生 transient 一过性的，短暂的 react to 对……反应 appear（develop，happen，occur）出现（产生） result from 由……引起 be reported （被）报道 result in 导致 cause (be caused by) （由……）引起 treat（treatment） 治疗 special care（caution）should be exercised 特别小心（注意） 常见句型
The side effects are/include…
The side effects occur in … patients
…happen to …cases
…is well tolerated
…have been reported /observe /noted in …patients
…patients may develop…
例1 Ciprofloxactin is generally well tolerated. The most frequently reported adverse reactions are: nausea, diarrhaea, vomiting, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, headache, restlessness, rash, dizziness and pruritus. 环丙沙星一般耐受良好。最常报道的副作用有：恶心、腹泻、呕吐、消化不良、腹痛、头痛、不安、皮疹、头晕及瘙痒。 例2 Side-effects are rare with slow-K, as any excess potassium is rapidly excreted in the urine. 施乐凯的副作用根罕见，因为任何过量的钾都迅速由尿排出。 例3 At the recommended dosage side-effects e.g. venous irritation or hypersensitivity reactions (cutaneous and mucous reactions) are only observed in isolated cases. 用推荐剂量治疗时，仅见个别的静脉刺激或过敏反应（皮肤及粘膜反应）病例。 例4 When adverse reactions occur, they are usually reversible and disappear when the hormone is discontinued. 当不良反应发生时，它们往往是可逆的，停用激素后副作用即消失。
例5 The most serious side-effect is damage to the bone marrow. Because of this, the white blood cell count should be controlled often enough during the treatment. 最严重的副作用是骨髓损害，因此在治疗期间，要经常监测白细胞计数。
例6 These unwanted effects usually disappear spontaneously after 7-14 days or following a temporary reduction in the dosage. 这些副作用通常在7-14日之后，或者暂时降低剂量便自行消失。
例7 With high dosage continuous infusion (more than 200mg/m2/day) over 5 to 7 days, the gastrointestinal complications are more pronounced and can on occasion lead to ileus. All side effects are reversible after cessation of therapy. 大剂量连续输注超过 5～7日（超过 200mg／m2／日），胃肠道并发症更为明显，偶尔可导致肠梗阻。停药后副作用皆可逆转。 例 8 In some patients nausea， dizziness，and vomiting may occur in the first days of treatment but the treatment need not be discontinued for that. In rare cases a decrease of blood pressure may appear for which a blood pressure check-up is recommended in out-patients before the treatment is initiated. If side-effects persist, lower doses should be administered. 服用本品的头几天，有些病人可能会出现恶心、头晕和呕吐，但不必停药。偶有血压下降的病例，为此，在治疗开始前建议对门诊患者检测血压。若副作用持续不消失，应减少服用剂量。 例9 Major adverse reactions (much less common than the minor adverse reactions) include inhibition of myelopoiesis, drug fever and hepatitis. 较重的不良反应（远不及轻度不良反应常见）包括抑制骨髓细胞生成，药物热及肝炎。 例10 Side-effects: Loss of appetite and nausea occur in most cases, sometimes with vomiting. These symptoms are usually confined to the first few days of treatment and then tend to disappear. 副作用：多数病例出现食欲减退、恶心，有时呕吐。这些症状通常发生在治疗的最初几天，以后逐渐消失。
第八节 注意事项
“注意事项”也是药品说明书中的重要内容之一。为了安全用药，厂商在本项中特别强调应注意的事项，其中主要包括：正确的剂量和用法，超过剂量时的应急措施，用药对象，可能出现的较严重的副作用及治疗方案，药物的配伍，药液的配制、使用及保管等、方面的注意事项。现就本项内容详细介绍如下：
. 本项常用的英语表示法： Precaution（s） 注意事项 Special note（caution, precaution）特别注意 Caution(s) 注意事项 N.B. 注意 Noto 注意 Warning(s) 警告 有时也用： Important 重要事项 Important for the patients 患者须知 2. 本项中常见的检查项目： blood count 血细胞汁数 Kidney (renal) function 肾功能 blood picture（hemogram） 血象 Liver（hepatic）function 肝功 blood level 血浓度 serum concentration 血清浓度 blood pressure 血压 serum creatinine test 血清肌酸酐检验 clotting time 凝血时间 urine routine（examination） 尿常规 creatinine clearance 肌酸酐清除率 3. 本项的特点是内容长短不一，有难有易；词汇量大，涉及面广，既有普通词汇，也有大量的专业词汇及编写词。许多词汇、结构和句型可在药理作用、适应症、禁忌症、剂量和用法、副作用，贮藏等项中见到。从英语结构上分析，句型变化较多，长句、难句也屡屡出现，是比较难读的一个项目。 语言特点
句型丰富
祈使句使用频率高
谓语中常用”should” “should not” “not to be used”
只限外用
必要时暂停服用1-3天
避免接触眼睛
使用本品过程中，应每周监测血象2次
肝功能严重受损的病人，使用本品须谨慎小心
无尿或血钾过高者禁用。
Fro external use only
Stop taking the pills for1-3days if necessary.
