（完整版）英语语法大全谓语的47种类型

《英语语法大全·谓语的47种类型》

Ⅰ．概说



A．英语句子结构相对简单



1．5种类型的谓语

1326 在一个完整的句子中，主语之外的部分称为谓语，共有5种类型的谓语。

第一类包含一个不及物动词（Ⅳ）：

He came．

My wife cried．

第二类包含一个及物动词及其宾语（TV＋O）：

John likes me．

His uncle wrote letters．

第三类包含一个双宾动词、一个间接宾语和一个直接宾语（DV+IO+DO）：

They teach me English．

I bought Mary sugar．

第四类包含一个系动词及主语补语（LV＋C）：

He is a teacher．

She looks sad．

第五类包含一个宾补动词、宾语及宾语补语（FV＋O＋C）：

We made him king．

She left the house dirty．



2．动词的短语形式

1327 不过动词、宾语及补语的意义还应当广一些，上面例句中的及物动词、不及物动词或其他动词都是一个单词，但有时可以是一个起同样作用的短语或成语。例如“及物动词+名词”可以看作是一种不及物动词：

He lost heart．（他灰心了。）

This habit has struck root．（这种习惯已根深蒂固）

下面句子中的动词成语则可以看作是一种及物动词：

I looked for my lost dictionary．（我在找我弄失的字典。）

He paid attention to his lesson．（他很注意他的功课。）

He gave up drinking．（他戒酒了。）

He is afraid of blood．（他怕血。）

He can't get along with anyone．（他和谁都处不好。）

下面句中的动词成语可以看作一种宾补动词：

I waited for him to come．（我等他来。）

详见 1182—1206节。



3．宾语的9种形式

1328 此外，也不只是名词或代词可用作宾语，共有9种东西可用作及物动词、双宾动词及宾补动词的宾语。由于它们是名词或起名词的作用，可以称作名词等同体（Noun－Equivalent），名词等同体，可用作动词的宾语：

I know John（名词）．

She kept the floor dirty．

I will teach John Chinese．

I know him（代词）．

She kept it clean．

That depends upon them．

He threw out an apple of discord（名词短语）．

I have just visited the Board of Trade．

I am not fond of wild goose chase．

This matter interests the rich and the poor（the +形容词或分词）．

The general visited the dying and the wounded．I know the long and（the） short of this case．

He wants to go to college（不定式）．

She refuses to marry me．

I asked to see a friend in prison．

He is fond of swimming in the morning（动名词）．

He avoids meeting any of his friends．

I postponed going to the doctor．

I know that she loves me（that引起的从句）．

I am sure that you will succeed．

Is he afraid that he will be defeated？

I wonder what he wants（疑问词引起的从句）．

I asked where he had been．

I don't know which way I should go．

I don't know what to do（疑问词引起的不定式）．

I am doubtful how to settle this problem．

I do not care where to eat dinner．



4．补语的15种形式

1329 不只是名词和形容词可用作补语，上面所提的9种名词等同体以及下面例句中的6种形容词等同体（Adjective－Equiva－lent）都可用作系动词或宾补动词的补语。

名词及名词等同体作补语：

He is a king（名词）．

We chose him chairman．

It is me（代词）．

He became a fish out of water（名词短语）．

I find it a moot point．

The victims are always the poor（the +形容词）．

To respect others is to be respected（不定式）．

Seeing is believing（动名词）．

His purpose is that all children should be educated（that引起的从句）．

The problem is who is to blame（疑问词引起的从句）．

My problem is how to learn（疑问词引起的不定式）．

形容词及形容词等同体作补语：

He seems happy（形容词）．

You look young．

He makes me angry．

He is out（地点副词）．

The show is over．

Time is up．

He is at home（介词短语）．

We are on good terms．

He leaves his desk out of order．

It seems interesting（现在分词）．

The situation grows encouraging．

I saw Mary smoking．

I am astonished（过去分词）．

He looked frightened．

I had my clothes washed．

He is to blame（不定式）．

It is to be thrown away．

He wants his daughter to marry a rich man．



5．再复杂的句子也可简化

1330 因此我们可以把许多词看成一个词，把许多不同形式看作同类东西，从而使句子的结构变得简单化。例如我们可以把I know that he does not like to live in this country．中的10个斜体词和I know John．中的一个斜体词看作是有同一语法作用的东西，因为两者都是及物动词的宾语。我们也可把He begged to see a friend in prison．中的 6个斜体词和He begged pardon．中的一个斜体词看作是作用相等，因为两者都是宾语。

同样，我们也可把He is to come to the office at eight．中的7个斜体词和He is punctual．中的一个斜体词看作相等的东西，因为两者都是补语。另外下面4个句子中的斜体词，形式不一，我们却可看作一类东西，都是及物动词或是起及物动词作用的词组：

He likes chocolate．（他喜欢巧克力。）

He is fond of teaching．（他爱教书。）

John pays attention to his business．（约翰关心他的买卖。）

I am sure that he will be a good husband．（我肯定他会是一个好丈夫。）

此外，在上面单元中，我们已谈到名词、名词成语、不定式、从句等等，尽管形式不同，字数不等，却都起同样作用，担任句子的主语。这样，不管多复杂的句子都可简化，而简化是语法的目的。



B．何种谓语类型用何种动词



1．47种谓语类型

1331 我们一方面有不同形式的动词，另一方面有不同形式的宾语及补语。把它们结合起来，再加上一些其他因素，我们可以得出47种基本的谓语类型，这几乎代表了英语中的各种可能的谓语。我们可能读到的或写出的任何谓语，几乎都可以（而且应当）纳入这些类型。这47种类型可列举如下：

IV 有3种类型

TV＋O 有15种类型

DV＋IO＋DO 有5种类型

LV＋C 有13种类型

FV＋O＋C 有11种类型

5类谓语 共有47种类型



2．一个特定动词只能用在几个特定的谓语类型中

1332 为了更好了解这些谓语类型，先看看下面句子：

a．I know him to work hard．

b．We want him to come．

c．She let us to use her car．

d．They suppose all of us to obey．

e．John saw Mary to walk with a boy．

所有这些句子的谓语都属于第42种类型，即“宾补动词+名词+不定式”，但只有b．句的谓语是正确的，因为只有want这一动词可用于这个类型，其他动词都不能这样用。再看下面句子：

a．I tried advising her．

b．I asked seeing the boss．

c．He thinks going with you．

d．We wish moving to another place．

e．They refused helping us．

上面所有谓语都属于第13种类型，即“及物动词+动名词”，但只有a．句是正确的，因为动词tried可用于这种类型，而其他动词不可这样用。

从上面10个例句我们可以看出，一个特定动词只能用在某一特定的类型中，在一特定类型中，一个特定的动词能用还是不能用，完全是一个习惯用法的问题。

1333 从下面句子中可以看出know可用在多少类型的谓语中：

I know John．（及物动词+名词）（正确）

I know John to come tomorrow．（宾补动词+名词+不定式）（错误）

I know that John comes tomorrow．（及物动词+that引起的从句）（正确）

I know to answer this question．（及物动词+不定式）（错误）

I know the work easy．（宾补动词+名词+形容词）（错误）

I know how to answer this question．（及物动词+疑问词引起的不定式）（正确）

I know the work to be easy．（宾补动词+名词+to be+形容词）（正确）

I know John coming（宾补动词+名词+现在分词）．（错误）

I know organizing a political party（及物动词+动名词）．（错误）

从上面例句我们可以看出某些动词只能用在47种类型的某些类型中，不能在许多类型中使用。



3．一个特定的谓语类型中只能用某些特定的动词

1334 有些类型中可以使用很多动词，另一些却只能使用少量动词。例如在“系动词+that引起的从句”这种类型中只能用be这一个动词。在“不及物动词+介词+疑问词引起的从句”这种类型中约可用20个动词，在“及物动词+不定式或动名词”这类类型中，约可用50个动词，而在“及物动词+that引起的从句”这种类型中，约可用150个动词。每种类型中能用的动词，在本单元中将几乎全部列出并加上例句，以便读者了解并掌握什么动词在何种类型中使用。不过某些谓语类型中可用的动词极多（可说是成百上千）。在这种情况下只能给出一小部分动词。



C．谓语类型与句型



1335 关于上面提到的类型有几点值得注意：

1．动词只须与主语在人称和数上一致，因此它们之间的关系相对比较简单。而动词和宾语及补语的关系比较复杂，这在下面47种谓语类型中可清楚看出。如果对主语不加考虑，这47种谓语类型也就是47种句型。事实上在下面讨论中，谓语类型的公式都采用“S＋TV＋N”，“S+DV＋N＋N”，“S＋FV＋N＋A”这类形式，里面包含了主语（S），因此也就代表了句型。

2．一个句型可以包含一个简单句：

John knows how to play football．

He avoided meeting her at some party．

3．它也可以包含一个带有宾语从句的复合句：

He knows what you are doing．

I asked where he got it．

4．但并列句中至少需有两个句型：

I have decided to go（一个句型）and he will go too（一个句型），but she decides to remain at home（一个句型）．（共包含三个句型）



D．修饰语与独立成分



1336 句型指一个完整句子的骨架，它可包含任何数量的修饰语（即形容词、副词及起同样作用的其他词语）。这些修饰语可能在意思上很重要，但在语法上却是可以删除的，在我们考虑句型，也就是句子的基本结构时，可以对它们不加考虑。所有下面句子都属于同一句型，即“主语+及物动词+名词”，但却可包含不同类型的修饰语（斜体部分）。最后包含25个词的句子和第一个包含4个词的句子同属一个句型：

I saw a house．

I saw a big house．

I saw a big house on the opposite side．

I saw a big house on the opposite side，which was said to be haunted by a ghost．

Yesterday I saw a big house…．

Yesterday when I sailed down the river I saw a big house…．

修饰语在后面将作详细讨论。句型还可以包含一个独立成分，但基本结构不变。

所有下面句子都属于同一句型，即“主语+系动词+补语”：

That man is crazy．

Oh！that man is crazy．

Oh！that man is crazy，I am sure．

Oh！that man is crazy，you may be sure，Mary．



E．句型的用法



1337 在下面讨论中，所列出能用于某句型的动词的数目只是大致估计。列出的目的只是说明某一句型使用范围大致有多广。一般说来，数目越小，越难使用，因为如果这个句型只限于用少数动词，则用错的机会更多。

1338 偶尔也会有些例外的句子无法归入这47种句型的任何一个。但如果把某些不规则的动词短语适当转换为规则的动词短语，则它们大部分仍可归入某些句型：

I have a good mind（=intend）to punish you．（have a good mind可能换为intend，则句型将是“主语+及物动词+不定式”。）

He will have it（=insists） that I have cheated him．（主语+及物动词+that引起的从句）

“Who has taken my pen？”“John（has taken your pen）．”

（I）Beg（your）pardon．

（It was）No sooner said than（it was） done．

（You） Live and let（others）live．

（I wish you）Good luck！

1339 确定一个句子属于哪个句型是有好处的。下面的句子都是错的，因为它们不代表47种句型中的任何一个：

1．I hear about that John has arrived．（主语+不及物动词+介词+that引起的从句）

2．I paid attention what he was doing．（主语+及物动词+名词+疑问词引起的从句）

3．He is afraid of that he will be assassinated．（主语+系动词+形容词+介词+that引起的从句）

4．He is afraid being assassinated．（主语+系动词+形容词+动名词）

5．I know that who has broken the window．（主语+及物动词+that+疑问词引起的从句）

6．We want peaceful．（主语+及物动词+形容词）

这些句型应改正如下：

正确句型 正确句子

1．主语+及物动词+that引 I hear that John has ar-

起的从句 rived．

2．主语+及物动词+名词+ I paid attention to what

介词+疑问词引起的从句 he was doing．

3．主语+系动词+形容词+ He is afraid that he will

that引起的从句 be assassinated．

4．主语+系动词+形容词+ He is afraid of being as-

介词+动名词 sassinated．

5．主语+及物动词+疑问词 I know who has broken

引起的从句 the window．

6．主语+及物动词+名词 We want peace．

其次，应确定使用的动词是否适合用于某个谓语类型。



F．47种句型的公式



1340 每种句型都可以用一个公式来代表，例如：“S＋IV”，“S＋TV＋N”，“S＋LV＋AP”，“S ＋FV＋N + PaP”，“S＋DV＋N＋that－Cl”．下面列出了代表某些词的缩写形式：

S= Subject（主语） PaP ＝Past Participle（过

O= Object（宾语） 去分词）

C= Complement（补语） N= Noun or Pronoun（名

IO= Indirect Object（间接 词或代词）

宾语） R= Reflexive Pronoun（反

DO= Direct Object（直接 身代词）

宾语） A= Adjective（形容词）

IV= Intransitive Verb（不 P= Preposition（介词）

及物动词） AP＝Adverb of Place，or

TV＝Transitive Verb（及 Adverbial Particle，as

物动词） in，out，up，away

DV= Dative Verb（双宾动 （地点副词或副词性小

词） 品词）

LV＝Linking Verb（系动

词） W－Cl = Interrogative-

FV= Factitive Verb（宾补 Clause，（疑问词引起的动词）

从 句，由whether，

I= Infinitive（不定式） what，which，who，

G= Gerund（动名词） whom，whose，where，

PrP = Present Participle when，why，how引

（现在分词） 起）



That-Cl= Noun-Clause inn．＝innumreable＝hun-

（that引起的名词从 dreds or thousands（无

句） 数，成百上千）

“·”表示它前后的词构成成语，如IV．P，LV．A．P．，TV．N．P，LV．PaP，它们包含2个或3个词。

1341 一个“+”号表示这个句型包含2个基本成分，即主语及不及物动词，如：

S+IV S+IV．AP

2个“+”号表示这个句型包含有3个基本成分，即主语，及物动词及宾语，如：

S+TV+N S+IV．P+ that－Cl

S+LV．A．P+G

或指另外3个成分，如主语、系动词及补语：

S+LV+A S+LV+ that-Cl

S+LV+P．N

3个“+”号表示这个句型包含4个成分：主语、双宾动词、间接宾语及直接宾语，如：

S+DV+N+N S+DV+N+W-Cl

S+DV+N+ that-Cl

也可以是另外4个成分，如主语、宾补动词、宾语及（宾语）补语：

S+FV+N+A S+FV +N +PaP

S+IV．P+N+I

这里我们可以了解一个十分重要的事实，即英语句子是很简单的，它少则包含两个成分，多则包含四个成分。

了解了公式及图解的意义，现在就可开始藉助它们研究47种谓语类型或句型。注意：句子末尾的星号表示这个句子将在每一类句型讲完之后进行图解。





Ⅱ．47种谓语类型（附公式及图解）



A．各种不及物动词



1．S+IV（John laughed．）

1342 不及物动词不跟有宾语或补语，其数量不可胜数：

They smiled．John died．Mary walked slowly．Fire burns．

I dreamed last night．He wept bitterly．You must dress for dinner．That depends．It does not pay．

1343 通常跟有宾语的及物动词，如果宾语可以猜出，着重点不是宾语，而是动词（动作）时，可以把宾语省略，用作不及物动词：

A tractor can cut，push，pull，dig，lift，pump，carry and spray．The blind do not see．We must eat．I will change （my dress）．The knife cuts well．I will consider．If time permits．He can read．Don't trouble（yourself）．The stain shows（itself）．They married（each other）．

1344 有些动词用在表示数量的名词前，看起来像及物动词，实际上却是不及物动词：

The thermometer rose（or fell）two degrees．

He waited ten minutes．The wedding lasted three days．

I walked five miles．

1345 图解：





2．S+IV．AP（John moved in．）

1346 无数的不及物动词可以跟有特定的地点副词，与之构成成语。但在多数情况下，这些副词并不表示地点，而有其他意思，因此可以称作副词性小品词（Adverbial Particle）．

a．Don't answer back（=answer rudely）when a superior speaks to you．He backs away（=draws back）from her because he has made her angry．Don't worry，I will never back out（=fail to fulfil a promise）．In order to survive， we must band together（=unite）．He barged in（＝inter－ rupted rudely） while we were talking．The storm will soon blow over（=pass away without injurious effect）．The dynamite placed beneath the bridge blew up（=exploded）．He blows up（=loses his temper）at every small incident．Quick！The soup is boiling over（=over－flowing the side of a pan）．Brace up（=take courage）if you really want to get married．Many prisoners broke away（=suddenly escaped）．Our car suddenly broke down（=failed to function）on our way home．A fire broke out（＝started suddenly and violently）on Sixth Street．Tears burst forth（=suddenly appeared）．

b．She colours up（=blushes）if we mention her love．An accident like this comes about（=happens）every day．My wife and I come together（＝are reconciled）after ten years of quarrel．The seeds have come up（=shot up above the ground）．When we were talking，a young man came up （=approached）．Three days after the quarrel，I cooled down（=became calm）．She was shocked at the bill，but she had to cough up（=pay，perhaps unwillingly）．Hardly a week had he learned computer science when he cracked up（= suffered a mental breakdown）．An error may creep in（=steal in unnoticed）．This old empire crumbled away （=disintegrated gradually）because of misrule．I should not take much sugar，but I cannot cut down（=lessen）．

c．All members of my family dine out（=eat away from home）every Sunday．They drink liquor every day and can－ not do without（=dispense with it）．We dressed up（= put on formal clothes）for a banquet．I will drop by（=call casually）when I am free．The production of rice dropped off（=decreased）last year．He dropped out（=left school before finishing his courses）at fifteen．The well has dried up（＝become dry）．The road is rough，we should ease down（=lessen speed）．Let us ease down（＝work less，make less effort）．His reputation faded out（=gradually disappeared）after his death．The country fell apart（= fell to pieces）because of civil war．I never fall back（=re－treat）before difficulties．Our country falls behind（= drops behind）in science and technology．Let us fall to（= begin to eat or to work．）

d．We were unable to get by（=pass）because the road was blocked．She got down（=dismounted）from her horse．The train got in．We got off（＝started a journey）．How are you getting on？I get up at six in the morning．At last I have to give in（=yield）．Rice is going down（= becoming cheaper）．A rumour went forth（＝became public）．The gun went off（=exploded）suddenly．Our work went on（=continued）．The candle has gone out（= ceased to burn）．I won't hold back（=keep behind）if every one goes forward．Since I have started，I can't leave off（=stop）．Look in（=Pay a short visit）as you pass．While all are busy，don't look on（=be a mere spectator）．Look out（=Take precaution），here comes a truck！I moved in（=moved into a house）after he moved out．All trouble will pass away（=cease to exist）．She passed away（=died）a month ago．

e．The clock ran down（=stopped running，because the battery had exhausted itself）．She ran on（=talked incessantly）．Supplies have run out（=become exhausted）．Bad weather set in（=began）．We set out（=set off）on February 16．He settled down（=established himself） at a small village． I don't want to listen any more，so shut up！ He stood aside（or apart，aloof） while we were quarrelling．Some stood back（＝retreated），some stood out （＝refused to yield）．The proposal will stand over（=be postponed）till next Friday．At the bad news I stepped back from surprise．The tyrant should step down（=re-sign）．Many volunteers stepped forward（=offered help）．My brothers quarrelled，but my father never stepped in（=interfered）．He stowed away（=hid in a ship or plane to get a free ride）．The band struck up（＝began to play）．He summed up（=summarized）after a debate．The son tagged behind（or along）（＝followed closely）wherever his mom went．Before I think ahead（=anticipate），I think back（=recall）．Our business is just ticking over（= getting on in a routine way）．We touched down（=landed after a flight）at 6 p．m．Many workers walked out（=re- fused to work）．

