中文句子成分分析
1． 什么是句子
根据用途和语气，句子可以分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句
根据结构可分为单句和复句。我们今天要研究的是单句，要给它划分成分
2． 句子成分的名称及符号
名称：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语。
符号：主语 = 谓语 － 宾语 ～ 定语（ ） 状语[ ] 补语 < >
3．划分句子成分
①． 例： 杨亚 ‖ 写 字
例：一中的杨亚║在课桌上写着毛笔字。
②． 例： 猫 ‖捉鱼
例：一只小猫‖在盆边捉了一条大鱼
注意：“是”为典型的动词，一般是“谓语”。
例如： 他 ‖ 是学生
4．划分句子成分，还要抓住枝干（定语、状语、补语）
定语：在句子中起着修饰、限制主语或宾语中心语的作用。
状语：修饰、限制谓语中心语，一般在谓语中心语前面，有的在句子最前面，交待时间、地点、范围、情况等。
补语：对谓语中心语起补充说明作用，一般放在谓语中心语之后。
例： 画眉 唱 歌 原句是 “两只美丽的画眉高兴地唱一首歌。”
1 （两只美丽的）画眉 “两只美丽”是 “画眉”——主语中心语的修饰部分，叫“定语”。
②．[高兴]地唱 谓语中心语“唱”前边的修饰、限制成分——“高兴”为“状语”。
③．(一首)歌 宾语中心语“歌”前的修饰、限制部分——“一首”为“定语”。
④歌唱得＜好＞ 修饰、限制谓语中心语“唱”，并放在它后面——“好”为“补语”。
5．划分句子的口诀：
（1）句子成分要划对， （2）纵观全局找主谓。 （3）主前定状谓后补， （4）谓前只有状地位。（5）“的”定“地”状“得”后补，（6）宾语只受谓支配。
练习部分 ：
1、鲁班是我国古代春秋时期一位著名的建筑工匠。
2、那个时候的社会生产力还十分落后。
3、鲁班接受了一项大的建筑工程任务。
4、鲁班从中得到启发。
5、蔡伦出生在一个贫苦的铁匠家里。
答案:
1.（鲁班）主语（是）谓语（我国古代春秋时期一位著名的建筑）定语（工匠）宾语。
2.（那个时候的）（社会）定语（生产力）主语（还）（十分）状语（落后）谓语。
3.（鲁班）主语（接受）谓语（了）状语（一项大的建筑工程）定语（任务）宾语。
4.（鲁班）主语（从中）状语（得到）谓语（启发）宾语。
5.(蔡伦)主语(出生)谓语(在一个贫苦的铁匠家里)补语.
英语句子成分分析：
一． 主语：主语(subject) 是一个句子的主题( theme)， 是句子所述说的主体。
1． A tree has fallen across the road. (一棵树倒下横在路上。)
2． He told a joke but it fell flat.
3． Four from seven leaves three. 7减4余3。
4． Now is the time. 现在是时候了。
5． The ups and downs of life must be taken as they come.
6． To find your way can be a problem.
7． Smoking is bad for you.
二． 谓语：谓语[predicate verb]是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明,指出“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”. 谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。
（1）第一种是由情态动词，助动词+不带to的动词不定式构成的复合谓语：
I won’t do it again. I’ll go and move away the bag of rice with Lin Tao.
(2)第二种是由连系动词+表语构成的复合谓语。例如：
You look the same. We are all here.
The weather gets wamer, and the days get longer. Keep quite and listen to me.
三 .宾语
1.直接宾语：句中用来指出接受及物动词发出动作的事物的词或短语。
例如，在mail the letter（寄信）中的letter，就是直接宾语。
一般情况下，直接宾语指物，间接宾语指人。
2.间接宾语：有些及物动词, 比方 "教" teach, "给" give, "写" write 等等, 可以有两个宾语.
例如: " I teach him English. 在这句话里"him" 是间接宾语, "English" 是直接宾语.
I wrote Father a letter yesterday. He gave her a book.
He gave a book to her. I have bought you a drink.
3.介词宾语：就是放在介词后面的名词、名词短语、甚至宾语从句，或者一些代词。
如：talk about this problem
about是介词，它的宾语就是this problem。其他介词有from，over，in， out
a chair in the garden speak to my father
四．定语 ：修饰名词或代词的就是定语
形容词作定语：a good student（good修饰名词student，是定语）
介词短语作定语（要后置）：the man in the car(in the car修饰名词the man，是定语）
分词作定语：a sleeping car (sleeping是定语)
五 状语：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况
1.副词一般在句子中做状语．
He speaks English very well. 他英语说得非常好.
He is playing under the tree.中的under the tree(地点状语)
2. 不定式在句子中可以作目的状语。
I come specially to see you.我专门来看你.
3.介词短语
My parents often tell us about their bitter life in the past.
六 补语：用以补充说明名词的状态，性质。主要为宾语补足语和主语补足语
1. She ordered herself a new dress.
2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal.
3. He brought you a dictionary. 4. He denies her nothing.
5. I showed him my pictures. 6. I gave my car a wash.
划分句子成份练习题
We often speak English in class.
One-third of the students in this class are girls.
To swim in the river is a great pleasure. The rich should help the poor.
Our teacher of English is an American. The weather has turned cold.
His job is to teach English. They went to see an exhibition yesterday.
The students got on the school bus. He handed me the newspaper.
I shall answer your question after class.
They went hunting together early in the morning.
His job is to train swimmers.
He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.
His wish is to become a scientist.
Tom came to ask me for advice.
To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good He sat there, reading a newspaper.
It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy. He noticed a man enter the room.
The apples tasted sweet.
His father named him Dongming.
They painted their boat white. Let the fresh air in.
You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.
We saw her entering the room.
We found everything in the lab in good order.
We will soon make our city what your city is now.
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