Avoid contact with eyes
Monitor hemogram twice a week, during the course of taking the medicine
This drug should be used with care in patients with evidence of severe hepatic dysfunction.
Not to be used in patients with anuria, hyperkalemia.
例1 Warnings and precautions: Ciprofloxacin should be used with caution in epileptics and patients with a history of CNS disorders and only if the benefits of treatment are considered to outweight the risk of possible CNS side-effects. 警告和注意事项：癫痫病人及有中枢神经系统病史的患者慎用环丙沙星，仅当认为疗效超过可能产生的中枢神经系统副作用的危险时才可使用。 例2 Ciprofloxacin could result in impairment of the patients ability to drive or operate machinery, particularly in conjunction with alcohol. 环丙沙星能损害人们驾驶汽车或操纵机器的能力，尤其是在饮酒之后。 例3 Warnings: Vepeside should be administered under the supervision of a qualified physicain experienced in the use of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. 警告：泛必治应该在使用治疗癌症的化疗制剂方面有经验、有资格的医生的监护下使用。
例4 The most serious risk associated with anticoagulant therapy with sodium warfarin are hemorrhage in any tissue or organ and less frequently, necrosis and/ or gangrene of skin and other tissues. The risk of hermorrhage is related to level of intensity and the duration of anticoagulant therapy. 用华注林钠进行抗凝治疗产生的最严重的危险就是组织或器官出血，以及不大常出现的皮肤和其他组织的坏死和（或）坏疽。出血的危险与抗凝治疗的药物浓度（水平）及疗程长短有关。 例5 The occurrence of a platelet count below 50,000/mm3 or an absolute neutrophil count below 500/mm3 is an indication to withhold further therapy until the blood counts have sufficiently recovered. 血小板数低于s0，000／mm3 或绝对中性白细胞数低于500／mm3 ，表明不能继续使用本品治疗，待白细胞计教充分恢复后才能继续用药。 例6 Warfarin therapy should be discontinued when warfarin is suspected to be the cause of developing necrosis and heparin therapy may be considered for anticoagulation. 当怀疑华法林治疗引起坏死时，则须停止治疗，并且考虑使用肝素治疗。 例7 Dosage should be controlled by periodic determinations of prothrombin time(PT) or other suitable coagulation tests. 必须定期检查凝血酶原时间（PT），或做其他相应的凝血试验来控制剂量。 例8 Please note Cerebral convulsive disease is regarded as a relative contraindication for examinations in the subarachnoid space. If after careful consideration, these examinations are nevertheless performed, all equipment and medicines necessary to counter any convulsions may occur must be prepared ready for use beforehand. 请注意：脑惊厥被认为相对禁止进行蛛网膜下腔检查，如经谨慎考虑后、仍要进行这些检查时．必须事先备妥应付可能发生惊厥所需的所有设备与药品。 例9 Caution must be exercised in the case of hypersensitivity to iodinated contrast media, latent hyperthyroidism and bland nodular goitre. 对碘造影剂过敏、隐匿性甲状腺亢进和轻微甲状腺肿的病例，应慎重。 