1347 图解：

3．S+ IVp（This cloth wore well．）

1348 约有九十个不及物动词用于主动形式却有被动意义，它们通常和表示无生命东西的主语连用：

a．This play acts excellently．The figures will not add up．The bread bakes well．The door blew open．The candle blew out．This bottle does not break．The dust won't brush off the hat．The luggage carries easily．David's raincoat caught on the nail．Some of the documents don't seem to check with the facts．This cannot compare （favourably）with that．Some of the sentences won't construe．Potatoes will cook slowly．Every minute counts．These people mostly count for nothing．The potatoes cropped well last year，but I think will crop badly this year．This light wood cuts like butter．The pineapple doesn't cut easily．This piece of cloth will cut up into two suits．Instinct derives from ancestors．Milk digests easily．Thie wine drinks well．The tooth draws easily．The frog eats like chicken．

b．This dress fastens down the back．The toilet does not flush．The eggs hatch out easily．This rice won't grind fine．Water heats readily．This cloth irons easily．This house lets well．The door will not lock．These books pack easily．My watch pawns for two dollars．These potatoes peel easily．She photographs（takes） well．The land ploughs hard．The film does not print well．This story reads ill（or well）．The photo reproduces well．

c．His house rents at＄800 a month．This poem does not rhyme．A shame does．not rub off．This plastic scratches easily．The play screen badly（=is unfit for filming）．The book sells well．This door won't shut．This cigarette smokes better than others．This wood split straight．This material stains easily．The ship steers with ease．The match will not strike．This paper will not tear．His de－ scent traced back to a king．This poem translates easily．The TV set won't turn on．This board will never warp．This material washes easily．Such shoes wear badly．The plan worked out well．The photo washes out a little．

d．Drums are beating（=are being beaten）．The book is binding（=is being bound）．Some trouble is brewing．Young people are always brimming with new ideas．The house is building．The bridge is completing now．The meal is digesting well．What is doing now？The task is finishing．Guns are firing．Friendship is forming．The theatre is rapidly filling up with people．The fish is frying．The house is leasing．The cows are milking．One boy is missing（or wanting）．He paid what was owing．Music was playing．Something is preparing．My application is processing．The problem is settling this way．A new film is showing．The boy is shaping well．The seeds of trouble are sowing．The fruits are spoiling quickly．Measures are taking．

1349 图解：



B．各种及物动词＋各种宾语



4．S+TV+N或 S+TV．N（John learned Japanese．）

1350 无数的及物动词可以用名词或代词作宾语：

John has a plan．Do you like him？What an interesting book

I am reading！ He speaks English．I love cats．

1351 不及物动词有时和后面跟的名词构成成语。整个成语，如果被化作一个整体，可以看成是一个不及物动词：

He lost hope（=despaired）．He gave ground（=retreated） The accident took place（=happened）this morning．

He made the grade（=succeeded）．We made our way（= advanced）to the jungle．

在某些成语中，名词前没有冠词，也没有物主代词：

a．He will bear witness．Her beauty beggars description（= makes words poor）．Don't borrow trouble（=worry about trouble that won't come）．We broke ground（=ploughed，untilled ground，began an undertaking）．Our boat cast anchor．I often caught cold．He caught fever（or infection）．Her house caught fire．He changed colour（=be－ came pale）．His personality commands esteem（or respect）．He never did evil（or ill，wrong）．None of us care whether they do right or wrong，good or harm．We did（=produced）Romeo and Juliet．Jan did（=acted） Juliet．I did（=prepared）omelette（or breakfast）．Tom did（=wrote） poetry．His brother did（=translated） French into English．I did（=studied） electricity．They cry wolf（=give a false warning）just for arms aid．

b．One must exercise patience and caution when one exercises authority and discipline．He felt regret，but not satisfaction．He found time（or leisure） to study．He has finished college．After he took the lead，we followed suit．They gained time by giving me ambiguous answers．My watch gained time．We have gained ground（=got an advantage）．We will soon gain power，if we are patient enough．He gave evidence in the law－court．He gave ear（or heed，credit）to the rumour．He gave judgement （or advice，notice，warning，trouble）．I've had it（= can't suffer any more）．You hit it（=said the right thing）．This theory doesn't hold water（=isn't valid）．The criminal jumped（or skipped）bail（=gave up the bail money and ran away to avoid trial）．

c．My mother kept house and kept books．Being hospitable he kept open house（= provided hospitability for any comer）．He cannot keep body and soul together（=keep away hunger）．He kept bad company（=associated with bad people）．My watch does not keep（good）time，so I am late．He killed time by reading novels or doing another thing interesting．

d．He left school last year．We may lose ground but will never lose hope．I never lost courage（or heart）after I fail．Be quick，don't lose time．He lost self-contrcl（or himself）in moments of stress．

e．Mother makes dinner．It seemed late，but he made good time（= travelled fast and arrived on time）．He doesn't work hard，but he makes good salary．Make haste（or speed）．He can make money（or profit），but spend much．After so many years of war we must make peace．I made tea（or hay）．We made way（＝stood aside） for others to pass through．We made way（or headway）（= advanced）in the face of difficulty．He marked time（= spent idle hours）while waiting for his wife．

f．The soldiers mounted（or kept，relieved，stood） guard．He moved heaven and earth（=did everything）to attack his opponent．They opened fire（=started shooting）and killed three of us．The children often play havoc（=do great damage）．He plays politics（＝attains political aims by hook or by crook）．He had broken the window，so he played possum（kept quiet to avoid attention）He played second fiddle（=held a subordinate place）．He failed be－ cause he had often played truant．

g．We raised money for a great project．I can read character from handwriting．He can read music．I must say goodbye now．We said grace（＝said a prayer of thanks before or after a meal）．We set（or made，struck）sail（=began a voyage）in February，1969．He refused to yield，he showed fight．He showed courage（or fear）．He sowed discord among his enemies．He struck oil（=had good luck in some enterprise）．He suffered（or sustained） defeat．

h．Don't take alarm if I tell you some bad news．He has to take breath after climbing upstairs．He took cold and could not work．He takes drink and drugs．Take heart，don't be afraid．The law will soon take effect（＝be effective）．Take exercise every morning and keep healthy．He took flight after murdering a woman．He took medicine（or poison）．Don't take offence（=be offended）．Something strange took place（=happened）in this old house．Let's take rest．We take stock every week．The evil has taken root（=become established）．My dream will take shape （=materialize）next year．He took trouble to help me．

i．Don't tempt providence（=take an unnecessary risk）．He has touched bottom（=is begining to prosper after his worst days）．The boat turned turtle（=turned upside down）．

在某些成语中名词前有不定冠词，或作复数：

j．He often acted a double part （=was deceitful）．Since I criticized him，he has borne a grudge（=nursed a grievance）．The enemy beat a　retreat（=retreated in a hurry）．Thomas Edison blazed a torch（=started some－ thing new）in various fields．Don't breathe a word（=say a word） about this secret．When angry，he calls names（= call somebody by abusive names）．I would like to cross swords（=argue）with this boaster．You have done a good job（=done something well）．I drew a blank（=failed to get any information）when I returned to the office．We must draw a line（=distinguish）between right and wrong．We down tools（=stop work）at six．

k．My sister fixed a date for the celebration．This evening I have a date（or an engagement）（=have a social meeting） with her．I have a job（or a time）（=have trouble）writing this first love letter．（但：I have myself a time ［＝ have a good time］writing it．）As they didn't lift a finger （or a hand）（=didn't give help），I lent（or gave） a hand（=gave help） to the old lady．

1．I made an appointment（=had an engagement to meet some one）for 3 p．m．He made a boast，but who believed him？He made a call over the phone．He made a face（= twisted his face），and then we were no more angry．Don't make a fuss（=get excited about a trifle）．John made a hit（=gave a good impression）at the exhibition of his works．Shall we make a move（=start）right now？Dick made a public appearance after nine years in prison．Thomas makes a quick buck（＝earns money quickly）．We make a row（or a scene）（=started a violent quarrel） from time to time．As soon as we arrived we made reservations for hotel rooms．I must make tracks（=set off）before it is late．William made waves（=created a sensation to impress others）at the party．

m．A big boss behind pulls strings（=secretly exerts influence）．Don't run a risk（=put yourself in danger）．The patient ran a temperature（=had a fever）．The criminal has served a sentence（or time）（=passed term of imprisonment）．I smell a danger in this desolate area．We struck a happy medium（=found an answer between two extremes）．As you committed mistakes for the first time，we might stretch（or strain）a point（=allow an exception to the rules）．

n．I would willingly take a back seat（=occupy an unimportant position）．We take a coffee break（=drink coffee and rest a short while）after two hours of work．He took（or drew）a long breath before he spoke．The situation took a turn（=changed） for the better．He wouldn't turn an honest penny（=make money by honest means）．

在另一些成语中名词前有定冠词或有物主代词：

o．Act your age（=Don't be childish）．My warning merely beat the air（= made useless efforts）．I must bide my time （=wait for a good chance）．Someone blacked his eye（= gave him a blow）．He blew his own trumpet（=praised himself）．He has blown his mind（=becomes wildly enthusiastic because of drugs）．He bossed the show（＝con- trolled everything）．She boxed his ear（＝smacked him on the ear）．I have to break（or cancel，change，postpone） the appointment．After half an hour of silence，I broke the ice（＝overcome reserve）．The news broke her heart．He broke his word（=failed to keep his promise）．I broke the news（=announced the news） to her．They broke the peace（= quarrelled）．He burned his fingers（=suffered a loss through a rash action）．We buried the hatchet（= made peace）．I am not buying it（=am not to be deceived）．

p．He calls the roll（=calls the names to check who are absent）．Dick carried the ball（or the can）（=did the hardest part of the work）．I carried（or gained）my point（= succeeded）．We carried（or gained）the day（=won）．I caught my breath（=rest after hard breathing）after running．He tried to catch the train but missed it．This advertisement catches my eye．He changed his coat（=became a turncoat）．Don't change your mind．He changed his tune （＝changed his policy）．He cleared his reputation（=free his name from reproach）．He cracked the whip（=suddenly became bossy）to impress me．We crossed the Rubicon （=took a decisive step forward）．When nobody could settle the problem，he cut the Gordian knot（=settle it in an unusual rapid way）．

q．I did the sights（or the travel）（=went sightseeing or took a trip）．The little girl can do（=make clean and tidy） her hair，her teeth，her nails，even the laundry，the bed- room，the dishes．She does（=learns）her lessons well，and can do（=solve）any sum（or problem）．She does her bit（＝does her share of duty）splendidly．He dogged my footsteps（=constantly followed me）because he suspected I was a spy working for foreigners．He drags his feet（or heels）（=hesitates）when asked to work．We drew the swords（=were ready to fight）．He has to eat his words （=take back his words）．Although small，this table fills the bill（=is just right）．I have to face the music（＝face trouble）．He is feeling his way（=proceeding carefully but slowly）．Although they were cripples，they fought the way up the hill．We all follow the crowd．Don't worry，I'll foot the bill（=pay all the expenses）．This number of persons will not form the majority．

r．He got the sack（=was dismissed）．He got the upper hand （=gained control）．He has the courage of his convictions （=acts bravely according to his belief）．This car has had its day（=fallen into disuse）．This small affair hits the headlines（=becomes important news）in this small town．The music hits the public taste．He hits his stride（＝exhibits his best ability）when he tells a story．We will hold the fort（=defend the position）to the last．Hold your temper（=Don't get angry）．I have to hold my tongue（or my peace）（＝keep silent）．I must hold my own（=keep what I have）．We must hold（or keep，maintain）our ground（=keep what we have）．He has always husbanded his resources（=been frugal against an emergency）．

s．I jogged his memory（=reminded him）．He jumped the gun（=started to run before the starter's gun），and jumped the traces（=didn't obey the rules）．The train jumped the rails（or the track）（=suddenly，left the rails） and many were killed．Dick slipped but kept his feet（= kept standing）．He knows his way about（or around）（= understands the ways of the world）．He knows the ropes （or the score）（=knows the special rules）in the export business．He will lead the way（=be a guide） to the old castle．I left the beaten track（＝did not follow the crowd）．He lost his reason（=became mad）．

t．He made the grade（＝succeeded）in business．The doctor makes（or goes）the rounds（=goes from place to place to inspect）every morning．We made our way（＝advanced） through the forest．He mended his fences（＝made peace with people who dislike him）．You missed the boat（＝ missed the opportunity）．The company opened its doors （＝started doing business）in 1950 and closed its doors（= stopped doing business）in 1983．This exhibition opened our eyes（=made us see the truth）．I picked my way（= proceeded）up a steep hill．I must play the game（=do what is right）．You played your cards well（=acted cleverly）．Dick played the market（=bought and sold stocks） and lost lots of money．Jim pocketed his dignity（=laid a- side his pride）and even pocketed an insult（＝accepted it）．He has poisoned your ear（or mind）so that you can't be fair．

u．Every member should pull his weight（＝does his part）．Don't pull my leg（=fool me）．Once you succeed，never push your luck（=expect to continue to be lucky）．He has to run the gauntlet（=receive a series of ill treatment）．He ruled the roost（=lorded it over）．We must save the situation（=do something to improve the situation）．Anew method will see the light（=be disclosed）．This serves my turn（or purpose）．I have served my apprenticeship for seven years．She set the table for ten persons．He shows his face after ten years of absence．I will show the way．Everyone sings his praises（=praises him strongly）．He sowed his wild oats（=led a dissipated life when young）．I will speak my mind（=speak candidly）．He stole the show（=acted so well that the audience ignored the other performers）．He stole the spotlight（=made people watch him instead of what they should watch）．You stole my thunder（=said before me what I intended to say）．Jim has strained every nerve（=used every effort）．He swallowed the bait（=was offered a big promise and was caught）．

v．Mary took it（=endured it without complaints）though she was ill－treated．You can take your ease（or your own course）（=act your pleasure）．The doctor took my pulse and temperature（＝ascertain them）．Where does this custom take its rise（=originate）？Take your time（=Don't rush）．We must not tie our own hands（=restrain our－ selves from action）．We have to tighten our belts（=eat less and spend less than usual）．Just one vote tipped the balance（or the scale）（=turned the scale，decided some－ thing doubtful）．I would try my hand（=try）．Should I turn the other cheek（=be patient and not hit back） when I am injured or insulted？His success has turned his head （=made him act foolishly）．The dead body turned her stomach（=made her sick）．The reinforcements turned the tide（=change the situation favourably）．He turned his thought to something much more important．He just twiddled his thumbs（=didn't do anything）．

w．She walked the floor（=walked back and forth）all night，she was so worried．He walked the plank（=was forced to resign）．Watch it（=Be careful）．

人们似乎都不喜欢单独用一个不及物动词作谓语，特别是在简单句中。往往不说“ I cook．”“ He laughed．”“We chatted．”“Tom repairs．”“ we acted．”而说“I　do the cooking．”“He gave a laugh．”“We had a chat．”“Tom makes repairs．” “We take action．”也就是把一个词换成了两个词，用一个do 或give这样色彩不重的动词加上一个大多由动词变来的名词。

下面是一些这类短语的例子：

x．I DO the cleaning，the reading，the shopping，the translating，a little sewing；a nap，a try，a brisk walk．

He GAVE a cry，a groan，a jump，a shout，a shrug，a long sigh，a satisfied smile．

We HAD a bath，a dream，a fight，an interview，a quar- rel，a shave，a shower，a smoke，a swim，a talk，a taste，a try，a walk，a wash，a chat，a go，a rest，a sleep．

She TOOK a bath，breath，a nap，a look，notice， objection， recreation，a rest，a solitary stroll，a long walk．

Paul MADE an announcement，an answer，an application，an appointment，an attack，an attempt，a beginning，a bid，a call，a check－up，a comment，a comparison，a copy，criticism，a decision，a declaration，a demand，experiments，an explanation，a guess，inquiries，investigations，notes，payment，preparations，progress，a proposal，a recovery，a remark，a request，repairs．re- searches，a sacrifice，a selection，a slip，a formal statement，another start，a long stay，a deep study，a helpful suggestion，a general survey，several visits．

1352 图解：



5．S+TV+R或 S+TV．R或 S+TV+（R）（John hid him- self behind it．）

1353 无数的及物动词可用反身代词作宾语（ S+TV+R）：She reproached herself．He killed himself．He praised himself．Don't deceive yourself．He cut himself．The dog choked itself．

1354 有些动词和反身代词构成成语，相当于一个不及物动词（S +TV．R）：

He avowed（or declared）himself（=showed his character openly）；collected himself （=regained self－control）；conceal himself（=hid）；enjoyed himself（=had a good time）；exerted himself（=endeavoured）；can't find himself（=provide his own living，or find out his abilities and use them）．I lost myself（＝demeaned myself，lost my way，or became absorbed in something）；pulled myself together（＝became composed）；seated（or settled）myself（=sat down）； washed myself（=bathed）．

1355约有20个及物动词常常或经常跟有反身代词：

I overworked myself，overslept myself，overate myself．

He disported（＝amused）himself．He perjured himself．

He busied himself．He absented himself from school．

Bestir yourself．I bethought myself of it．You must demean （or bear，comport，deport，conduct，acquit，quit）yourself properly．Help yourself（=Serve yourself with food）．He relieved himself（=went to the bathroom）．

1356 约有50个及物动词可跟有反身代词，也可以不跟（ S+TV+（R））：

a．就某些动词来说，使用反身代词时语气更强一些：

The bubble bursts（itself）．The clouds dispersed（themselves）．He dressed（himself）for a party；engaged（himself）in a contest（or a quarrel）．The horse fed（itself）on grass．He guarded（himself）against vice；hid（himself） behind；never intruded（himself）on anybody's company．Can I qualify（myself）for the post？I reformed（my- self）．I rested（myself）on the couch．He set（himself） up as a scholar．He shaved（himself）for a dinner； stripped（himself）for a shower－bath．I could not submit （or surrender）（ myself）to the enemy（or insult）．I trained（myself）for the race．I never troubled（myself） to help anyone．He turned（himself）to me for advice．He washed（himself）．He worried（himself）about nothing．He wrapped（himself）before going out．

b．在下面例句中，动词之后的反身代词常常省略：

No suspicion attaches to John．A chicken develops in the egg．The road extends for miles．His heart fills with sorrow．Don't hurry．Keep quiet．Make sure that the journey is safe．We made merry．Don't misbehave．I cannot refrain from laughing．We removed from place to place．John separated from Mary．I withdraw from society．

c．在下面例句中，动词之后的反身代词可以保留，也可以省略，根据特定的上下文决定：

The child does not behave（himself）（=show good manners）．

He behaved well（or gallantly，properly）．

He drew himself up（=assumed an erect attitude）．

He drew up（=came near）．

He gorged himself with meat．

He gorged on meat．

He indulged himself with wine．

He indulged（himself）in wine．

We have to prepare ourselves．

We have to prepare（ourselves）for the worst（or the exam）．

d．He is recovering himself （=becoming calm）．

He is recovering from illness（or madness，fatigue，shock，fright）．

He set himself to write letters（or to writing letters）（=began to write letters）．

He set to work（=began to work）．

He set out to do it，set about doing it（=began to do it）．

He settled himslef（=became calm）．He settled himself （=sat down）in a chair．

He settled（himself）down（=became established in a new way of life）in London．

It（Thing）will settle．

1357 图解：



6．S＋TV＋N（John lives a happy life．）

1358 约有60个动词，通常用作不及物动词，却可以有同源宾语（Cognate Object），这种宾语几乎和动词的意思相同，通常都有一个形容词或形容词短语修饰它。同源宾语可以和动词同形：

She blushed an innocent blush； bowed a little bow；coughed a terrible cough；danced a silly dance．He died a natural death（or a thousand deaths，the death of a martyr，the death he deserved）； dreamed a sweet dream；laughed a hearty laugh；lived a happy life；look a look of weariness；could not say his say．He sighed a deep sigh（or a sigh of satisfaction）；slept a sound sleep（or the sleep of the just）．It smelled a strange smell．He smiled a sad smile；talked foot－ball talk；thought all good thought．

1359 有些同源宾语可以和动词不同形：

It blew a brisk gale．He danced a phantom ballet；did a great deed；fought a brave war（or fight，battle，action）；went a long way（or a dangerous journey）；harvested a good crop；lived a hand－to－mouth existence；played a silly game；played（or acted） a great part；plod a weary way；prayed an earnest prayer；saw a strange sight；ran a long race．The bell rang a merry peal．He sang a beautiful song；struck a deadly blow．

1360 有些动词后的同源宾语常常省略，代之以一个表示情绪或态度等的名词：

He beamed satisfaction（=beamed a beam of satisfaction，showed satisfaction by beaming）； bowed his obedience（or his thanks）（=showed his obedience or thanks by bowing）；danced his joy（=danced his dance of joy，showed his joy by dancing）；gesticulated his love ；giggled agreement；laughed dissent；look inquiry（or his thanks）；nodded his assent（or welcome）；roared approval；shouted applause ；sighed disappointment；smiled his welcome（or his relief，his approval，his thanks）； whistled his contempt，wept tears of joy．

1361 有些同源宾语在最高级形容词后常常省略：

The fire blazed its brightest（blaze）．He breathed his last （breath） ；did his best（deed）；fought his bravest（war）；laughed his loudest；looked his best；ran his fastest；shouted his loudest；sang his sweetest；tried his hardest．

1362 在口语中一个没有意义的it常可用在某些动词后作同源宾语，表现一定的情绪：

He braved（or brazened）it out（＝faced trouble bravely［or shamelessly］）．We'll face it out and fight it out ．As it was getting dark，I had to hotel（or inn）it．She queened it（=domineer）over them．He used to rough it （=live an uncomfortable life）．I'll go it alone（=act independently）．He's starring it in a film．As there's no cab，I've to trudge（or walk，foot）it．

1363 图解：



7．S＋TV．AP＋N or G（John gave up his plan．）

1364 无数及物动词后面跟有一地点副词来构成成语，整个成语相当于一个及物动词。但这些地点副词（Advorb of Ploce）多不表示地点，而表示其他东西，因此这种副词也可称作副词性小品词（Adverbial Particle），可以用AP来代表：

He gave up his plan． I have to think out new methods．

She folded up his coat．We may pass over the details．

The plague swept off many people．He has taken over a business．He gave in the paper．He closed down the store．

The bell bellowed（or pealed）forth the anniversary（or the victory of our army）．

有些“动词＋地点副词”构成的成语可以用作不及物动词，如1340节中句子表示的那样，有些则用作及物动词：

An ammunition dump blew up（=exploded）．（作不及物动词）

The enemy blew up（=destroyed by explosion）the bridge．（作及物动词）

The noisy children cleared off when I came．（作不及物动词）

I have to clear off those noisy children．（作及物动词）

Our conversation broke off as a lady came in．（作不及物动词）

That fellow broke off our conversation．（作及物动词）

He showed off before girls．（作不及物动词）

He showed off his new car．（作及物动词）

如果宾语较短，特别是由人称代词表示时，地点副词可以甚至必须放在宾语后面，在对副词加以强调时尤其如此（可参阅1497节）：

Put the money by ．She called him back．Don't break it off．He dreamed his hours away；slept the clock around；cried his heart out；laughed（or talked）them down．He ate it up；closed it up；packed it up；tied it up．He sent me away，saw her off，called me out，drew us aside．

1365 其它例子：

a．They backed up（=supported）Johnson and his policy．They bailed out their friend．They beat back our attack．I must beat up（=beat severely） those mischievous children．I blew out（=extinguished）the candles．We bolstered up（=supported）this old system．I booked down （=wrote down）the sum．We booked up（=fixed an engagement with）several singers．They boss us about（=order us about）．The news bowled over（=overwhelmed）my family．We broke up（=dispersed）the meeting at 11∶00 p．m．．The mistake brought about（=caused）a lot of trouble．Can you bring down the price？The tax brought in ten million dollars a year．The examples bring out（=explain clearly）the meaning of this word．She brushed off（=jilted）her lover．We must build up our own armed forces．He will buy off（=pay money to get rid of）my interest．

b．This strong measure called forth（=provoked）a revolt．We called in a doctor．We have to call off（=cancel）the picnic，which we have prepared for so many days．Call （=Wake） me up at 6 a．m．．I'll call you up（=telephone to you）．The music carried off（=moved）everyone．He carried off（=won）all the prizes．Let's carry on（=continue）the work，We carried out（=performed）the plan．

c．He can dig up（=discover）some important information．He drew on（=pulled on） his socks after getting up．I drew up（=prepared）a bill（or a list）．The taxi dropped me off（=let me get off） at my hotel．The noise drowned out（=made inaudible）our conversation．

d．The mother fed up（=gave extra food to） her sickly son．We filled in（or out，up）the form．He fenced off（=built by means of a fence）a garden．Figure out（=count）the sum．He fired off many questions，which nobody could answer．They fitted out their son with everything necessary．We fitted up（=installed）the machine．We fixed up（=arranged）a trip．He flagged down（=stopped by waving to it） a passing car．Follow up（=Continue）your success with something more ambitious．

e．He gambled away his last cent，even all he had won be-fore．He will get over（=finish）his job．He gave away （=gave free of charge） his property．He gave away（=betrayed）his friends．We gave in（=handed in） the exercise books．The food gave off（=emitted） a bad smell．He gulped down his coffee．Heat up（=re－heat）the leftovers．He helped me out（=help me get over a difficulty）．She held back（=kept back）her tears．Can we hold down （=keep down）costs？We could not hold off（=keep at a distance）the attackers．

f．The enemy kept up（=maintained） the attack for three months．I knocked off（=ate up quickly）five bowls of rice．I laid aside（or by）（=saved for future needs） some dollars．I laid down（=state clearly） some rules for the office．Our company laid off（=dismissed）five workers．Leave off（=stop）fighting．He left out（=didn't include）Mary in the invitation．Don't let down（=disappoint）your parents．The driver let off（=dropped）a lady at the hotel．The judge let him off（=did not punish him）．I will look you up（=visit you） tomorrow．The manager looked the applicant up and down（=examine him carefully）．A girl will liven up（=make lively） our party．He lived out his years（or days，life）（=lived all his life）in this small village．He will make out（=write out） a cheque．My father can't make out（=see）these small letters，for he is farsighted．

He makes up（=invents）all kinds of lies．The boss marked down（=reduced the price of）all articles．He messed up（=put in disorder）my desk．I nailed up（=closed up with nails）the window．

g．He packed off（=sent away hurriedly）all his children to the country．Partition off（=Divide with partition） your living room．Pass on（=Hand）this notice to other people．We passed over（or up）（=overlooked） the chance．I've paid off（=paid the wages of） the workers．I have to pay off（=pay for safety）the blackmailers．I will pick out （=select）the best necktie for you．He picked up（=found）a cab at the cross-roads．He picked himself up（=got up after a fall）．He picked up（=learned without teachers）English so quickly．I pinned him down（=got him to commit himself）as to the question of socialism．

h．I played back the recording，so that what has been recorded about her speech could be heard．He played down（=made less emphatic）the defects of his factory products．Plug in（=Make connection，by means of a plug，with） the radio．He can polish off（=finish off）all these grapes．He pulled on（=put on） his pants and then went out．I pulled up（=stopped）my car at the post office．His brother pushes him about（or around）（=orders him about）．I put aside（or by）（=saved） a few thousand pounds．After five hours of work，I put away（=re－placed）the tools．Put forward your viewpoint．I put in （=spent）five hours repairing this radio－set．He put in （=submitted）an application months ago．We have to put off（=postpone）the trip until next month．Instead of losing weight I put on some weight lately．We put on（=presented）a show．

i．I'll ring you up（=telephone to you）．They roared out a 21－gun salute．Roll up the sleeping bag before we leave．We roped off（=enclosed with a rope） a space for dancing．Round up（ or down）the price（=Bring it to a whole number by raising ［or lowering］it）．

j．We save up some money for future needs．I will see（=ac－company）you back（or home）．She sent away（=dismissed）all her suitors．Send in（=Submit）your photos for the contest．He sent out invitations to his wedding．His departure was set back two weeks．This discontent set off（=caused）a revolt．We set out（=arranged）the goods for sale．We set up（=establish）a small store on the third floor．Can he shake off（=get rid of） his bad habit？She showed off（=displayed to impress people）her hands．He shut himself away（=confined himself）in his attic．

k．He signed away（=sold by signing legal papers） all his houses．He signed his house over to me．Let's size up（=make a judgement of） the situation．This small accident sparked off（=touched off） his temper．He sorted out （=arranged in classes）all the books he had collected．Switch off（=Turn off） the tape recorder．Sum up（=State briefly）your opinion．

l．Take down（=Write down）my speech，please．I will take over the business he decides to give up．I took up（=got interested in） painting last year．This bed takes up（=occupy） too much space．You can take up（=mention and discuss） the matter with the boss．I can talk round（=persuade）anybody who refuses to cooperate．I have to tear down（=take to pieces）the broken machine．He will tear up（=tear to pieces）the contract when it is no more useful to him．He told off（=reproached）his employees．He can think up（=devise）all kinds of lies．He threw on（=put on）his gown．

1366 在上面所有例句中，及物的动词成语都用名词或代词作宾语，但有些也可用动名词作宾语：

He kept on asking me． He put off going to the doctor．

He left off studying French．He gave over（or gave up）smoking．

1367 注意不要把地点副词错误地看作是介词，把及物动词看作不及物动词，换言之，不要把这第七类谓语类型和下面第八类谓语类型混淆。

1368 图解：

这个符号表示，上方所有的词（动名词短语）应看作是一个词类（名词），尽管它们内部各有特定的作用。Asking作为动词，以 me作宾语，而 me和 kept on没有直接关系。



8．S＋IV．P＋N or G或S＋IV．P．N（John laughed at me．）

1369 无数的不及物动词可跟特定的介词构成成语，整个成语起及物动词的作用，可以用名词、代词或动名词作宾语：

a．You must abide by（=keep） your promises．The river abounds with（=has many）fish．I agreed to his view．We aim at success in the examination．This answer amounts to refusal．I must apologize for my fault．I ask for（=demand）nothing luxurious．He depended upon me for advice．He dreamed of his grandfather．He got into politics．Don't gamble on it．He imposed on（=deceived）her．He laughed at（=derided）me．She looks after her child．He looked into（=examined）the matter．He sent for（=summoned）them．I thought of（=considered）this matter．Don't trifle with（=mock）her．

b．He abstained from drinking．His reply amounts to refusing her demand．We began with learning A B C．Happiness consists in being easily pleased．My success depends on my friend helping me．He died from drinking too much．I felt like beating him．He got to drinking．He goes about（=is busy）repairing a car．He heard of his brother having succeeded．We look to moving to a more peaceful country．He objected to being treated like a dog，a slave．He took to reading novels．The paper tells of the enemy having captured th city（=The paper says that the enemy has captured the city）．He thought of going abroad．He wondered at being praised for doing nothing．

1370 无数不及物动词不仅和介词，还可和名词构成成语。这种成语可以看作是不及物动词，因为它们后面既不跟宾语，也不跟补语。

a．这种成语中有些名词前不加冠词：

They burst into laughter（=suddenly laughed）． A steamer came into sight（=appeared）．When did this world come into existence（=come out）？ The new law comes into force （=functions）next September．My son came of age last year．He came to grief（=suffered misfortune）．Your letter has come to hand（=arrived）．He cried over spilt milk．Everything ended in smoke．He fell into poverty．The law has fallen into abeyance（=been no longer observed）．Many slang words have fallen out of use （＝been no longer used）．They got into trouble．We got into hot water（=became involved in difficulty）because of jealousy．I went on sick leave．He has gone through fire and water（=undergone the greatest perils）They go to law（=appeal to court）．The school went to great expense （=spent very much）．I will go to sea（=be a sailor）．He will go to rack and ruin（=perish）．Robbers lay in wait for us．We live from hand to mouth（=can save nothing）．The ship put to sea（=began a voyage） this morning．Don't stand on ceremony（=be formal）．

b．有些名词为复数形式：

She burst into tears（=suddenly cried）．The building burst into flames（=suddenly burned）．He fished in troubled waters（=looked for personal advantage in times of national calamity）．The fence fell into pieces．They fought against odds（=fought with men much more than they）．We should keep within bounds（=act with propriety）．They played at cross purposes（=opposed each other）．They played into the hands of another（=acted so as to give some advantage to another）．Don't play with edged tools（=play with things dangerous）．We took to the boats（=used the lifeboats to escape）．

c．有些名词前加“a”：

We came to a conclusion．His plan came to a bad end（or no good）（= failed）．Business has come to a standstill（=stopped）．The two came to an understanding（=began to understand each other）．We will go for a drive（=go in a car for relaxation）．Your argument goes（or flies）off at a tangent（=changed suddenly in its direction）．His life hung by a thread（=depended dangerously on something small）．Provide against a rainy day（=Prepare for any emergency that may arise）．

d．有些名词加“the”：

These two plans come to the same thing（give the same result）．He erred on the safe side（=chose a course erroneous but safe）．His works have fallen into the shade（=ceased to attract attention）．They fought to the bitter end （or to the death）．He goes by the name of Joo （=is familiarly called Joo）．He will go to the bad（=sink into poverty and disgrace）．The situation is going to the bad（=is becoming worse）．The weak will go to the wall（=be pushed aside as helpless）．He need not go to the trouble of employing a tutor（=trouble himself to employ one）．Don't harp on the same string（=keep saying the same thing）．Keep in the shade．He rose to the occasion（=showed that he was equal to it）．

e．有些名词前需加物主代词：

Come to your senses（=Stop behaving like a madman）．He fell on his knees（=knelt down）．Poverty fell to his lot （=became his destiny）．He is going about his work（=doing it）．She lies at your mercy（=is subject to your control）．The old widow lives on her own（=lives without help from others）．Do not quarrel with your bread and butter（=do anything harmful to your livelihood）．It rises from its ashes like a phoenix（=live again）．He rose to his feet（=stood up）．The chance slipped through my fingers （＝escaped）．My work will speak for itself（=be visible to all）．He stood on his dignity（=insisted on being treat-ed with proper respect）．He stood to his guns（=defended his rights）．You tread on his toes（=offend him）．He worked on my fears（=caused me to do something for him，by taking advantage of my fears）．

1371 不要错误地以为下面句子的谓语和上面句中的谓语属于同一类型：

He came on Sunday．（S＋IV）

The children are playing by the tree．

1372 图解：



9．S＋IV．AP．P＋N or G（John looked down on me．）

1373 无数不及物动词可与地点副词和介词构成成语。整个成语可以看作一个及物动词，因为它们可用名词、代词或动名词作宾语：

a．The loss added up to（=amounted to） a million dollars．He bows down to（=flatters）nobody．He broke away from（=cut his ties with）all his friends．Carry on with （=continue）your work． Lee cashed in on（=made a profit from）tea．We don't really catch on to（=under－stand） this custom．I can't catch up with（=overtake）the class this year．I checked out of the hotel two days after I checked in（=signed the register on arriving）．The police checked up on（=investigated）the suspect．He came around to（=agreed，after disagreeing，to） my views．The teacher came down on（=reprimand） him．I came down with（=caught）a flu．I came near to death（=almost died）．No result came out of the test．He came out with a question．Last year no plays came up to（= equalled ） the standard．My friend came up with a good idea．We all cried out against（=opposed）favoritism．Most important，you must cut down on（=reduce consumption of）sugar．He cut in with（=insert）a terribly saucy remark while we were discussing．

b．This custom dates（=or goes）back to the early eighteenth century．We should do away with（=get rid of） all social evils．Everyone does well with him（=treats him well）．He dropped in on（=made an unplanned visit to） my family．He dropped off to sleep（=fell asleep）．He dropped out of（=quit）high school．He ended up as（=finally be－came）a manager．He ended up with not a cent in his pocket．I have to face up to（=bravely accept） the situation．We have to fall back upon（=depend upon） his sup－port．He fell out with（= quarrelled with）all his friends．I feel up to（=feel capable of undertaking）this job．He will find out about（=get facts about） this matter．He didn't fit in with（=live in harmony with）those foreigners．How can I get away from（=avoid）her nagging？How are you getting on（or along）with（=living together with）your bride？I cannot get out of（=avoid）this trouble．Have you got through with（=finish）that job？Don't give in to（=yield to）your impulse．He goes along with（=agrees with）our party．He goes（ or plays）around with（=fools around with）all kinds of girls．He went in for（=got interested in）stamp collecting．He will go on to college．This store will soon go out of business（=end a business）．This sweater has gone out of fashion（=is no more fashionable）．He often goes out with that pretty Japanese girl．She held on to（=kept grasping） his arm．



c．She keeps away from（=avoids）him．We should keep in with（=keep friendly with）our neighbors．I can not keep up with（=overtake）my classmates．This small event led up to（=prepared the way for）his death．Live up to（=Act according to）your promise．I often look back on（=recollect）the old days．He looked back over（=reviewed）his record．Don't look down on（=despise）small people．We are looking forward to（=anticipating with pleasure）your visit．Look out for（=Watch out for）the car．He cannot make up for（=compensate）the loss I have suffered．He made off with（=stole and hurried away with）all my money．Does his school work measure up to（=come up to） his hopes？Last year I met up with（=met by chance）Jane，who I hadn't seen for ten years．The child messed about with（=made a mess of）my desk．

d．He played up to（=tried to please）her．I had to put up with（=bear）these terrible noises every day．I must settle up with（=get even with）the man who has insulted me．Many signed up for（=joined in） the contest．The guests sat down to dinner at eight．I can't sit down with（=suffer without complaint）that insult．We should speak up for （=speak in a loud voice for）justice．This policeman stood in with（=was in secret league with）those gangsters．Why don't we stand out against（=oppose）this evil practice？ We should stand up for（=support）this good policy．I always think back to（=recall）my childhood．Think twice about it before you act．Tune in to another radio station．We should wake up to（=realize）the seriousness of our situation．They wait up for me（=They stay awake until I come home）．He walked away with（=easily won） the election．He walked off with（=took away）my umbrella．We walked out of the meeting as an expression of protest．I want out of（=want to be freed from） her nagging．I warmed up to（=became friendly with） my neighbors．We should wise up to（Am．）（=finally under－stand）what is going on．I can't work together with him．

e．He got out of（=avoided）smoking．We moved on to getting married．We stood up for prohibiting narcotics． I never turn aside from（=avoid）doing anything good．He went near to（=narrowly escaped） being killed．

1374





10．S＋TV．N．P＋N or G（John found fault with me．）

1375 无数及物动词和特定的名词和介词构成成语。整个成语可以看作及物动词，因为它们可用名词、代词或动名词作宾语：

a．They caught hold of（=seized） the thief； caught sight of （=spied） a strange star；declared war on（or against）a foreign country； found fault with（=censured）me；gained possession of（=got）a large estate；got notice from the police； gave warning to（=warned）us；had （an）interest in（=liked）music；left word with the office boy；lost sight of（=forgot）their purpose；lost touch with（=could not communicate with）all their friends；made war on（=fought）a foreign country；put confidence in（=trusted）me；put（or lost）faith in everyone；took care of their children；took （a） pride in their work．

b．They asked a favour of you； did a good turn to（=did a service to）me；did an injury to their brother；drew（or formed ） a conclusion from（=inferred from）this fact；entertained a fear for（=worried about） this adventure；extended an invitation to（=invited） all their friends；formed an estimate of（=estimated） his abilities；gave an account of（=related）the accident； gave an order to（=ordered）us； gave a trial to the candidate：had a lesson in （=learned）English．

c．They asked the favour of an early supply；cleared the way for the Queen；got（or had）the start of（=gained an adventage over） their rivals；got the better（or the best）of （=overcame）their competitors；lost the use of their legs；took the consequences of（=submitted to the results of）their folly；took the place of（=replaced）other members．

d．He cleared his mind of prejudice；directed our attention to the vice；did his duty to（or by） his country；found his way to my village；gave his love to his parents；paid his addresses to（=courted）her；raised his voice against（=opposed）the manager；set his mind on（=attended to） his business； shook his head at the news；thrust（or poked ，pushed）his nose into（=meddled officiously in） every－thing；took his eyes off her；took his choice of the books he needed；turned his attention to exportation；turned his back on（or to）（=forsook）his friends．

e．They did much damage to the car；had little notion of this project；had no objection to your proposal；had no patience for（=couldn't stand） those fools； had some relations with the government；made（or lost） a lot of money over coffee；made some reference to Shakespeare；saw no harm in LSD；took no delight in（=didn't like） reading；took some interest in music ；took little notice of the crime．

f．He had dealings with（=did business with）us； will go shares with（= divide profits or cost with） his friends；made friends with politicians；made preparations（or arrangements）for the journey；shook hands with us；took pains over the work；took photographs of us； took precautions against theft； took sides with（=supported）a certain political party．