例10 Caution Alcohol intake may enhance nitrate effects and occasionally induce hypotension with subsequent impairment of reactivity. During the first three months of pregnancy drugs should only be used on the express direction of the attendant physician. Isket spray should not be stored at temperatures above 25。C! Temperatures above 40 ℃ are to be avoided, even for bried periods! Do not force canister open, even when empty! 注意：饮酒可增强硝酸盐的作用、偶尔引起低血压，继而损害反应力。妊娠三个月时，只有在监护医生明确指导下才可使用本品。异舒吉喷雾剂的贮存温度不应超过25℃！避免超过40℃。即使短时间也不可！不要用力开罐，即使空罐时也不可用力开！勿使儿童接触本品 例11 As with all new drugs， patients should be followed carefully so that any side-effects or unusual manifestations of drug idiosyncrasy may be detected. If any allergic reaction to Keflex occurs, the drug should be discontinued and the patient treated with the usual agents. 像使用所有新药一样，应细心地随访患者，以便观察任何副作用或药物特异反应。如果出现对头抱菌素IV的过敏反应，应停药，并用常规药物治疗患者。 例12 In patients with normal renal function, chronic hypercalcemia may be associated with an increase in serum creatinine. While this is usually reversible, It is important in such patients to pay careful attention to those factors which may lead to hypercalcemia. 对于肾功能正常的患者,慢性高钙血症可能与血清肌酸酐增多有关。这通常虽然是可逆的，然而对这样的病人，密切注意可能导致血钙过多的各种因素是很重要的 例13 Precautions 一Avoid the concomitant use, in the absence of special monitoring laboratory of parameters, of anticoagulants or aspirin. 一Inform the attending physician in the event of bleeding or of the occurence of a hematoma. 注意事项：在无化验室参考指标的专门监测情况下，避免与抗凝剂或阿司匹林合用。如发生出血或出现血肿，应通知主治医生。 例14 Periodical examination of hepatic or renal function and blood picture is desirable since Kedacillin may increase SGOT. SGPT and BUN, and decrease erythrocyte and leucocyte. 磺苄青霉素钠可使血清谷-草转氨酶，血清谷-丙转氨酶和血液尿素氮增高，使红细胞和白细胞减少．所以最好要定期检查肝、肾功能和血象。 例15 N.B.Transference from insuline to Glutril may be attempted in case of maturity-onset diabetes with obesity;dosage is based upon the result of the necessarily frequent metablic tests. 注意：伴有肥胖症的成年型糖尿病患者，可试从胰岛素改用格路特利治疗，剂量应以必须经常进行的代谢试验为依据。
第九节 包装
1“包装”在英文药品说明书中的表示法有许多，最常用的是Pack（Package）和Supply，例如： Pack(s) （Packing（s）） 包装 Supplys(Supplied) 包装 Package(s) 包装 How Supplied 包装方式 Packing for Hospital 医院用包装 Method of Supply 包装方式 Package Quantitiess（ Quantity）包装量 此外还有， Presentation 包装 Hospital (Size) Packs 医院用包装 Availability 包装 Trade Packs（Packings） 商品包装 Mode（Form）of Issue 包装 2 常见的包装单位（工具）的英语表示法： ampoule(s) 安瓿 carton 纸盒 blister pack（package） 铝塑包装（水泡眼包装） pack 包 blister strip 铝塑条状包装（水泡眼条包装） sheet 张、 bottle 瓶 strip 条、 box 盒 tube 管 canist 罐 vial 玻璃小瓶 3 药物的常见剂型的英语表示法： aerosol (spray, inhaler) 气雾剂 ampoule 针剂 capsules 胶囊 oral solution 口服液 coated（-）tablets 包衣片 pill 丸剂 cream 乳膏 powder 粉剂 derm TTS 皮肤贴膏
retard capsules （tablets） 缓释胶囊（片） dregees 糖衣丸 scored-tablets 刻（划）痕片 drops 滴剂 solution 溶液剂 emulsion 乳剂栓剂 sugar-coated tablets 糖衣片 film-coated tablets 薄膜片。膜衣片 suppositories 栓剂 granule 颗粒 suspension 悬浮剂，混悬剂 injection 注射剂，针剂 sustained release tablets 恒（缓）释片 liniment 搽剂 syrup 糖浆 liquid 液剂 tablets 片剂 ointment 软膏4 本项的结构特点
结构特点
内容少，篇幅短。
短语多，完整句子少，长句罕见。
或仅仅列出包装工具、剂型、装量等，词汇量容易阅读。
常用句型
Each (container) contains…
…contains …with 例1 Presentation 30 capsules. 包装：30粒胶囊装。 例2 Packages：Box containing one 100 mg bottle 包装：盒装，每盒1瓶，每瓶100 mg。 例3 Packing Bottle of 12 capsules 250 mg and 500 mg．Bxo of 12 capsules 250 mg in blister. Bottle for pediatri use (granulated): 20 gm granulated contain 1 gm ampicillin, The content of the spoon included in the packing corresponds to 100 mg ampicillin. 包装瓶装12粒胶囊，每粒含量250或500mg。盒装12粒胶囊（水泡眼包装），每粒含量250mg。瓶装儿童用颗粒剂：20克颗粒剂每瓶含有 1 g 氨苄青霉素。附在包装内的一匙的量，相当于1O0 mg 氨苄青霉素。 例4 Mode of issue Ceopran Is issued in vials containing 250 mg, 500 mg and 1 gram of cephaloridine. 包装方式本品小瓶包装，内装 250mg、500mg及 1 g 头抱菌素II。 例5 Trade packs Trade packs containing 50 and 100 sugar coated tablets. 商品包装 50 及 100 糖衣片包装。 例6 Packs（Madopar）250: Cross-scrored tablets each containing 200mg levodopa+50 mg benserazide. 包装 美多巴”250”刻痕片，每片含200mg左族多巴50mg羟苄丝肼。 例7 Method of supply Tablets in tubes, each containing 30 tablets. Paint in glass bottles of 24 ml.Meladinine is supplied only on prescription. 包装方式 管装片剂．每管30片。玻璃瓶装搽剂，每瓶24ml。敏白灵只按处方供药。 例8 Availability Syrup: Orbenin syrup is available in bottles containing reconstitutable powder for preparing an aqueous solution. When dispensed each 5 ml teaspoonful contains 125mg cloxacillin as the sodium salt.
包装 糖浆：全霉林糖浆为瓶装，内含可供再配制水溶液的粉末。配制后的每茶匙5ml药液中含125ml 邻氯青霉素钠盐， 例9 How supplied Tablets: Coumadin (crystalline Wartarin Sodium USP), For oral use, single scored imprinted numericallyand Packaged in bottles with potencies and colors as follows: 包装 片剂：香豆定（结晶华法林钢一美国药典标准）。供口服。药片上有一条划痕，印有数字。瓶装，效价及颜色如下： 例10 Also available in Hospital Unit-Dose blister package of 100. 也提供医院用的单位剂量的铝塑包装，（每包〕100片装。 例11 Temaril 250：white, film-coated tablets marked on one side with 250, each tablet containing 291.5mg ciprofloxacin hydrochloride monohydrate (equivalent 50 250mg ciprofoxacin). 替马利尔25U：白色有刻痕标记的薄膜片，一面刻有“250mg”字样、每片含 291.5mg 盐酸环丙沙星-水合物（相当于250mg环丙沙星）。 例12 Packs Standard packs of 20 dregees Hospital packs of 100,500 and 1000 dregees. 包装 标准包装为20粒糖衣九。医院用包装为100，500及1000粒糖衣丸。 例13 Package ouantities Beconase Nasal Spray is a metered-dose aerosolsol with a specially designed nasal applicator. Each canister provides 200 sprays. 包装 喷雾剂是一种气雾剂．配有专门设计可供鼻用的喷雾器，每罐可喷雾 200次。
第十节 贮存
常用句型
Keep /store in..