这种动词成语不仅如上面例句表示的，可以用名词作宾语，也可像下面例句表示的，可用动名词作宾语：

g．He aimed his efforts at studying nuclear energy；bore the responsibility of paying the debt of his son；gave his mind to bringing up his children； had no patience for waiting so long；had the pleasure of dancing with Mary；laid claim to being respected as a man；made preparations for starting at 3 a．m．；didn't see his way（clear）to（=didn't find it possible or good）becoming a money-lender；saw no harm in smoking；took no interest in learning any trade；laid claim to being the father of a famous actress who had been an orphan．

1376无数及物动词可与特定的介词连用，但与作宾语的名词关系并不紧密。这种句型与其说是“TV．N．P＋N or G”这类，不如说是带状语的“TV＋N”类型：

I gave the money to John．Thank you for your kindness．Compare this with that．Don't throw stones at that dog．He prepared us for the exam．She keeps her children from harm．Please translate this poem into Chinese．It reminds me of her pretty eyes．He asked（or begged，implored）her for pardon（or aid）．They banished（or dismissed，expelled） him from that place．They charged（or presented，provided，supplied，furnished）him with something．What prevents you from coming？ I warned him against doing evil．I paid him for having done something for me．I must keep my feet from getting wet．I talked him into believing me．They excused me for making a mistake．They forced us into fighting．

1377

注：在上面及物动词的空格内只有gave一个词，gave下方的标记说明了它和介词to的联系。



11．S＋TV．R．P＋N or G（John prided himself on his new car．）

1378 约有60个及物动词可和反身代词和特定的介词构成成语，整个成语可以看作及物动词：

a．I availed myself of（=make use of） his offer（or this chance）．I prepared myself for a journey to Singapore and other countries．I occupied myself with（or addressed my－self to，applied myself to，engaged myself in，employed myself in）（=was busy in）literary work （ or reading，studying a problem）；threw myself into（=took a vigorous part in） the contest（or teaching）．He betook himself to（=resorted to） his old job（or his legs，his heels）；lost himself in studies．

b．He allied himself to（or with）（=was united with）a rich family；associated himself with the firm（or the party，the movement）；engaged himself to a businessman（or a woman）；concerned himself with（or about） the exam；en－rolled himself in the army．

c．He helped himself to（=stole）my watch；served himself with the cake；possessed himself of（=obtained）a horse；gorged himself on chicken．

d．He prided himself on（=was proud of） his new car；valued himself on his birth； plumed himself on his appearance；pique himself on his dress．

e．He indulged himself（=gratify himself）with wine（or in wine）；addicted（or delivered up，gave up，abandoned）himself to pleasure（or dissipation，wine，drinking，gambling，grief，bad habits）；lost himself to her；dedicated himself to education；devoted himself to music；submitted himself to discipline（or his wife）；yielded himself to temptation．

f．He familiarized himself with（=made himself well acquainted with） business； accustomed himself to the weather；accommodated（ or adapted）himself to new circumstances；reconciled himself to（or with）（=overcome his objections to） his enemies（or his fate，his lot，the situation，a life of poverty）．

g．He troubled himself about such a small matter；worried himself about the education of his children．

He delighted（or contented）himself with his success（or the result）；enjoyed（or amused）himself with wine and women；refreshed himself with coffee．

He bethought himself of a plan．

He has satisfied himself of the truth of the report；can't assure（or persuade）himself of my sincerity．

h．He intruded himself on my company．

He avenged（or revenged）himself on his enemy．

He defended himself against robbery；guarded himself against vice；set himself against everyone．

He broke himself of a bad habit；freed himself of evil．

i．He distinguished himself for bravery．

He ingratiated himself with （=flattered）his boss．

He absented himself from school．

He excused himself from coming．

j．The problem resolved itself into a question of money．This trifle developed itself into a serious problem．

The snow melted itself into water ．It burned itself into ashes．It changed（or transformed）itself into a giant．

The kingdom divided itself into three．

I engaged myself in making dress． He threw himself into teaching．He addicted himself to gambling．He accustomed himself to living on the mountain．He amused himself by reading．You must resign（ or reconcile）yourself to living a hard life．I excused myself from at－tending the party．

1379 图解：



12．S＋TV＋I或 S＋ TV．N＋ I（John wanted to swim．）

1380 约有90个及物动词用不定式（而不是动名词）作宾语：

a．He wished（or hoped，delighted）to go； wanted to know it； schemed（or arranged） to kill his rival； tended （or desired） to fight； meant to help you；aimed to be－come a doctor；thought（=intended）（现在用得较少） to go；ached（or yearned，longed）to be free；trusted（=earnestly hoped）to hear from you soon．She admired（=intended）（美式） to learn Russian．He did not care to go．

b．He volunteered to help me；offered to buy my house（or to strike me）；chose（or elected） to remain here．He hesitated to go；didn't scruple to steal；hastened to tell me；decided（ or determined，resolved，concluded）to marry her；vowed（or swore） to revenge himself．He promised （or agreed，consented） to pay me soon．They have contracted to build a large theatre．He threatened not to pay me．

c．He condescended（or deigned）to help me（or to offer me tea）；vouchsafed to answer．He submitted to be punished．He refused（or declined）to lend me the money；scorned （书面语）to accept the bribe，disdained（书面语） to speak with the hypocrite．He demanded（or required） to see my passport；asked（or applied，begged）to see the king；moved to postpone the decision．

d．He could（not）afford to wait（or to be generous，to be idle）； managed to control his temper；will never manage to learn；contrived to live a simple life（or to make matter worse）．They tried（or sought）to kill their enemy；endeavoured（or strove，struggled）to be independent．

e．They won't trouble（or bother）to do such a thing；do not care to see it．They undertook（or guaranteed，engaged）to pay me the debt．They helped（us）（to） build the house．They expect to be there at noon．They never thought（or expected）to see me again．They pretended （or affected，made believe）to be rich men；claimed（or professed） to know everything．

f．They dared（or ventured） to do it；won't presume to criticise us．May I venture（or presume）（=take the liberty）to ask you a few questions？ They learned to swim．They prepared to leave here；started out（or set out）（=began）to write a report；proceeded to play music；moved to arrest the criminal．They deserved to enjoy this priviledge．This child needs to be spanked．

g．He grew to believe it．How did he come（=begin） to know it？ How came you to love her？ The extra job serves to increase my income．These sentences will suffice to ex－plain the use of the verb．Her looks contribute to show herjoy．That just goes to show your ignorance．Every man tends（or inclines） to believe in himself．The boy bids fair to succeed（or to be an engineer）．

1381 有些动词在不定式前可加 for 引起的短语，表示意义上的主语：

We planned for him to come．We arranged for something to be done．He wanted（for）his son to be happy．The ringing of the bell meant for them to come to dinner．We have decided for the meeting to take place on the 3rd（=decided that the meeting should take place on the 3rd）．He doesn't deserve for you to help him．

1382 在下面句子中及物动词和后面跟的名词构成成语，可以看作一个单一的及物动词，后面跟不定式作宾语：

He had a good mind（=earnestly wished）to do it； tried his best（= endeavoured）to find out a solution； took the trouble to consult a dictionary；took （good） care not to trouble her；had not the heart to leave her； made up his mind（= decided） to go abroad； had to make shift to set up a hut；saw his way（clear） to criticise（or praise） them．

1383 有些动词，看起来像是及物动词却不是及物动词，可以和to构成词组，起助动词的作用：

You ought to（=should）obey your parents．

You want to（=should）be more careful．

I shall have to（=must） go．

I（have） got to（=must） go now．

I am to（=must） see him．

He stands to（=may） win（or lose） the game．

He is going to（=will） leave here．He failed to（=should，but did no） answer her．He appeared（or seemed） to know it．

He used to come at seven，and usedn't to come at eight．He chanced（or happened）to meet me there．

He turned out（or proved） to have discovered our secret．

试比较下面句子：

He is certain（or sure） to（=will certainly）succeed．He is likely to（=may） come this evening．

He is able to（=can） speak English．

He is allowed to（=may） do what he likes．

He is obliged to（=must） go at once．

He is bound to（=must） go．

He is in a position（or a situation）to（=can） help his friends．

在上面所举动词之后不可加动名词：

I wanted going abroad．（错句）

He promised helping me．（错句）

1384 图解：

注：不定式的图解方法和动名词一样（参阅1368节）。



注：不定式意义上主语for him的图解办法。



13．S＋TV＋ G（John enjoyed swimming．）

1385 约有100个及物动词用动名词（而不是不定式）作宾语：

a．You cannot avoid making mistakes．They will evade answering my questions．How can he escape being punished？ I will never shirk helping my good friends．I can－not help thinking so（or laughing）（=I cannot but think so or laugh）．She could not resist telling him everything．

b．They commenced（or set about，fell to） building a bridge．They kept（ on）waiting there，and you kept（ on）drinking．He resumed studying French．He has finished（ or completed，done） writing the letters．You must stop（or quit） drinking．Perhaps you can't believe；he has renounced smoking cigars，given up（or given over） playing the fool，left off being idle．I have to delay（or postpone，defer，put off） meeting him（or going to the doctor）．

c．I will consider（or contemplate） cooperating with him．He mentioned learning Japanese；reported having done all his work；described their making liquor with rice．They suggested（you） making a trip to Japan．He advocated（or urged）（our） using force．He encouraged（our） spending less and earning more．He advised（or counselled）（your）trying once more．He recommended（our） increasing the salary．

d．He enjoyed eating Vietnamese food；relished watching women passing by；fancied going to the movies；adored （=liked very much口语体） being praised．He appreciated your assisting him．I detest（ or abominate，loathe）working at night；resent being laughed at；dislike accompanying her；reject giving him any aid；favoured taking a decisive step．They depreciated（=expressed disapproval of） building a big library；officially sanctioned flogging．Do you mind opening the door（or his smoking，being awakened，taking this letter to the post office）？ I don't mind opening the door（or his smoking，being awakened）．

e．He admitted（or acknowledged） having done something wrong；owned （or owned to，confessed，confessed to）killing her；denied stealing it；disclaimed having tempted anyone to do evil．I doubt having any chance．

f．He risked offending somebody（or losing all he had，getting hurt，being robbed）．Should he chance being caught，he would be put to death．He faced being isolated from society．He missed eating a good dinner（or seeing such a good play）．I will await hearing from you．

g．I do not understand driving a car；can't understand his behaving like that．I practised playing the piano．She aped being a high－born lady．

h．Fancy doing everything for nothing（ or meeting you here）．Could you fancy meeting her here？ I cannot fancy doing such a silly thing．

I cannot imagine marrying such a man．I did anticipate （=look forward to） having a good time at Christmas．

i．They don't allow（ our） talking loud in public；never permit（our） screaming in the house； tolerate（our） smoking and gambling；forbade（our） speaking loud； hindered（or prevented）（our） committing the same mistakes；barred smoking and playing cards．

I never forgive（or pardon，excuse） spitting in public places．

He grudged paying me（= was unwilling to pay me）（or having to pay double the price，my living a happy life）；repented learning too late．

She felt like swimming（or crying）；burst out crying（or laughing）．

j．This measure means changing the whole system．The visit entailed buying gifts for children．The plan includes building a church．Money justifies doing evil．This proposal involves increasing the school fee．This implied condemning him to death．The new system facilitates pronouncing Chinese characters．The birth of another baby necessitated earning more．This provokes（or excites）vomiting（or crying）．



1386 有些及物动词后动名词的前面须有意义上的主语，正像上面的某些句子所表现的：

I cannot approve his（or him）behaving like that．（用him 的时候比用his时更多一些。）

Mother welcomed their（them）visiting her at her villa．

I protest his（or him）treating me like a slave．

I often picture myself living a beautiful life．

I denounced anybody's（or anybody）telling lies．

Dennis announced Greg's（or Greg）getting married．

We applaud Ada's（or Ada）making so wise a decision．

1387在某些动词后可跟there being这种结构：

I doubt there being any mistake．

He admitted there being some mistakes．

He didn't mind there being any wild beasts there．

1388 在上面所举动词之后不可用不定式：

I enjoy to eat bananas．（错句）

He avoided to meet her．（错句）

1389图解：



注：动名词意义上主语his的图解办法。





14．S＋TV＋I or G（John liked to swim or swimming．）

1390 约有50个动词既可用不定式也可用动名词作宾语：

a．I cannot endure（or bear，stand）to be（or being）cheated．

We proposed（or intended，planned，designed，purposed）to abolish（or abolishing）the outdated rules．

He attempted to get（or getting）rid of all the beggars．

He forbore to say（or saying）anything against anybody．

He neglected（or omitted）to pay（or paying）the fee．

b．She started to cry（or crying）before getting hurt．

He declined to speak（or speaking）at the party．

He continued（or discontinued）to stay（or staying） there．

I dread（or fear）to climb（or climbing）the mountain．

We need to learn（or learning）something．

He scorned to cheat（or cheating）anyone．

1391 有一些动词，在某些上下文中需用不定式作宾语，在另一些上下文中需用动名词作宾语：

a．He（表示人的主语）began to cry，to eat，to dance（or crying，eating，dancing）．It（表示物的主语）began to boil（or to rain，to move）（而不说boiling，raining，moving）．He（人）ceased to write（or writing）．It（物）ceased to harden（而不说hardening）．（不过有些作家不承认这一差别）

b．He began to know it（or to love it，to see it，to under- stand，to feel sad，to be suspected）．（而不说knowing it，loving it，etc．）（在表示一种被动的心理状态时，begin可用不定式作宾语，而不用动名词作宾语。）He got（or grew．became）（=began）to know（or to believe，to care for）her．

但是：

They got（=began）quarrelling（or talking，laughing，playing）．（美式英语）

c．I prefer studying music to（介词）doing business．

I prefer to study music rather than（to）do（不定式） business．

1392 另一些动词用不定式作宾语和用动名词作宾语意义不同：

a．You must stop thinking（=not think any more）；stop to think（=stop doing something else and begin to think）．

He forgot meeting（or having met）you at a hotel（=had met you but forgot it）；forgot to meet you（=ought to have met you，but did not do so）；remembered（or re- called，recollected）going（or having gone）to the pictures with her（=remembered that he had gone）；will remember to post the letter（but has not yet posted it）．

b．I regretted telling（or having told）you the sad story（=regretted that I had told it；regret to tell you（=regret that I have to tell you）that your son is very naughty．

You must try eating（=eat for the first time）the durian；must try（=make efforts）to finish this work before Sunday．

She cannot help（=cannot help others）to prepare the meal；cannot help（=cannot refrain from）laughing．

c．He went on teaching lesson five（=didn't stop after teaching some part of lesson five）；went on to teach lesson five（=began teaching lesson five after finishing lesson four．）

I like（or dislike，love，hate）swimming（or studying the current events）（habit）；should（or would）like（or love，prefer）to swim in this place（or to drink coffee）．（one recent act）

I began to understand（or to see）my mistake（被动心理状态），started selling coffee years ago．（主动的活动）。

1393 注意避免连续使用2个-ing形式或两个不定式：

He is beginning to work（而不是working）．

He is trying to do it（而不是doing it）．

He seems to like playing（而不是to play）tennis．

It's necessary to start organizing（不要说to organize）a new party．

1394 约有10个及物动词可用被动形式的不定式或主动形式的动名词作宾语：

Your work needs correcting（or to be corrected）．

This baby wants looking after（or to be looked after）．

It requires washing（or to be washed）．

His language would not bear repeating（or to be repeated）．

It won't bear thinking of（or to be thought of）．

The colour will not stand washing（or to be washed）．

It defies explaining（or to be explained）．

The complicated situation forbade analysing（or to be analysed）．

He deserved punishing（or to be punished）．

比较下面句子：

The work is worth doing（or worthy to be done）．

This plan is worth carrying out（or worthy to be carried out）．

1395 图解：





15．S＋TV＋that-CL或S＋TV＋N（=that-CL）（John said that she was lazy．）

1396 约有150个及物动词可用由that引起的从句作宾语。

下面由that引起的从句都是陈述句（参阅1292节）：

a．From this he gathered（or inferred）that his boss did not like him（or that the plan was good）．

He heard（or understood）that Wang was in love with Su （or that the situation was growing worse）．

He heard say that she was married．

He found（or saw，perceived，felt，sensed，noticed） that something was wrong （or that people liked him very much）．

He learned（or realized，discovered）that the earth is round（or that this plant could be found in Africa）．

I have ascertained（or found out）that he was murdered．

He reads that the earth has existed billions of years．

b．He does not doubt but that（=that）I'll win．（But that只 用在否定及疑问句中，这种用法业已陈旧。）

You can not deny but that（=that）she's a good player．

Who can tell but that he is a swindler？

Neither of us knows but that（=that）we can marry．

He knows as（=that）（不规范用法）you are honest．

I can tell as（=that）he is a swindler．

c．I think（or suppose，assume，presume，believe，expect，imagine，fancy）that he is a very honest fellow．

Suppose we have some coffee（=Let us have some coffee）．

Suppose we try（=Let us try）．（that可以省略）

I dare say you are wrong．

I guess（or figure，calculate，reckon）（Am．）he will be here by seven．I wager（or bet）he has done his best．

d．I suspected that he was a thief．You didn't doubt that he was a thief．But she doubted whether he was．（=I thought he was probably a thief．You were sure he was．But she was not sure whether he was．）

He judged（or concluded，decided，gathered，considered）that it was best to resign（or that nobody could be trusted）．

The law prescribes that a man below eighteen must not get married．

The judge ruled（or adjudged）that David was innocent．

e．He believes（or maintains，holds）that the plan is imperfect（or that all men are born equal）．

I objected that（=objected because）he was unjust．

I protested（=affirmed strongly）that I had said nothing against anybody．

He claimed that he was innocent（or that he was a descendant of Confucius）．

f．He denied that he had stolen anything，but did not deny that（or but that）he was on the spot．（=He said that he had not stolen anything，…）

Wang agreed（with me）that Lee was careless．

He admitted（or acknowledged，confessed，owned，recognized）that he was not qualified for the job．

We must allow that he is right，and grant that his re- mark is true．

g．He assered（or claimed，alleged，stated，said，re- marked）that the situation was getting better and better．

He declared（or announced）that he was planning a trip （or that Mr．Fu had been murdered on the street）．

He proclaimed that the war would end after a week．

He reiterated that he could do nothing for anyone．

He mentioned that she would leave us soon．

He certified that I was a member of a photo club．

h．He revealed（or let on）that Wang had four wives．

He emphasized（or specified）that I was to blame．

He writes that all men are born equal．

I voted that we go for an excursion．

He showed（or signified）that he had nothing to say about the matter（or that something had happened）．

He hinted that he would like to go to the party and intimated he would accept if he was invited．

He insinuated that I had played him a trick．

His refusal does not mean that he is unkind to us．

His accent betrayed that he came from the North．

i．He demonstrated（or proved）that the earth is round（or that justice would win）．

All facts established that he was a traitor．

He estimated（or calculated，figured）that it would take three days to get to the moon．

He theorizes that the human beings could live 200 years，if…

I submitted there was some mistake and john was to blame．

I argued that everything was wrong with our system．

He explained that he was too ill to come．

j．He cannot guarantee（or warrant，engage，undertake） that I shall make a profit．

I will see（or check）that everything is done．

He promised that he would help you．

He pretended（or let on，made believe）that he was ill（or that the theft had nothing to do with him）．He played that he was a bridegroom．

He foretold（or foresaw，predicted，prophesied，di- vined）that you would be very rich（or that the world war would break out ten years after）．

He radioed that he was seriously ill．

k．He swore（or vowed）that he was innocent（or that he would never divulge the secret）．

He forgot that he owed you a hundred dollars，could not recollect that he owed you so much，but he remembered that he owed you ten dollars．

He replied（or answered）that he could not help me（or that he had no money to lend me）．

He added（or put in，threw in）that he must resign．

She retorted that I was more selfish than she．

I don't care that he should say so．

He rejoiced that we had won the battle，but grieved（or exclaimed）that many had been killed．

He boasted that he was the richest man in the city．

l．He murmured（or mumbled，grumbled）that he was so unlucky，and complained to me that nobody had treated him well．

He whispered to me that John had been taken by the po- lice．

He charged that the radio of his neighbour disturbed his sleep．

He wondered（or marvelled）that everything should change so quickly．I don't wonder that he was killed．

Do you wonder that he was killed？

m．I appreciated that it was well done．

He dreamed that he was on the battlefield；little dreamed that he should become so miserable．

Picture（or Imagine）to yourself that your wife is waiting for you at the door．

He exclaimed（or cried out，interjected）that he had lost his gold watch．

Beware（or Mind）that he does not deceive you（or lest he deceives you）．

I will look out（or check）that he does not cheat me．

1397 下面由that引起的从句表示命令、请求、建议等，可以称作命令从句、请求从句等（注意谓语由should构成，参阅1294节）：

a．He commanded（or ordered，enjoined，directed）that we should start at four．

The law prescribes that nobody should gamble．

He promised you should be rewarded．

He demanded（or required，requested，asked，wanted） that I should pay him next Monday．

I insist that he studies music（=I say it is true that he studies music）．但：I insist that he study（or should study）music．=I advise him to study it．

b．I had（or would）rather（or sooner）（that）she left（or should leave）this dangerous place．

I wish（or prayed）that I should not fail again．

He consented that his house should be searched．

His illess would not permit that he should work hard．

He contrived that his son should go to college．

We must secure that every teacher should be qualified．

c．He decided（or resolved，determined，intended）that ev- erybody（should）be ready by 8 A．M．．

He guaranteed that it（should）be paid．

He arranged with Mary that they should meet again．

He recommended（or suggested，proposed）that I should flee．

He moved that John（should）be elected．

He willed that his property should go to his daughter．

The contract provided that the tenant should pay every month．

d．He cannot bear that you should say no．

God forbid that I should meet her again．

He hated that the dentist should touch him．

He dreaded that（or lest）he should fail

He urged that something（should）be done immediately．

He preferred that nothing（should）be said．

1398 下面的that从句表示希望或愿望（谓语多由will或may构成）：

He hopes（that）you will（or may）help him；wishes（that） you would help him；expects that you will help him；can- not ensure that Mary will come today；guarantees that the debt will be paid；fears that you will refuse to help him； begs（or requests，entreats，desires）that you will help him；trusts（=hopes）you may help him（or we shall meet again）．God grant that he may succeed．We long that we may be free．

I bet（or hope）she arrives（=will arrive）before noon．

1399 在这类句子中，否定词not放在主句中时比放在从句中时多：

I do not suppose（or believe，expect，imagine，think）that he is right．（这样说比I suppose that he is，not right．要好）

但应说：I hope he does not fail again．

1400 当一个及物动词不能跟有that从句时，它后面可放一个fact，circumstance，idea这类名词，把that从句和它连接起来。这时that从句成为fact这类名词的同位语，也可以说它是由及物动词加名词构成的及物动词短语的宾语：

a．He accepted the fact（owned）that he couldn't rise again．

He ignores the circumstance（=doesn't care）that he has made the same mistake as his rival．

He overlooked the fact（=failed to notice）that nothing in the world is perfect．

He had the belief（or an idea，a notion，the impression）

（=believed）that the king is always right．

I had word（=heard）that they would attack us．

b．We have no doubt（=do not doubt）（that）he knows it．

I have all the feeling that everything is wrong．

He had a dread（or a fear）（=feared）that the police would arrest him one day．

I have a hunch（=think it likely）that it will rain．

I brought the charge that John had murdered my wife．

c．He felt gratitude that they had helped him．

He makes the point（=points out）that some countries are overdeveloped．

He gave judgement that the accused was innocent．

Take care you don't fall．

He made up his mind（=concluded）that we were all wrong．

You bet your boots（=can be sure）that he will fail．

1401 在下面句子中that从句是it的同位语：

a．I must（or will）see（or see to it，look to it）that everyone is happy．

He insisted（upon it）that he knew better than anyone．

He took it（=supposed）that I had left for London．

He took it for granted（=was sure）that I could help him．

Rumour has it（=says）that the king is ill．

He put it that a woman must keep the house．

He will have it（=insists）that you have insulted him．

He lays it down（=states clearly）that the school should be kept clean and quiet．

b．You may rely（or depend）upon it（=be sure）that he can help you any time．

He owed it to me（=was grateful to me for the fact）that he was still alive．

Look（to it）that everything is ready．

I will answer for it（=promise）that he will make no more mistake．

He stood to it（=insisted）that I was wrong．

Take the word of scientists for it that an atom is like a u- niverse．

1402 That从句可以放在it和某些不及物动词后面：

It appeared that he knew the secret．（=He appeared to know the secret．）

It seemed that he knew the secret．（=He seemed to know the secret．）

It happened that he knew the secret．（=He happened to know the secret．）

It turned out that he knew the secret．（=He turned out to know the secret．）

How does it come that you know the secret？（=How do you come to know the secret？How come you know the secret？）

1403 在that前有些词有时省略：

Not that（=It is not true that）I hate a woman，but that（= but it is true that）I have no chance to consort with any．

Not that I love Caesar less，but that I love Rome more．

1404 连词that有时可以省略，特别是在1）believe，presume，suppose，think，hope，wish，expect，say，know，hear等动词后；2）在插入语中that必须省略；3）在一个that从句还包含另一that从句时，that也必须省略。下面例句中的∧ 表示省略的that：

1）I dare say ∧ he does not know it．

I believe ∧ you are wrong．

2）The young man，she thinks（or I know，it seems）∧，could be her husband．

The young man could be her husband，she thinks（or I know，it seems）∧．

There is a young man who（关系代词在从句中作主语）

she thinks（or I know，it seems）∧，could be her husband．

3）She said ∧ she wished ∧I could see her．

I thought ∧ you knew ∧ something had happened．

I understand ∧ he exclaimed ∧ he had not enough to spend．

1405 在以下情况下连词that不可省略：1）需要表明副词或副词短语修饰哪一个词，2）在that从句中插有一个关系从句或状语从句：

1）He said that yesterday he went to town．

He said yesterday that he went to town．

He denied that at the party he spoke ill of the major．

He denied at the party that he spoke ill of the major．

2）I know that you，who are my friend（主语和主要动词间插入一个关系从句）will agree with me．（但：I know ∧ you will agree with me．）

I think that，if you can（在that和主语之间夹有一个状语从句）you will do it．（但：I think ∧ you will do it．）

1406 当一个及物动词后有几个并列的that从句作宾语时，后面的that必须重复（但有时这条规定会被忽略）：

They know that（可省略）he studies music，and that（不可省略）his wife is a country woman，but that（不可省略）they love each other dearly．

I told father that（可省略）I would work hard，that（不可省略）I would be a good student，that（不可省略）he need not worry，and that（不可省略）I would return home on New Year's Day．

但：He said he knew it and（连接两个谓语而不是两个从句）had told it to others．I think she will start at nine but will not arrive until twelve．

1407 在需重复一个that从句时，可以用so，not，it或as much等词代替它：

Is he a clever fellow？

So I see（or notice，believe，hear）．（=I see，notice，… that he is a clever fellow．）

So I said（or hoped，supposed）．

So I have heard（or have seen，have noticed）．

I believe，（or say，pray，expect，wish，hope，think，imagine，trust，guess，suppose，assume，presume，fancy，understand，said，was told，told you）so．

It seems（or appears）so．

I do not say（or think，suppose，expect，believe）so．

I believe（or notice，expect）so（指前面句子总的意思）或it（较具体，指前面的词组。）或that。（较为强调）

但：I deny（or mean，swear）it（不可说so）．

He has turned hooligan，hasn't he？

I suspect（or fear）so．

If so（=If he has turned hooligan），that is a pity．

Why so？How so？

I believe（or expect，suspect，hear）the same（=so）．

Did Mary commit suicide？

I believe（or trust，say，expect，hope，think，suppose，am afraid，understand）not．（=I believe or trust，…that Mary did not）．

It appears（or seems）not．

The murderer has been arrested，hasn't he？

I know（or hear，am told，say，guess）as much or so much

（=it or so）．

He has made great mistakes and confessed（or owned，ac- knowledged）as much（不要说so）．

Father will marry Mary to John and has said as much．

1408 图解：

注：上方的词是一个名词从句，可参阅1320节，从句的图解方式和简单句相同，只是在它前面的上方加一连词。

注：（=）表示里面的名词从句是这个符号前那个词的同位语。

注：上面是同一句子的另一图解方法。



参阅1407节。

16．S＋TV＋W-CL or W-I（John asked when he will come or when to begin．）

1409 约有70个及物动词可以用疑问词引起的从句（或称从属问句）作宾语（可参阅1293节）：

a．We discussed（or deliberated，considered，debated）what might be done （or whether we should go on strike）．

He asked（or inquired）whether he could apply（or not）．

I will find out（or check，ascertain，study）who broke it．

We doubt（or question）whether we would have peace．

I must ascertain（or study）why he killed himself．

I wonder whether he is happy．（=I want to know whether he is happy or not；or，I suppose he is not hap- py．）

I wonder whether he is not happy．（=I suppose he is happy．）

I wonder whether（or when，where，how）we can meet again and spend a pleasant vacation together．

但：I doubt whether（但不能用when，where，how）we can meet again and spend，etc．

b．Watch how you spill it．Look what a mess you are making．

Please mark which syllable is stressed．

Beware when you must keep silence．

Notice who is coming with Mary．

c．He saw（or perceived，noticed，sensed，observed）how his friends were suffering from the epidemic（or what important persons were present at the party．）

He could not see why you cooperated with this fool．

He discovered（or found out）where the thieves hid them- selves（or where the treasure was kept，when the enemy would start an attack）．

He learned（or realized）how the earth turns round the sun（or who were behind the scenes）．

I hear（or understand）what has happened（or what they are plotting）．

d．I know what you want（or how we should handle this mat- ter of money）．

I cannot conceive（or understand，think，imagine，make out，tell，guess）how he could say such a thing （or how it could happen，why they treat me so．）

Nobody here believes how difficult it is to cure a disease．

The captain decides（or determines）who shall play in the football match．

He could not judge（or decide，settle）whether the answer was right（or when we should act）．

e．I cannot recollect when he visited us．

He forgot what she had said．

I don't recall how he cheated me．

I still remember how he kissed me．

Can you suggest which is the best way（or when we shall start on our journey）？

David cannot express how grateful he is．

We cannot agree who is to be our representative．

I don't care（or mind）whether I shall fail（or what may happen）．

f．Please say what you want and which of these you like best．

Please repeat what you have just said．

Can you describe how he looks？

Can he explain why he failed？

History shows how we have struggled，where we are going，and what we should do．

He revealed where John had fallen in love with Helen（or how their leaders quarrelled among themselves）．

He reported how those people were starving．

g．He has calculated how much it costs（or when the building can be finished）．

I'll count how many guests have come．

He can prove（or demonstrate）how mankind have developed from lower animals（or whether it is true）．

We will select who may be our representative．

He could foretell（or forecast）when it would rain；could predict whether there would be a good harvest；prophesied how Christ would come again to the world（or which country would rise and which would decline）；divined when you would fail and rise again．

I read where（=that）（口语体）there will be a storm．

1410 在由疑问词引起的从句中，助动词有时可放在主语前面，句末甚至可用问号代替句号：

I asked how could we settle the matter．（？）

He inquired what should do．（？）

I wonder when does the war come to an end．（？）

I wonder，can she（用来代替whether she can）excuse me．（？）

1411 有时疑问词引起的从句可以是一个惊叹句：

He said how pretty it was．（=He said，“How pretty it is！”）

He exclaimed what a poem he was reading．（=He exclaimed，What a poem I am reading！”）

He cried out（or interjected）how hard he had worked and what evil treatment he had received．

1412 下面三个小段意思是一样的：

John met Mary at a bus stop．John said，“I am glad to see you．Where are you going？”（直接引语）

John met Mary at a bus stop．John said he was glad to see her and asked where she was going．（间接引语）

John met Mary at a bus stop．He was glad to meet her．Where was she going？（这也是间接引语，但John said that和he asked却被省略。）

1413上面提到的及物动词也可用疑问词加不定式作宾语：

a．We debated（or deliberated，discussed，considered）what step to take．

I will ask（or inquire）when to begin our lessons．

I am learning how to swim．

He wonders what to do when he grows up．

I have discovered（or found out）how to make this cake．

I cannot understand how to do it．

I cannot tell where to meet this cheat again．

b．I cannot think how to stop this evil practice．

I don't know whom to apply to．

Have you decided where to study？

Please say which course to take．

I will explain how to use the word“as”．

He won't revealed when to get married．

I don't mind（or care）what to eat．

Can you recollect how to do this？

Don't forget how to please your parents．

I cannot predict when to meet her again．

“S＋TV＋W-I”可以转换为“S＋TV＋W-CL”．

I cannot understand how to（=how I can）do it．

I wonder what to（=what I should）do．

I cannot tell where to（=where we or you may）buy a curio．

We shall consider what step to（=what step we must or should）take．

They told me when to（=when they were to）get married．

1414 如果疑问词引起的从句的主语并非是主句的主语，同时又无法从上下文中推想出来，且从句中又不包含can，must，may，should，be to这类助动词，则“S＋TV＋W-CL”不可转换为“S＋TV＋W-I”：

I know what the government should do．（不可改为I know what to do，除非the government变为I．）

He asked where his children can study．（不可改为He asked where to study．除非读者知道是children这个词被省略。）

We were discussing how long a man can live．

I know what I want．（不可改为I know what to want，因为从句中没有合适的助动词。）

I cannot repeat what I have heard．（不可改为I cannot re- peat what to have heard，因为从句中没有合适的助动词，have不是一个合适的助动词。）

1415 图解：



注：What在这个句子中有双重作用，即连词的作用（括号中的what）和代词的作用，两者均应在图解中表示出来。

注：how也有连词作用与副词的双重作用。



注：上面是“疑问词＋不定式”结构的另一种图解法。这里不定式可以看作是疑问词从句的缩写形式，I can（主语＋助动词）可以看作是被省略，how被看作有双重作用。



17．S＋IV．P＋W-CL or W-I（John worried about what he would study or what to study．）

1416 约有20个不及物动词可以和介词（常可省略）构成及物动词短语，用疑问词从句作宾语：

a．He doubted（about or as to）whether he could succeed．

They must decide（upon）who is to represent their party．

His success depended（or relied）（upon）what people he made friends with（or how he handled the matter）．

Don't fuss about how it should be done．

Don't worry（about）what school you are to go to（or how much you can earn）．

b．They already agreed（about or as to）when they were to start and what they were to take with them．

I will attend to what the old man wants．

I shall think over what I should say．

He brooded on（or over）whether he should commit sui- cide．

I am thinking（of or about）how I can study abroad（or which course I am to take）．

c．He enlarged（or speculated）on what mankind will be．

He talked of（or about）what we should do．

He hesitated（about or as to）what he should say．

I reflected（on）where I could live peacefully．

Your happiness depends upon how little you want and how much you accomplish．

We could not agree about whom we should depend upon for our supply．

1417 上面所说跟有介词的不及物动词也可用“疑问词＋不定式”结构作宾语：

We talked about what to do．

He has decided（on）where to go．

That depends（on）how to handle the matter．

He worried（about）how to make his living．

They cannot agree（about）when to act．

They have thought over where to study science．

“S＋I．P＋W-I”可以转换为“S＋I．P＋W-CL”，而“S＋I．P＋ W-CL”有时可以，有时不可以转换为“S＋I．P＋ W-I”．

We talked about what we could do（what to do）．

He has decided（on）where he must go（where to go）．

He worried about how he could make his living（how to make his living）．

但：We talked about what our school could do．

（不可改为We talked about what to do．）

We talked about what we ate．（不可改为We talked about what to eat．因为从句中没有合适的助动词。）可参阅1413-14节。

1418 图解：





18．S＋TV．N．P＋W-CL or W-I（John gave an account of how he had fought or how to fight．）

1419 无数及物动词可和特定的名词和介词构成成语。这种成语起及物动词的作用，可跟有疑问词从句或“疑问词＋不定式”结构作宾语：

a．He has no interest in（=doesn't care）who rules the country．

He gave an account of（=related）how they fought．

He had a lesson in（=learned）how paper is made．

I took no notice of（=didn't notice）what he was．

I got a look at how the robot worked．

He set his mind on where he could make most money．

He could only make guesses at who she was．

They carried on a quarrel about which girl was the prettiest．

He can't form a judgement as to whether this world is going to the bad．

b．He has no interest in what to study．

He gave an account of how to make paper．

He directed his attention to how to do business．

He set his mind on what job to do．

He set up a standard of how to write．

He gave examples of how not to speak ill of others．

1420 有时介词可以省略（参阅1416节）：

I have no idea（about）（=don't know）who she is．

I cannot make up my mind（as to）（=decide）whether I should marry her．

I have a doubt（as to）（=doubt）whether our love will last long．

（Cf．I have no doubt（=believe）that our love will last long．）

Can you give judgement（as to）（=judge）which is the better？

He cannot make a decision（as to）（=decide）what policy his government should adopt．

Have a care（about）what you say to her．

1421 图解：

注：上面是“疑问词＋不定式”结构的另一种图解法。在这种图解中，how被看作有副词和连词的双重作用，不定式前he could两词省略。参阅1415节。



C．双宾动词＋间接宾语＋各种直接宾语



19．S＋DV＋（to）N＋N（John gave me a dog=John gave a dog to me．）

1422 约有90个双宾动词可有两个名词或代词作间接宾语及直接宾语。如果直接宾语紧跟在这些动词后面，间接宾语可变成由to引起的短语，这些动词则成了及物动词：

He lent me his knife．=He lent his knife to me．

He left her ten thousand dollars．=He left ten thousand dollars to her．

更多例句：

a．He gave John a cigarette （or an English lesson），offered me tea（or a position，a bribe），handed his brother the salt （or the letter），delivered them the goods（or a letter，the message），passed me the butter，brought me my book（or a cup of tea），took（or carried）me an umbrella，left me some cakes（or a free choice），returned me the book（or an angry look），threw me a magazine（or a word），tossed（or cast，flung）the beggar a penny．

b．He provided（or furnished，supplied）us（with）food and everything necessary，presented me（with）a good dictionary．（用with时较不用时为多）

It afforded me an opportunity（or great pleasure，satisfaction）．He rendered his boss a service（or assistance，the account），tendered me his resignation（or his services），administered me a blow，caused（or occasioned）me so much pain（or anxiety，heavy loss，inconvenience，some trouble），dealt me a scolding．

c．He granted me an audience（or a credit，a holiday，a re- quest），meted us out reward and punishment，allowed them more time（or a holiday，ten dollars），awarded me the prize（or full marks），accorded her the privilege （or a warm welcome，due praise）．

He refused me admittance（or the request，this favour，the loan of a book），denied me nothing（or justice，all comfort，help），（be）grudged me my salary（or my honour），barred no friends his house．

d．He assigned me a duty（or a small room），allotted me a garden（or a few exercises），prescribed me a milk diet （or a duty），apportioned us different duties，issued me a permit（or a driving license）．

The hardware store shipped me a big machine（or some utensils）．

He forwarded（or sent，dispatched，posted，mailed） her a parcel．

They paid me the salary（or the taxi fare，the tuition，the price），reimbursed me the costs，advanced me a month's salary（or 1000 dollars），remitted me a thousand dollars，lent me some money，owed me a debt（or thanks，obligations），sold rich customers good diamonds and sold others poor goods，charged me no tuition（or a dollar），loaned me their car，rented me a house．

e．He played me a tune（or a piece），sang me a Japanese song（=sing a Japanese song to me or for me），extended us a warm welcome，stood me champagne，served me a good dinner，fed his dog beef．