Keep out of …
…be protected from…
…be prevented from…
Do not exceed…
“贮存”的英语常用表示法是Storage。本项中常用的一些短语有： store (keep) in a cool and dry place 存于于阴凉干燥处 away from light 避光 away from children 勿让儿童接触 protect from light (heat) 避光（热） out of (the) reach of children 勿让儿童触及 prevent moisture 防潮
本项的句子较简单多为一简单句，其中多为祈使句；用词也不多。 例1 store medicines carefully. Keep away from children. 注意保存．勿让儿童接触。 例2 Stroe below 25℃ protecting from freezing and light. 存于25℃以下，防冻，避光。 例3 Validity and storage. The solution will keep for five years if stored at a emperature below +20℃. 有效期及贮法：放置于20℃以下可保存5年。
例4 Storage instructions: Protect from heat and light. 贮存方法；避光及防热贮存。 例5 To be stored in a dry place at a temperature not above 25℃. 存于不高于25℃的干燥之处。 例6 Do not store the suppositories over 25℃. 本栓剂不得存于25℃以上的温度。 例7 store at below 25℃ and protect from moisture， 存于25℃以下，防潮。 例8 The solution should be prepared immediately prior to use, but can be stored at 4℃ or up to one week. 药液应在配制后立即使用，但在4℃下可贮存一周。
有时也有较复杂的结构，或较多的内容，如： 例9 Ampoules and unopened nasal spray bottles should should be stored in a refrigerator (2—8℃). Onceopened the nasal spray bottle must be kept at room temperature; it should be kept in the upright position and used for a maximum of 4 weeks. Like all drugs，Miacalcic should be kept out of reach of children. 安瓿或未开启的喷雾剂瓶应存于冰箱（2－8℃）中。喷雾剂瓶一旦开启。就应于室温下保存、药瓶应直立存放，使用时间最多为4周。与其他药物一样，密钙息应妥善保存，勿让儿童接触。 例10 Protect from light. Store in carton until contents have been used. Store at controlled room temperature（59一86F， 15℃一30℃）. Dispense in al tight, light-resistant container as defined in the U.S.P． 避光保存。药片在使用前于纸盒中保存。在恒温室温（59～86F，15℃一30℃）下保存。调剂时，使用美国药典规定的密闭，避光容器。 例11 Fungizone intravenous in powder form should be stored in the refrigerator, protected against exposure to light. The concentrate may be stored in the dark, at room temperature for 24 hours, or at refrigeratortemperatures for one week with minimal loss of potency and clarity. Any unused material should then be discarded. 两性霉素B粉剂应避光存于冰箱中。浓缩液可存于暗处，室温下可保存Z4小时，或可在冰箱 温度下保存一周，其效价及澄明度变化极小。那以后一切尚未用的药物就应弃之。
第十一节 其他项目Validity（有效期）：药品的有效期或失效期有以下几种表示方法： validity 有效期 storage life 贮存期 Expiry(Exp.) date 失效（日）期 Shelf life 贮存期（贮藏期限） Expiring 失效期 Stability 稳定性 Expiration date 失效（日）期 例15 Expiry: 18 months (Expiry date is printed on the vial label.) 有效期：18个月（失效日期印在瓶签上）。 例16 Validity and storage: The solution will keep for five years if stored at a temperature below +20℃ 有效期及贮存法：于20℃以下可保存5年。 生产者与批号
生产者
批号
卫准字药
批准文号
进口注册证号
Made by/in… by…;Manufactured by; Manufacturer; Produced by
Batch No；Batch； Lot No。
Med-drug Permit No.; Approval Number; Wei Yao Zhun Zi
Import Permit Number
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