He wishes me good luck（or good evening，every joy，a safe journey，the compliments of the season，a good night），bade me a welcome（or adieu，good morning），waved me adieu（or a greeting），nodded me a welcome （or approval），bowed me his heartiest thanks，paid them a visit（or his respects）．

f．He wrote me letters（or a few lines），answered me nothing （or not a word，a question），scrawled me a note，read me the letter（or a poem，a lesson），told me a story（or everything），foretold me my future，showed me his care （or much kindness），pointed me out my mistake，whispered me a piece of news，telegraphed（or wired，faxed，cabled）me full details of the result，telephoned （or phoned） me the details（or the current price），transmitted me a message，taught me Chinese（or music，a lesson，singing，obedience），preached us a very good sermon，pledged me his friendship，put me a question，quoted me an instance．

g．He bequeathed（or willed）his children a large fortune（or all his property），left me a large fortune．

They yielded the enemy their position，ceded him the land，conceded him the privileges（or the favours he asked）．

They guaranteed me satisfaction（or regular employment，punctual arrival），insured（or assured） me success （success to me or for me），promised me assistance．

He recommended me a good book（or a good servant）．

They did him harm（or honour，good，justice，wrong，credit，a favour，a good turn，an injustice，an injury，a kindness，a service），caused us a lot of mischief．

They made him a visit（or an offer，a promise，no reply，some answers）．

1423 直接宾语亦称作事物宾语（Thing-Object），而间接宾语亦称作表人宾语（Person-Object）。不过间接宾语间或也指事物：

He never gives the matter a second thought，does not give the plan a trial，wished it a happy ending，allowed his imagination a full play．

直接宾语可以是代词：

Don't tell her that．He told his brother that．Who asked you this？

Who gave it（to） you？ We gave it（to）him．I will pay it （to） you all．

1424 尽管上面句中的间接宾语可以变作to引起的短语，但这种短语少用为宜，但在下面这类句子中，却用以to引起的短语较好：

To you，I give this．（间接宾语为了强调而提前）

To the President，I write this letter．

To whom do you give it？（和一个疑问代词连用）

Who do you give it to？

Which boy do you sing to，Mary？

The man to whom you told the story is my uncle．（和关系代词连用）

I have given to him．（直接宾语省略）

I will write to him．

Please deliver to John．

I have given the book to Mary，the best student in class．（间接宾语比直接宾语更长更重要）

I only teach English to students who are truly anxious to learn．

The letter，I have sent to him．（直接宾语放在句首）

All these valuable things，he gave to me．

Some dictionaries have been given to the library．

（直接宾语是被动动词的主语）

A letter will be sent to him．

1425 图解：



20．S+DV+（for）N+N（John bought me a dog=John

bought a dog for me．）

1426 约有35个双宾动词用两个名词或代词作间接宾语及直接宾语。这种动词可变成及物动词，这时间接宾语应改作由for引起的宾语：

He ordered me a book．=He ordered a book for me．

She made me a dress．=She made a dress for me．

更多例句：

a．He built himself a hut．

The shoemaker turns me out 100 pairs of shoes．

Hunan Province yield China a lot of rice．

She wove me a garland．

The carpenter made Uncle a beautiful desk．

She cooked me eggs．

She boiled me some water．

Fix me a drink．

Please spread me some bread with butter．

I will cut you a slice of bread．

Pour me out some tea（or coffee）．

Please fill me some wine．

b．Please pull me a chair to the table．

Please fetch me a dictionary（or a doctor）．

He reached me a pencil．

I'll put you a chair over there．

He gathered me some stamps．

He chose his wife a nice dress．

Pick me out a dozen oranges．

Can you match me this cloth？

c．Can you find（or get，secure，obtain）me a job？

They reserved us a hotel room，called us a taxi，bought us a lunch．

The book won him a good name，earned him a lot of money，but created him many enemies．

This incident acquired（or gained） him wealth．

I've got me money enough，will buy me some liquor．（口语体）

You have save him so much trouble（or time，money）．

Can you spare me a few minutes（or one dollar）？

Could you change me this five-pound note（or ten-dollar bill）？

Can you cash me this bill？

1427 上面句子中的间接宾语可以变作由for引起的短语，在1424节中所说情况下，必须改成这种短语：

For you alone，I cook this fish．

For my family，I must save some money．

For whom do you build so big a house？

Who（m） do you choose this cloth for？

The person for whom you made a dress was my niece．

I will cook for you．

Please call（a taxi）for me．

She poured out coffee for John，the man she loved most．

I will get a job for John，who has been jobless for many months．

This trouble you can save for me and many others．

A good name will this good work gain for him，but not wealth．

Three taxis were called for us．

A magnificent palace was built for the king and queen．

1428 图解：



21．S+DV+N+N（John envied me my dog．）

1429 约有70个双宾动词虽然可以变作及物动词，却不在表人的宾语前用介词to或for。这时有几种情况： a．有些动词后，表人宾语前用另一介词；b．有些动词后，事物宾语前有一介词；c-f．其他动词很少变作及物动词：

a．They played（or served）John a trick（or a bad turn），bestowed him honour（or a title，praise），enjoined（or imposed）me obedience（or a duty），（=They played a trick on John，served a trick on him，bestowed honour on him，…）

She flung him a wink，flashed me a glance，shot John an angry look，cast me a glance，dealt（or hit） him a blow．（=She flung a wink at him，flashed a glance at me，…）

They bore us malice （or ill will，hatred），waged us war．（=They bore malice against us，waged war against us，…）

He bore me great affection（or good will）．（=He bore great affection for me，…）

He asked me some questions（or the time，my name，my address，the way，the fare，the price，the reason，the cause）．（=He asked some questions of me，…）

He asked you a favour （or permission，a kindness）．（=He asked a favour from you，…）

b．He envied John his new car （or his pretty wife），forgave us our sins（or our debt，our negligence，our misconduct），pardoned me the question（or my offence），excused me my asking，took me out a walk（or an airing，a drive）．（=He envied John for his new car，forgave us for our sins，…）

He banished me the realm，dismissed me the club（or the service），expelled me the school．（=He banished me from the realm，dismissed me from the club，…）

c．He fined me ten dollars ，wagered（or bet）me ten dollars（that John would win），bid me half the price，quoted you the best price（or a proverb），tipped me one dollar（or the wink）．

It costs him twelve dollars（or much trouble，his life），takes me six days（or all my life） to do that，will last me three years．

The business lost me all my capital，profited me a lot of money，netted him a thousand dollars daily．

d．I struck him a heavy blow，fetched him a slap（or a box on the ear）caught that man two kicks in the stomach，hit his face a rap，hit him a hard blow．（所有斜体动词都是gave的意思）

She kissed him good night（or good-bye，a welcome，a hearty kiss），swept him a look（or a bow，a curtsy），blew him a kiss．

She bore him witness（or company），kept him company，has borne him three children．

They made me a present（or some allowance，a request，an apology）．

e．It bodes（or portends）us no good（or evil）．He prophesied me success．

He set us a task（or the examination paper，a good example）．（Cf．He set a task for us．）

The doctor ordered me a complete rest（or a special diet，silence）．

He forbade his children tobacco（or the use of liquor or drugs）．

He deigned me no reply．

f．She dropped me a few lines（or a note，a postcard，a curtsy）．

I enclose you a list of new products．

He led me a（pretty）dance（or a dog's life）．

He called me names．

He let me blood．

He means（or intends）you no harm．

1430 图解：



22．S+DV+N+W-CL or W-I（John showed me what I should do or what to do．）

1431 约有10个动词用名词或代词作间接宾语，却用一个由疑问词引起的从句或不定式作直接宾语：

English grammar shows us how we should make sentences （=how to make sentences）．

Please tell me which book we should choose（=which book to choose）．

Can you advise me what I must do（=what to do）？

He asked me where he could get the entrance ticket（= where to get the entrance ticket） ．

He reminded me when I must go（=when to go）．

He notified me when John started for London．

Please inform that man whether his wife has been here．

You must teach your children when to act，what to say and where to stop．

She asked me where could she buy flowers？（注意主语前的助动词及句末的问号）

I ask him what must I study in this country？

1432 在这类句子中不要使用上节所提动词以外的动词，如：

I criticized him how he was wrong．（错句）

I know him when he will succeed．（错句）

He scolded his servant why he was so lazy．（错句）

1433 图解：



23．S+DV+N+that·CL（John convinced me that I was wrong．）

1434 约有30个双宾动词可用名词或代词作间接宾语，而用that 引起的从句作直接宾语。That这个字有时可省略。整个从句在重复时可以用so代替：

a．I told John（that） he was mistaken． Everybody had told him so．

They informed（or notified，apprised，advised，wrote，wired，telegraphed，phoned）my brother that the ship arrived on February2． I had in formed him so．

He whispered me that John had been arrested．

I remind him that the meeting is on Friday（or that he should send the letter）．

He assures me that everything is all right（or that I shall be a happy man）．Nobody else has assured me so．

He can't warrant me that it is genuine．I'll warrant you that you shall be paid．

b．He convinced（or persuaded，satisfied）her that he would love her always（or that they could be happy）．

This accident taught us that we were not careful enough （or that driving could be very dangerous）．

I entreated him that he must stop smoking．

I beseech him that he will help my family．

They admonished him that he should not drink liquor．

They ordered their men that they should fire．

He promised me that I should have a gold watch．

They warned him that the place was dangerous．

They threatened me that they would kill all my people．

c．He promised me that he would come．

We thanked Good（or our stars，Heaven）that our trial was ended．Thank Heaven I am better．I thank you that you have done this for me．

I flattered myself that I was not to do such a silly thing．

I bet（or wager）him five dollars that it will rain today．（Bet后跟两个直接宾语，这是英语中一个不寻常的现象。）

1435 上面提到的双宾动词有些可变作及物动词，这时可以用of引起的短语修饰：

They told him of my sickness，informed（or notified，apprised）him of your visit，reminded me of my promise，assured me of his honesty，convinced（or persuaded，satisfied）me of his innocence，admonished me of the danger（or my fault，my duty），warned him of the danger．

1436 在这类句子中不要使用上面所提动词以外的动词，如：

I criticized him that he was wrong．（错句）

I supposed him that he knew everything．（错句）

I know John that he will arrive late．（错句）

1437 图解：





D．系动词+各种补语



24．S+LV+A or PrP or PaP（John was rich．）

1438 约有90个系动词可用形容词、现在分词或过去分词作补语。

1439 a．表示状态的系动词：

1） He was sad（or pleased，amazed，very interesting）．

The house has been my uncle's（用名词所有格作补语）．

The book is John's．

He felt hungry（or sure，bad，bound to do it，annoyed）．

He seems ill（or happy，tired，satisfied，pleased）．



He appeared ill（or satisfied）．It bulked large．It loomed black．

He is asleep（or awake，alone，alive，afraid）．（表语形容词）

2） He stood alone（or neutral，first on the list，corrected，accused of a crime）．It stood well（or idle）．

This line runs parallel with that．Still waters run deep．

Everything（or Something，Nothing，All）went well（or right，ill，wrong，amiss）．How goes the world？How things go with us？English goes（=runs，passes）current in many countries．He went（=was usually）barefoot（or bareheaded，naked，hungry，well dressed）．

1440 b．表示状态开始的系动词：

1） He became fat（or poor，well-known，discouraged）．This system became quickly spread．This book became widely read by young people．Our country is becoming richer and richer，stronger and stronger Many of the newcomers became accustomed to this cold climate．

He got sick（or angry，shy，weak，lazy，careless，wet，ready，red，rich，free，shocked，shot，killed，fired，scolded，stung，burried，confused，lost，washed，dressed，engaged，interested，married）．He got to be （=became）rich（or friendly）．It got to be dearer now．The gum gets sore．It got cold（or dark，worse，better，loose）．（Become表示结果，get表示过程。）

2） He grew（=gradually became）strong（or wild，faint，more and more foolish，excited，tired，introxicated in a minute，accustomed to it）．It grew wild（or thick，tame，small）．It grew ripe（or sweet）．

He turned false（or pale，red）．It turned bad（or yellow，colder）．（比较：He was turned（of）［=was past］sixty．）

He went mad（or blind，deaf，bald，lame，crazy，wild，red，white，sick，pale，dry，wrong，native，distracted，drunk，lost）．It went bad（or sour，grey，dark，stale，rotten）．The engine（or The telephone）has gone dead．

The plan goes unheard and unnoticed．

3）His dream came true．The bill came due．The door came unhinged．How came they acquainted？How came you（to be）so rude？It came cheap．She is coming sixteen．The seam came unstitched（or unsewn）．The knot came untied．He came awake（or square are with her）．He came over（=grew）feverish （or sleepy）．The weather came over cloudy．He came（or ranked）first．

He ran wild（or mad）．The river ran dry（or high，low，deep，thick）．The prices ran high．Provisions ran short（or low）．The business does not run smooth．The beast ran loose．

He fell asleep（or dead，ill，tired，faint，dumb，silent，lame）．It fell calm（or dark，flat），The note fell due to me．The rent fell due．（Cf．Ten dollars is due to you．My salary is due tomorrow．）The night fe11 dark．The post fell vacant．The supply fell short．He fell（=began）humming（or thinking）．

The room struck cold（or nice，warm，comfortable） when one entered．

They made（themselves）merry（or sure that they would win，bold to do it）．

1441 c．表示状态结束或结果的系动词：

He proved useful．The wound proved fatal．

It turned out（or proved，came out）（=was found out） （to be）false（or correct，important，interesting）．

He came off victorious（or defeated，second best）．

Everything went（=proved）well with him．

Your knowledge of French will come in（=prove）service- able one day．

1442 d．表示状态继续的系动词：

He remained quiet（or firm，honest，poor，unmarried，unpunished，uncared-for）．It remained dirty（or dark，unsettled，untouched）．

It stayed motionless（or fresh）．H stayed silent（or asleep）．He stayed young（or rich all his life）．The store stays open till midnight．The library will stay closed．The paper stayed blank．

He continued firm（or silent，poor，lazy，unknown，un seen）．It continued strong．His illness continued unchanged．It continued rainy．

He kept cold（or silent，still．awake，aloof）．

He held firm（or silent，mute，aloof，still）．The rule held true（or good）for three years．

The grievances went（=remained）unredressed．He went unpunished（or unrewarded）．

You may rest assured（or satisfied，content，confident，se－ cure，certain，easy）．This disease rests mysterious．

1443 e．带有被动意义的系动词：

1）He looked proud（or black，pained，pleased，satisfied）．

It looked funny（or interesting）．

It smelt bad（or sweet，fragrant）．

It tastes sweet（or bitter，sour，good，delicious）．

It felt smooth（or soft，hard，cold，hot）．How does it feel to be hungry？

It sounded（=seemed）unripe（or expensive，strange，wise，easy，all right，reasonable）．Pork sounds too heavy to me．

2）The cake eats crisp．

The coin rang true（or false）．His statement rang hollow（or harsh）．

The meat cuts tender（or tough）．

Her dress wore thin（or threadbare）．It has worn smooth．

Our friendship has worn thin．

The street measures long．

The landscape reproduces too dark．The sky washes out slightly．The background records just right．

It weighs heavy（or much）．

It costs dear．（Cf．It is worth much．）

1444 f．近似于不及物动词的系动词：

1） He acted natural（or surprised）．（=He acted + he was natural［or surprised］= He was natural［or surprised］when he acted．）Don't act foolish．

He arrived safe．（=He was safe when he arrived．）

Mary awoke tired．（=Mary was tired when she a- woke．）

He was born poor．

My heart beat quick．

The door blew（or burst，crashed） open；banged shut．

She blushed scarlet．

The prisoners broke loose（or free）．

2）Stocks close irregular today．

They departed unseen．

The fire burned red（or bright）．

He came running（or singing，smiling，accompanied by his wife）．He came home hungry and tired and sad．Misfortune never comes single（or singly）．

The day dawned clear and bright．

He died happy（or young，worth a million，aged 26）．

He dresses young．

The flame dwindled weak．

3）He entered dressed in white and wearing slippers．

He fell down unconscious（or dead）．The snow is falling thick．

She flashed（or flared，flushed，flamed）red（or scarlet）．

It freezes bone-hard in winter．

The window flew open．

The bird glided peaceful and its feathers gleamed（or glowed）white．

He grows up unmanageable（or innocent）．

The moon hung low．Time hangs heavy on my hands．

He jerked free from debt．

4）He lay dead（or still，very sick，prostrate，asleep，awake，idle，dying，gasping，shivering，struggling，sleeping，hidden，buried，stretched out）．（=He lay and was dead；lay and gasped；etc．）

Something lay loose（or open，waste，idle）．The field lay fallow．The road lay level．Some books lay loose．The fallen leaves lay wet．The snow lay thick on the ground．They lay scattered（or concealed）．The carpet lay smooth．

He lives poor（or fast）．

5）He married young．

Many important things have passed unnoticed．

He played fair（or foul）．The dog played（or shammed） dead．

Silence reigned supreme．He ruled supreme．

He returned hungry and thirsty．

She rides easy in the saddle．

6）The sun shines bright（or dark）．

He sat silent（or idle，cross-legged，thinking，writing a letter，surrounded by friends）．

Baby sleeps easy at night．

It slid（or sprang）open．

He spoke hoarse（or plain，rough，sensible）．



He stood silent（or firm，mute with rage，taller than me，conspicuous，gazing at something，singing，playing on the guitar，six feet high，six feet in stocking）．（＝He stood and was silent；stood and gazed at some- thing；etc．）A glass of water stood by me halffull．

The pagoda stood out clear．The room stood empty．

The patient's leg swells big．

The door swings shut．

He talked big（or silly，wild，sensible，funny）．

He walks slow and lame．

He wandered about naked and hungry．

The screw works loose．

注：这种句子有一个起不及物动词作用的系动词，可以说是S+IV和S+LA+A的巧妙的结合。He talked clever．可以说是He talked．和 He was clever．的结合体。而且，它和 He talked cleverly．有些差别，clever 作为补语，说明主语he的情况，比cleverly语气更强，cleverly为副词，修饰动词talked．

1445 图解：





25．S+LV+N（John was a boy．）

1446 约有40个系动词可用名词或代词作补语：

a．He was a teacher．It was his book．That is he（or him）．

It was I（or me）．I am my own man．

He felt a fool（or a king，a child again，a millionaire，a free man again）．

He became a doctor．He commenced（archaic）writer（or carpenter）．He turned（rather unexpectedly）thief（or optimist，socialist，author，tailor）．They turned thief （or thieves）．It grew to be a big tree．The child has grown to be man．She grew up to be a pretty girl．（to be常省略，可参阅1440节）

He turned out a good doctor（or a robber）．It turned out a foolish idea（or an effective measure）．It will turn out a dream．He loomed up a horrible figure．He proved a thief（or a good father）．It proved an effective measure．It proved a great success（or a bad project）．Cf．1441

b．He remained a bachelor．They continued good friends．

She will stay a widow for the rest of her life．The case rests a mystery．Cf．1442

He looked（sometimes looked to be）a fool（or daggers，compassion，the doctor that he was）．My hut looks a wreck（or a palace to me）．He does not look himself．He appeared a thief．He seemed a good boy．It sounds a good plan（or nonsense）．It loomed a fearful figure．

He fell a prey to a tiger（or a victim to his own folly，a sacrifice to your scheme）．

c．She stood a peony and walked a lily．He stood godfather to me（or sentinel，sponsor）．He stood a giant（or my friend）．He posed the tallest of them all．He sat there a guest．He went an enemy and returned a friend．We parted the best friends．He came out a different man．He came off a loser（or a winner，a gainer）．He emerged a victor．He died a saint（or a beggar，a bachelor，a prisoner）．He lived a lonely man（or a bachelor）．He came home a millionaire．He returned a sadder and a wiser man．He left school a good scientist．He did cook and did host．He played truant（or the fool）．He acted best man for me．She acted hostess．He went cabin boy to Singapore．He went apprentice to a trade．He will go bail（or security） for that（or for John）．（在很多句子中，动词和其后面的名词之间可以插入“as'） Cf．1444

d．It meant happiness（or loss）．Liquor means death．It spelt ruin（or death，disaster）．A equals B．Two and four make six．He will make a good teacher．The place makes a heaven．John made one（or the fifth）of the company．Seven days constitute a week．He constitutes a burden on the family．

Did he look（or seem，remain）a scholar？He looked（or seemed，remained）so（=a scholar）．I am not a slave but I feel so（=a slave）．

He decided to be a scientist，and he becomes so（=a scientist）．

1447 “much of（或 somewhat of，little of…）+名词”可以用作补语：

He is much of a gentleman（or a lawyer，a rascal）．（=He is quite a gentleman，…）

He is somewhat of a politician．（=He is in some degree a politician．）

He looks more of（a） gentleman than（a）rogue．

He became less of a gentleman than a rogue．

He is enough of a philosopher to keep cold．

1448 一个抽象名词或具体名词用在具体主语后时，有时和一个由形容词表示的补语意思相近，若和all或一些其他特别词连用，则表示“极大程度”：

a．He is all mirth，all confusion，all attention，all kindness，all anxiety，all astonishment，all life，all dignity，all wisdom，all politeness，all gratitute，all aches and pains，all airs and graces，all talk and no deed．（=He is extremely merry，extremely confused，… ）

She is all tears，all thumbs，all smiles，all eyes，all ears，all skin and bones，all legs and breasts（=extremely sad，extremely clumsy，extremely cheerful，extremely attentive，…）

He is all boy（or all farmer）（=showing all characteristics of a boy，…）

The chest is all（=full of） precious books（or diamonds）．

He is the picture（or model，image，pattern，epitome，paragon）of wisdom．

He is the spirit（or soul，essence，crystalization）of honour（or meanness，selfishness）．

He became cruelty itself（or incarnate，embodied，personified，crystalized）．

b．John is immense fun（=full of fun）．

My studio is chaos．

Life is all glamour．

Is he good pay（=financially reliable）？

Whispering is bad manners（or good fun）．

This sentence is bad grammar（=grammatically wrong）．

John is good（or poor） company（=friendly or unfriendly）．

I could be more help．

This is no matter（=unimportant）．

This truck is no use（=useless）．

Th novel is nineteenth century．

Our party is Monday night．

This car is a green colour（=green），an American make．

What year is your car？

These two shirts are the same size，but different shapes．

What direction is the post office？

My pen is two dollars．

She doesn's look her age．

We are the same age，but you don't look your thirty years．Cf．1455

普通名词、集体名词、物质名词也偶尔用作带形容词意义的补语。注意它们前面常常不加冠词：

c．He is fool（or rogue）（=foolish or roguish）（普通名词）enough to say that．

He is gentleman enough to stand firm．

He became fully master of（=proficient in）mathematics．

He is right wing（集体名词）

His taste is middle-class．

The clergyman is church of England．

John is Cambridge University．

This watch is gold（物质名词）．

My dress is silk．

The image is plaster of Paris．

This poem is Shakespeare（专有名词）．

1449 图解：



26．S+LV+AP（John was in．）

1450 只有be可以用地点副词作补语，其他系动词很少这样用。在这里地点副词起形容词的作用，往往不表示地点而表示别的东西：

a．Somebody was about（=near）．He will be about（=active）again after he leaves the hospital．He is now up（or out）and about（or around）（＝active after an illness）．Lots of books are about（=available） in this city．Influenza is about（=here and there）in this area，He is not about （=very unwilling）（美语）to admit his fault．

b．He has been around（=is sophisticated）．

c．The hammer is away（=put away） in the box．

d．Nobody was by（=near）．None of his relatives are close （or near）by．

e．He is not yet down（＝ He has not yet dressed and come downstairs）．The tide is down（=out）．He is down with （＝ ill in bed with）a cold．The river is down．The sun（or The moon） is down．The tyre is down（=flat）．The rate （or The price，Her temperature）is down（=has become lower）．He seems terribly down（=depressed）about his defeat．He appears down and out（=utterly defeated，in very bad circumstances）．He is down in the mouth（＝ sad）．He is down to two dollars（=has only two dollars left）．She is down for（=on the program for）a song．He will be down on（=look down on）me for this mistake．He was down（=failed）in the exam．Your words are down （＝ written）in the contract．

f．He is home from school．They are back by six．

g．Is he in（=at home or in the office）？ Is the train（or the steamer）in（=arrived）？ Oranges are now in（in season）．Summer is in（＝come）．He has been in（＝in office，in power）for two years．A short skirt is in（=in fashion）．The rice crop is［safely］in（＝has been reaped）．Applications should be in（=received）by May 3．I'm in for （=will join）the contest．We are in for（=will suffer） a punishment．

h．I must be off（＝ go）now．The train is off（=has started）．The church is miles off（=away）．Christmas is not far off．The electricity（or The water，The gas）is off （=not on，no more available）．This gift article was off （＝no more available） months ago．The meeting（or The picnic，The engagement）is off（= cancelled）．He is well （or badly，ill）off（=in good［or bad］circumstances）．My watch is off（=wrong）．His hat and overcoat were off（=had been taken off）．This lamp is 30 percent off （=off its regular price）．The meat is off（=no longer fresh）．I'm off（=free from regular work） today．

i．The water（or The electricity，The light，The tap，The radio）is on（＝ running，functioning，in action）．The battle （or The rain，The show）is on；（＝going on）．What is on （=happening）in the street？What is on（=on the pro- gram）at Palace？His hat is on（=on his head）．His case is on（= being considered）．Dinner is on（=served）from six to ten．All passengers are on（＝ in the vehicle）．

f．My brother is out（=not in，not at home）．The manager is out（＝not in the office）．The secret is out（=has become known）．The latest number of the magazine is out（＝published）today．The results are out（=have been pub- lished）．The stars are out（=visible）．My daughter is al- ready out（=has already been introduced into society）．The tide is out（=low）．The flowers are all out（=open）．The wine（or the cup）is out（=finished）．My purse is out （=empty）．The term is out（=finished）．The lease is out （=at the end of the term）．School is out（=over）．I shall return before the week is out（=finished）．The candle（or The fire）is out（=has been extinguished）．The Republican Party is out（=not in power）．The road is out（=impassable）due to snow．Some prisoners are out（=re- leased）．This hairdo has been out（=out of fashion）for 5 months．The labourers are out（=on strike，out of a job）．My hand is out（=out of practice）．Two players were out （=had lost the right to play）．You are out（=wrong） in your guess．My watch is ten minutes out（=too fast or too slow）．They are out（=at odds）with each other．

k．The storm（or The rain，The show，The war）was over （=has ended-opposite to on）．It is all over（= all finished）with me．The tea party is nearly over．Some friends were over（= came here）yesterday．Some money is still over（=remaining）．He'll be over（=there）（口语体） at six．

l．He is not at all there（or here）（=crazy）．（俚语）

m．When will you be through with（=finish）my novel？ I am through for the day（=have finished today's work）．I get through with my work at 6 p．m．．He is through in politics（=His political life is finished）．I am through with you（=Our friendship is no more）．You are through （=Telephone connection has been made）．

n．The moon（or The sun）is up（=has risen）．Prices（or Sales）are up（=have become higher）．A question is up （＝ arises）．He was up（=did not sleep）all night．He is not up（=has not left bed） yet．Let us be up and doing （＝active and busy）．The country is up（=rising）．My blood is up（＝ I am angry）．The rebels were up．Parliament is up（＝no longer in session）．Your chance is up （＝finished）．Time is up（=The alloted time has terminated）．His time（or His term，His leave）is up．What is up（＝happening）with you．It is all up（=all finished，hopeless）with him．He seems well up in（=well acquainted with）this subject（or current events）．He will be up（＝go to a higher place or a large city）．He will be up and around（＝well）again soon．He is up（=on trial）in court．

o．He is alone（or away，aloof，asleep，agape）．It is ashore（or aflame，afloat，abloom）．（这些是作补语的形容词，前面带有前缀a-，有些并不是“地点”副词。）

Were is the Great Wall？When is her wedding？How are you？（这里用疑问词作补语）

1451 图解：



27．S+LV+P．N or P．G（John was in a bad temper．）

1452 约有15个系动词可用介词短语作补语：

He is in Room Six．They have been at the wedding party．

The book seems about some form of revolution．My house is without water．Are they for or against the proposal？I am from Tibet．

1453这些短语可能是通常在系动词后用的成语：

a．He was at hand（or at work）．

He was in debt（or in power，in pain）．

He was on duty，（or on edge，on the phone）．

He was out of office（or out of work）．

He was under oxygen．

He was beyond himself with grief．

It was below sea level（or below the average）．

It was beneath contempt（or beneath criticism）．

It was beyond repair（or beyond belief）．

It was in blossom（or in fashion）．

It was on sale（or on ice）．

It was out of context．

It was all over the place（of It is simply over my head）．

It was within one's grasp（or within sight）．

b．I feel at home（or out of sorts，up to it，at ease）．

It has become of no use．They grew at variance（or out of temper）．

He seemed at his wit's ends．The news seemed out of doubt．Your remark appeared out of place．He appeared out of his mind．He appeared just out of school．

He looks in good health．She does not look at ease．It looked out of place．It smells fish．It tastes of onion．They kept in touch with me．Our world remains out of order．The situation continued out of tune．

He went off his head（or out of his mind，into ecstasies）．He stood in terror（or in awe，in dread of it，in meed of it）．I lay at his mercy．The city lies in ruins．

1454 介词的宾语可以是一个动名词：

That is like throwing pearls before swine．

She is near crying．

It is worth doing．

She is above marrying such a man．

He is against declaring war．

He is for fighting to the last man．

He is past relenting．

1455在系动词后，use，age，size，colour这类名词前的of常常省略：

It is of no use（=useless）．It is of educational interest（=interesting in education）．It is of some consequence．It is of little value．

（Of）What age is he？He is（of） your age．They are（of） the same age．the same sex，the same taste．They are society people，but not our type；We are not that sort．

（Of）What size（or shape，length，height）is It？The animal is the size of an ox（or the shape of a bird）．These two buildings are the same height．The street is the right width．The bed is just the length he likes．He is a long figure．The room is a hundred feet square．It's good quality and a good design．

What colour is the table？The table is a dark yellow（or the colour of your chairs）．

What price is the car？（Cf．How much is the car？）The car is twenty thousand dollars．

What weight is the pork？The pork is two kilograms．

What use is this stick？The stick is no use．The dog is much service to men．What good is this cat？It's no good．

What part of speech is the word“go”？

1456 约有10个系动词可和名词连用，表示数目或尺寸。这些名词前可说省略了某些介词。不过多数字典都认为这些动词是不及物动词（若真是不及物动词，它应可以独用，在它后面不需加上日期，尺寸或重量的词。）：

The journey costs ten days（or five thousand dollars）．

The work costs a lot of care．

The sugar weighs five kilograms．

The table measures two feet in width and four feet in length．

The thermometer reads（or registers，indicates）30℃．

He looks only twenty years of age．

He stood five feet．

The rainfall averages 52 inches a year．

The workers average eight hours a day．

The students total two thousand．

The troops numbered twenty thousand．

1457 图解：

注：这个符号表明它上方的介词短语起单一词类（形容词）的作用。参阅1311节。



28．S＋LV＋I（John was to come at six．）

1458 约有10个系动词可以用不定式作补语。

1459 这些系动词中最重要的是be．

1460 a．不定式可以用作名词型的补语，表示某个动作和抽象主语所指是同样东西：

My aim（抽象主语）is to assist you（or for him to lead a happy life，for Mary to go to college）．

His advice is for you to admit your mistakes（or to fight to the last man）．

Our difficulty was to master English in a year（or to have to smile in the presence of our boss all the time）．

To teach is to learn．To boast is to cheat．To live is to suffer and to struggle until our death．

1461 b．不定式也可以用作形容词型的补语，表示主语的动作或品质。主语可以是抽象的东西，也可以是具体的东西：

This book（事物）is to be read（＝readable）by children．This herb is not to be eaten（=edible）．The house is to protect us from rain，sunshine and theft．Money is to be spent．

We（人）are to get married next Sunday．Mary is to go to college next year．I am to teach English grammar．John is to die at 90．

Music（抽象名词）is to entertain and raise our spirit．Grammar is to assist us in writing good sentences．The worst is to come．

He is to blame（＝to be blamed）．The house is to let（=to be let）．（有被动意义。）

1462 在下面句子中有be以外的系动词，后面可跟不定式：

The report proves（or turns out）to be true．He proved to know it all．

The situation appears to be improving．It looks to be easy．

The letter seemed to have been tempered with．

He can't seem to see（=He seems unable to see）．

He grew to know the world．He grew to believe it．He came to hate her（or to know her，to hear it，to believe it）．This place has come to be used as a school．He is getting to be （=is becoming）a nice fellow．Kim got to be（=became）well-known．

This theory remains to be tested．He continues to be faithful．

He stands to（=is sure to）win（or gain，lose）．

1463 如果主语是不定式，或是补语很长，那么用不定式作补语比用动名词作补语更好一些：

His purpose is to discover（而不用discovering）who is the most faithful of his friends．His habit has been to eat break- fast after brushing his teeth．

To respect others is to be respected（而不用being respected）．（=If you respect others，you will be respected．）To keep silent is to save plenty of trouble．（=If you keep silent，you will save plenty of trouble．）

1464 图解：

参阅1311节。

注意不定式to admit意义上的主语for you的图解办法。



29．S＋LV＋G（John's problem was having to do it at once．）

1465 只有系动词be可以用动名词作补语：

His problem was having to get over all these obstacles．

That is telling a lie．That would be going too far．

My objective is finishing the work as soon as possible．My problem was having to get everything ready by six．His distress was having too much money and too many wives．His bad habit has been getting up late．My mistake is studying literature．

Leaving a large fortune to children is encouraging them to be good-for-things．（如果主语是动名词，则用动名词作补语，比用不定式作补语时多。）

Saving is having．

Seeing is believing．

注：在这类句子中，主语必须是抽象名词或动名词，be表示主语和补语是指同样东西。但在John is studying．The wind is blowing．The story is interesting．This child is charming．这类句子中，动词的-ing形式表示主语的动作或特点，因此是谓语动词或是分词，而不是动名词。外形相似，但意义不同。

1466 图解：



30．S＋LV＋That-Cl（John's problem was that he had to do it at once．）

1467 在所有系动词中只有be能用that引起的从句作补语：

His problem was that he had to get over these obstacles．

The chances are that he will fail．His order is that every- body should come at seven．

Not that she loves Bob，but that she loves society．（=It is not that…but it is that…）

It's not so much that I lover her as that she loves me．

See和appear可用来代替be，但只能在主语为it时这样用：

It seemed（=or appeared）that he was right．（=The ap- pearance was that he was right．）

1468 图解：

注：这种由that引起的从句可以借助来图解，作为一个单一词类看待，而成为系动词was的名词型补语（参阅1311节）。从句的图解方法和一个简单句一样，只是在前上方放有连词that．



31．S＋LV＋W-Cl or W-I（John's problem was what he should study or what to study．）

1469 在所有系动词中只有be能用一个由疑问词引起的从句或不定式作补语：

That（or This）is why I have come（or why I worry）．

The problem is who is to pay and when we can start．



Our problem is what to do，where to go，how to begin．

Our question is how can we stop this bloodshed and when shall we live a peaceful life？（注意主语前的助动词和句末的问号）

My question is what to do after I am graduated．

1470 图解：

注：疑问词why的双重作用（副词及连词）均已在图解中表示出来。

注：由疑问词引起的不定式可以看作是由疑问词引起的从句的紧缩形式，省略了从句中的主语和谓语动词be．



32．S＋LV．A．P．＋N or G或

S＋LV．PrP．P＋N or G或

S＋LV．PaP．P＋N or G（John was afraid of dogs．）

1471 约有30个系动词跟有一个形容词（或分词）及一个合适的介词，在语法上等于一个及物动词。有时甚至可以找出意思与这种动词短语意思相近的单一及物动词。

Be是这类系动词中最重要的一个：

a．He is conscious of[or is alive to]（＝knows）（LV．A．P）his situation（or being suspected）．He is short of（＝lacks）money．John is desirous of（＝desires）fame（or going abroad）．This is similar to（＝resembles）that．She is void of（＝has no）common sense．They are fearful of （=fear）rats（or being searched）．She is fond of（＝likes）flowers．He is averse to（=dislikes）tobacco（or helping anyone）．His face is suggestive of（=suggests）contempt．He is famous for hospitality．He is attentive to the lecture．These books are readable by young men only．His writings are unintelligible by common people．Her singing was audible by the farthest seats．The movie is enjoyable by anybody．He is equal to meeting any crisis．They were bent on doing evil．All things are subject to decay．I am sorry for him．She is sore at me．She's cuckoo on dress．

b．This story is interesting to（=interests）（LV．PrP．P）every child．The movie was amusing to（=amused）the audience．His expression was pleasing to（=pleased）his friends．The result is shocking to（=shocks）our team．

c．Water is composed of（=comprises）（LV．PaP．P）oxygen and hydrogen．He is pleased with（＝likes）my gift（or playing with children）．John was accustomed（or used）to comfortable life（or living in a warm climate）．He is reduced to poverty（or begging）．John is given to imtemperance（or lying）．He was starved to death．This is made of iron．He is qualified for the job（or teaching）．He is interested in chickens（or keeping ducks）．He is tied up in a crime．

1472 一些其他系动词也可用于这种结构：

a．He felt tired of life；seemed（or appeared）astonished at the news．Things seem hard on me．

He became conscious of the danger；got married to her；grew intoxicated with love；went distracted with grief；fell（or came）short of his duty；ran short of provisions（or hands，goods）．His income fell short of the expenditure．His work fell short of the standard（or our expectation，the required amount）．His speech fell flat on the audience．The tax fell heavy on the tenants．It came right（or easy，natural，wrong，ill）to me．The ship got or ran，fell）foul of the rocks（or a junk）．The sewing machine proved（or turned out）useful to our family．

b．He remained ignorant of the serious situation．The pack- age remains untouched by anyone．The library stays open to the public．He kept aloof from others．She stays keen on David，a teacher she met five years ago．You may rest certain of his support（or obtaining what you want）．

It smells（or tastes，looks）bad to him，but good to me．The statement sounds funny to us．

He stood mute with rage．The burden sat light（or easy）on me．The custom passes current among mountaineers．The remarks passed unnoticed by all present．She fought shy of him（or canned food）．

He made merry over another's mishap．I must make sure of his address．He makes free with my money．They made ready for the fight．

注：某些名词，例如enemy，可以用作形容词：

He is an enemy（=averse）to falsehood．He is a friend to （=fond of）literature．He may be master of（=proficient in）this subject．

1473 图解：



33．S＋LV．P．N．P＋N or G（John was in fear of death．）

1474 约有5个系动词（特别是be）可以和介词、名词和介词构成成语。这种成语在语法上相当于一个单一的及物动词，可以用名词、代词或动名词作宾语：

a．We were at war with（=fought）them．He was at the head of（＝headed）the procession．He is at home in （＝knows）English．Gambling is at the bottom of（=causes）all evils．He seems at a loss for words．

They grew at variance with us．They are at peace with us．He remains at the zenith of his fame．

This subject is beyond the reach of（=exceeds）my knowledge．

He appeared beside himself with joy（or praising him- self）．

b．The adventurer is in the danger of（＝risks）losing his life．He is in a fair way to（＝approaches）success（or being promoted）．Mary is in the mood for music（or listening to music）．He is in the service of（=serves）Dr．Johnson．He is in command of（=commands）5000 men．She is in the first blush of youth．He is in partner- ship with some friends．It is accordance with the rules．The documents are in the hands of a jeweller．He is in charge of this library．The book is in process of publication．

c．He is on a visit to（=is visiting）Japan．They were on an expedition to the North Pole．They are on the track of （＝are pursuing）a criminal．I am on the lookout for（＝am finding）a job．He was on the brink of（=was nearing）death．He is on the high road to being promoted．He is on the point of moving to another place．

It is out of keeping with（=violates）his words．He became out of favour with her．He grows out of touch with the times．This subject goes out of the sphere of science．

This is within the reach of ordinary men．He is within an inch of destruction．

1475 图解：



34．S＋LV．A＋I或

S＋LV．PaP＋I（John was anxious to study．）

1476 一个系动词加上一个表示意愿的形容词（或过去分词）可构成动词短语，如果后面跟一个不定式（作宾语），这个短语在语法上也相当于一个及物动词。约有10个系动词可以这样用：

He is anxious（or concerned）（=longs）to go abroad．

They are impatient（or eager，keen）（＝eagerly wish）to get married．

He is disposed（or desirous，inclined）（=likes）to fight．

After living abroad for thirty years，she is dying to see her fatherland．

He seems determined（or decided，resolved）to divorce her．

He is ready（or prompt）to help the poor．

He grows interested to get rich．

He appears willing（or content，ready，prepared）to work hard．

We are apt（or liable）to criticize others．

After three months of illness，he remains ambitious to stand first in the class．

He felt afraid to disturb his boss．

At the age of ten，he became curious to know about sex．

David is going（=intends）to study electronics．

We are agreed（=have agreed）to wait and see．

He is all wild（or crazy，dying，burning）（=fervently wishes）to own a motorcycle．

He is unwilling（or averse，loath，reluctant）（=refuses）to help anyone．

这样用的不定式可有一个意思上的主语：

He is anxious for Mary to study hard．=He is anxious that Mary study（or shall study or should study）hard．

He is eager for his students to pass the examination．=He is eager that his students pass（or shall pass or should pass）the examination．

He is willing for his daughter to marry a poor scholar．

I am in no hurry for you to get married．

He is pleased for you to come over．

副词too可以放在上面提到的形容词前，意思和very相同。但He is too（=very）anxious to speak．和He is too angry to speak．不同，后者的意思是He is so angry that he cannot speak．此外，all too，but too，only too可用来代替too，表示very，但意思更强一些。

1477 图解：



35．S＋LV．A．＋that-Cl或

S＋LV．PaP＋that-Cl或

S＋LV．P．N．＋that-Cl（John was afraid that his mother would scold him．）

1478 一个系动词和一个表示精神作用的形容词（或过去分词）可构成动词短语，在语法上相当于一个及物动词，后面可跟一个由that引起的从句作宾语。约有10个系动词能用在这种短语中：

a．I am sure（＝believe）that he is at home．He was afraid （=feared）that he would fail．I am not doubtful（=don't doubt）that he will succeed．He is aware（＝knows）that I cannot help him．I am glad（=rejoice）that the war is over．He became angry that you made the same mistake．I made certain（or sure）the door was closed．He remains （or keeps）confident that he will win．He is ignorant（or conscious，sensible，happy，thankful，…）that every- thing is OK．

b．He is deeply interested that I'll study in France．He appeared（or seemed）surprised that I said“no”．He felt （or grew）worried that you didn't write．

c．I'm amazed（or shocked，annoyed，irritated，disappointed，disturbed，upset）that you should reject her like that．（在这类由that引起的从句中可用should表示感情，有时有like that，so这类词和它一起用。）

I'm glad（or pleased，grateful，satisfied）that you should return the money so fast．

在书面语中的表示“不安”的词后，可用lest…should代替that…should：

He is afraid lest she should（or might）reveal the secret．

I felt uneasy lest she should have an accident．

He was impatient lest he should be late．

1479 在和虚拟语气的动词一起用时，that可有if的意思：

He would be happy that（=if）you should follow his advice．

I should be astonished that（＝if）you could win the game．1480由于“介词+名词”有时相当于一个形容词，所以S＋LV．P．N＋that-Cl可以相当于S＋LV．A＋that-Cl。和S＋LV．P．N．P＋N一样，这种句型本可构成另一句型，但由于例句较少，为了处理上的方便，在这里一道处理：

He is under the apprehension（=is apprehensive）that a great war will break out．

He is in hopes（＝is hopeful）that you will recover very soon．

I am in dread（=am afraid）that he will fail．

He was in fear（＝was afraid）lest she should be killed．

I am of opinion that every man is a good man．

He is under the impression that your family is very happy．

1481 That常可省略，特别是在一些常用形容词后的that从句中：

I am glad you have come．

Are you afraid he will be angry？

I'm sorry you are hurt．

She is sure he will come．

1482 在形容词（或分词）和that从句之间不要插入介词：

He is afraid of that his mother will scold him．（错句）

I am sorry for that I have made the same mistake．（错句）

1483 图解：



36．S＋LV．A．（P）＋W-Cl or W-I或

S＋LV．PaP．（P）＋W-Cl or W-I或

S＋LV．P．N．（P）＋W-Cl or W-I（John was doubtful whether he would succeed or what to do next．）

1484 由系动词加表示精神作用的形容词（或副词）和介词构成的短语，如果用一个由疑问词引起的从句或不定式作宾语，它在语法上也相当于一个及物动词。约有10个系动词可用在这种短语中。介词常常省略掉（可参阅1478，1482节）

a．He is not sure（of）whether you will succeed．I am forgetful（of）what I have done．He appeared（or seemed）afraid（of）what you would do．I grow doubtful（of）whether she likes me．He became aware（of）how you treated him．He seems ignorant（of）who is his father．He felt surprised（at）why Wang was killed．Be careful （of）how you write to her．He seemed reckless（of）what would happen．He remains curious（about）why she neglects him．I am amazed（at）how he has succeeded．He is indifferent（to）what you said．I am not certain（of）when this ought to be done．He grows fussy（about）how his meals are cooked．

b．He is not sure（about）how to do it．He is careful（of）what to say．He is not sure（of）whether to resign or not （=whether he should resign or not）．I am forgetful（of）what to do（=what I must do）．I grow doubtful（of）where to find a job（=where I can find a job）．He seems ignorant（of）when to go back to school after the vacation．He is indifferent（to）what food to eat and what work to do．He grows fussy（about）what to drink．John seems puzzled（about）what to say．He remained doubtful（of）where to find a wife．He grew curious（about）how to make a toy．

1485 由于“介词+名词”有时在语法上相当于一个形容词，在本节中将LV．P．N和LV．A合并处理可能是适当的（参阅1480）：

a．He is in doubt（=is doubtful）（as to）what we could do．I am in a puzzle（=am puzzled）（about）what step I must take．I am at sea（=am puzzled）（about）how he did it．I am at my wit's end（or in perplexity）（about）which way to take，whether to get married or not．

b．He is in doubt what to do．I am in a puzzle（about）what step to take．He is all at sea（about）how to begin．I am at my wit's end（or in perplexity，in two minds，in several minds）（about）which way to take，whether to get married or to continue my study．

1486 图解：

注1：在S＋LV＋C这类句型中，还有一个句型可包含在内，那就是用as引起的从句作形容词型补语的句子。

Things are exactly as（=in the same state as）they were before．

This country is almost as I left it ten years ago．

Our policy is still as we declared it in Geneva．

注2：句型32，33，34，35，36都在S＋LV＋C类句子中处理，因为它们中间都有系动词。不过放在S＋TV＋O 那一类中处理也许更好，因为系动词和某些词可构成及物动词。这样安排虽然比较合乎逻辑，但容易使某些读者感到糊涂。



E．宾补动词+宾语+各种补语



1487 和S＋DV＋O＋O句型的直接宾语一样，S＋FV＋O＋C句型中的宾语通常为名词或代词（而补语可以是形容词、名词、地点副词、介词短语、分词或不定式）：

I find John talking with his child．

I want him to dress like a nice boy．

但这种句型中的宾语间或也可能是不定式、动名词或名词从句。在这种情况下，不定式、动名词或从句应用代词it代替，本身则移到补语后面去，成为it的同位语。

I find it hard to persuade a woman．（不可说I find to persuade a woman hard．）

He considers it necessary that a man should know at least one foreign language．（不可说He considers that…language necessary．）



37．S＋FV＋N＋A（John made the house dirty．）

1488 约有200个宾补动词可用形容词作补语。

a．约有50个宾补动词表示精神活动（有些结构属书面语）：

1）They found the book easy；felt it cold；felt themselves guilty；saw him so sad；learned her gone；discovered the house empty．

2）They thought him honest；fancied themselves right；imagined it easy；supposed it true；presumed it genuine；esteemed themselves happy；considered it easy；figured（or counted）it good；accounted themselves innocent；believed it true；judged it good；concluded him dead；held it cheap；held me dear；conceived themselves safe；knew him honest；took it easy（or ill，amiss）；remembered him still young．

3）They called（or termed）him generous；declared him dead；avowed themselves wrong；pronounced it genuine；professed themselves mistaken；confessed them- selves guilty；were reputed very generous．

4）They proved it false；showed themselves honest；certified him insane（or healthy）；guaranteed（or warranted）it pure；passed him honest；rated it good；granted it possible；graded his handwritting illegible．

5）They feigned themselves ill；pretended themselves innocent；counterfeited themselves crazy；boasted it precious．

6）They wished him dead（or ill，happy）；wanted the house clean and tidy；liked their tea very strong；preferred the soup fresh and warm．

1489 b．约有30个宾补动词既不表示精神活动也不表示具体动作：

1）They made him responsible；got the floor dirty；had the tickets ready；had their pockets empty；rendered the work difficult；turned the situation favourable；drove（or set，made）him mad（or wild）；sent me crazy；struck him dead（or dumb，speechless，deaf，blind）；left everything topsy-turvy．

2）They put（or set，brought）things right；kept the room clean；placed him first in maths；bled their parents white；ranked him honourable；cut me dead；marked six of the students absent．He is aged twenty- six．He's born blind．It is dated May 1．

1490 c．至少有50个宾补动词表示具体动作：

1）He pushed（or flung，threw，burst，broke，forced，kicked，held）the door open；slammed the door shut；cut the string short；shot her dead；boiled the eggs hard；opened it wide；beat（or hammered）it flat；washed（or brushed，wiped，licked，swept）it clean；slit the envelope open；beat（or pinched）her black and blue，burned himself dead；knocked himself senseless；shook me awake．

2）He baked the cake brown；pulled it long；ground it sharp；chopped it short；turned the light low；wrapped it up tight；raised the portrait high；copied it fair；dyed it red；stained it blue；pumped（or squeezed，shook，wrung，drank）it dry；rubbed it smooth；stripped it bare；sliced it thin；stuffed（or filled）his pockets full，burned the bread black．

1491 d．约有20个宾补动词（多由不及物动词变成）表示人的动作，后面常跟自身代词：

They talked（or sang）themselves ill（or hoarse）；drank themselves drunk；ate themselves sick；slept themselves sober；read themselves asleep；cried（or wept）themselves blind；laughed themselves red in the face（or hoarse）；shouted themselves hoarse；walked themselves lame；stripped themselves naked；danced themselves weary，wept themselves sober；studied themselves silly．

1492 当宾补动词和形容词都是单音节词，尤其当宾语较长，或包含有疑问词或关系代（副）词时，形容词常紧跟在动词后面：

They made good（单音节词）the loss（or their promise）；made clear（or plain）their opinion；let loose their caged birds；laid bare（or open）the enemy's design；laid waste the enemy's country．

He set free all the prisoners of the city（较长宾语），threw open the private garden which they had closed many years；broke open the door which they could not open with the key；cut short the sentence that seemed too long．

Whose（疑问词）letter are you copying fair？Which string are you going to cut short？What people do you consider great？

He has a grey beard which（关系代词）he shaves close every five days．He spoke to a woman whose husband he was going to set free．He spoke kindly to John，whom he secretly wished ill．

1493 在上述句子中，宾语的补语表示宾补动词所指动作的结果。但在下面句子中，宾语的补语常是when所引起的从句的紧缩形式。例如alive意思是when he was alive，young意思是when it was young，约有20个动词常可这样用：

They trapped the animal alive；trained it young．

They took （or caught，saved，buried，burned）him alive．

They usually ate the herb raw；drank their tea very weak；served the food hot；roasted an ox whole．

The snake swallows its prey whole．

They carried him half-dead to the hospital；returned the purse intact to the owner；bought it ready-made（or second- hand）；brought the child safe to land；sent me healthy and happy back to my parents．

1494 So可以用来代替任何形容词补语：

“Is it correct？”“I find it so．”“But I don't think it so．”

“He is cunning．”“But I don't call him so．”

Your future will be fine if you decide to make it so．

1495 至少有30个及物动词（大多表示精神活动），可以成为宾补动词，但要求形容词前加as：

a．They abandoned it as useless；acknowledged themselves as careless；accepted（or announced）the story as true；censured this chapter as unnecessary；certified the statement（as）correct；construed his reply as unfavourable；counted themselves as（or for）dead（or lost）；criticized him as heartless；declared themselves as clever；denied it as stupid；denounced him as traitorous；decided him as silly；described the case as serious；designated him as dishonest；couldn't ensure the business as profitable；feigned themselves as ignorant of the robbery；gave me up as（or for）dead（or hopeless）．

b．They held it as valuable；labelled him as dishonest；looked upon the stone as genuine；looked up to him as holy；ranked Shakespeare as the first；reckoned the child as clever；recognized it as important；regard the plan as difficult；represent the situation as hopeless；see him as trust worthy；set down the advice as valuable；stigmatized him as cruel；warrant the liquor as genuine．

1496 图解：

as unnecessary在这里作为一个整体来图解，很难在图解中给as一个真正合适的位置。



38．S＋FV＋N＋AP（John laughed it away．）

1497 无数的宾补动词可用地点副词（或称副词型小品词）作宾语补语。

这个句型38可以看作是句型7 S＋TV．AP＋N的变体。句型7包含3个部分（参阅1341）。TV和AP放在一起，作为一个整体；N可能由3个或更多个重要的词构成。而句型38包含4个部分。句型7的TV变为FV，AP变为补语，起独立作用，并受强调；N包含一个（多为代词）或两个较不重要的词（参阅1364）。

a．He pulled me aside．They set the decision aside（=did not carry it out）．Put it aside（=reserve it）．

He kept the child away from the dog；scolded his maid away；wished me away；bothered the guests away；snatched her letter away．He talked the hours away （＝talked so that the hours flitted away）；wept the night away；dreamed his hours away（=passed his hours in dreaming）；drank his property away（=drank so much that he became poor）；laughed my fears away （=dismissed them by laughing）；explained my doubts away．

He called me back；hit me back；answered me back；paid the money back；frowned me back．

b．He helped her down；got（or had）it down（=had it written）；took my letter down（=wrote it in short-hand while I dictated it）．The applause brought the house down （so loud was the applause）．He laughed this idea down （=so that it failed）；talked（or laughed）me down（= talked or laughed so that I couldn't speak or act）；has lived the scandal down（＝lived until it is forgotten by people）．They voted the measure down．Put me（or my name）down for ten dollars（given to a charity）．

c．Send the child home；see her home．He drove the argument home（=made the listeners understand its full force）．

He let us in；rang the guests in．We danced the New Year in；bowed the guests in；count him in，plug the kettle in．She has her pupils in by 8 a．m．

He saw her off；helped her off with her coat；could bite his tongue off（=regretted having said something wrong）．He turned the lights（or the radio）off；slept the headache（or fatique）off（=slept until he got rid of his headache or fatigue）；walked his meal off；laughed the idea off =（down）；paid his debt off；let me off at the station．

d．He put（or had）his white shirt on；pulled her socks on；helped her on with her coat；left the light on；turned （or switched）the TV on．

He let the dog out；bowed his guests out；found his way out；pushed the window out；had an evening out．He blew the candle out；brought the meaning out（＝made the meaning clear）；cried his heart out；swore his tongue out．He told the secret straight（or right）out；had it out with his enemy（=came to a settlement with him by frank discussion）．She had her cry（or sleep）out（=cried or slept until she felt satisfied）；sat the show out（＝sat until the show was over）．The wind raged itself out（=raged until it was exhausted）．

e．He knocked the glass over；helped her over；handed the business over to me；asked me over（＝asked me to call on him）；turned the page over．We talked the matter over（＝discussed it carefully）；thought the matter over；looked the letter over．He counted the the apples over（=again）．he declared the war over（=at an end）．He had his grandson over in Berlin．

f．He slept the clock round（=slept 24 hours）．

He called his men together；tied all the prisoners together．

He read it through（=till the end）；saw the event through；sat the night through；saw your trick through（=was not deceived by it）；waved me through．

He pulled his socks up．He kept his reputation up；brought his children up；looked the word up in the dictionary；locked（or chained，nailed，packed，tore，broke）it up（=thoroughly，completely）．

They cannot keep the revolt under．

1498 图解：



39．S＋FV＋N＋N（John called me Lee．）

1499 至少有110个宾补动词用名词作补语。

1500 约有70个宾补动词后面不必跟as．这类动词有些后面可以加as，但也可不加：

a．They made（or crowned，anointed）him King；appointed（or nominated）him（as）Minister of Finance；consecrated him archbishop；constituted（or inaugurated）him president；chose（or elected）him（as）their leader；promoted him general；commissioned him general．The King created him count；dubbed him a knight．He was named assistant；ordained priest；incorporated a member．

b．They call（or name；nickname，dub）him Fatty；christen（or baptize）her“Mary”；term（or style）themselves “Doctors”；label（or brand）him（as）a fool；entitled the book“Words”；phrase the failure a “success”，abbreviate New York“NY”；write Peking“Beijing”；mark the bottle“Poison”；pronounce ski[Mi:]．

c．They count（or reckon，esteem）it（as）an honour；consider（or deem）it their duty；suppose（or think，ac- count）her a good girl．

d．They acclaimed（or hailed）him（as）a hero；voted him a good teacher；declared him（as）the saviour of their country；pronounced him（as）a great philanthropist；pro- claimed him（as）a great poet．

e．They admit（or acknowledge，confess，feel）themselves （as）inferiors；show（profess）themselves artists；reveal him（as）a murderer，a monster．

They warrant him（as）a very honest person；certify him as one of the members of their association；prove him a criminal；judge him a silly fellow；know him（as）a rascal．

f．They made the plan an object of ridicule；made the distance seven miles（or the total a thousand dollars）；found the city a prosperous place；left the city a ruin；left me an orphan（or me their son's guardian）；kept nothing a secret；saw their son a beggar；had a son a great sportsman．He was born a poet（or a rich man）．

They led（or took，made）him captive；took him prisoner．

They entered（or enrolled）him（as）a member．

g．John is a nice gentleman and everyone thinks him so（=a nice gentleman）．“Is she his wife？”“We consider her so （＝his wife）．”The rose still smells sweet although you don't call it so（＝the rose）．They say John is a funny fellow，and I find him so（=a funny fellow）．

1501 有许多动词（多数表示精神活动）由于使用as，变成宾补动词，这和上面的例句不同，as不能省略：

a．They described（or depicted，represented）the place as a paradise．They qualified him as a hypocrite；defined me as a rogue．

They fancied（or imagined）their leader as a god．

They accepted his words as the real truth of the matter；recognized the country as an independent state．

b．They criticized the plan as a failure；denounced him as a public enemy；blamed the policy as a great mistake；cursed me as a madman；looked down upon him as a fool；mocked me as a clown．

They valued it as a precious gift；admired her as an intelligent girl；looked up to him as an authority；extolled him as a hero；held him up as an example；thought much of me as a good writer．

c．They set him down as a fool；put it down as a pretext；regarded her as a tigress；took me as his best friend；looked to me as their benefactor；relied upon me as their adviser；held my gift as something valuable；contemplated my advice as nothing；treated me as a child；looked upon me as their enemy；remembered Smith as a cheat；introduced me as a musician；spoke（or thought）of her as a nice girl；saw me as nothing．

They rank him as a great poet；rate him as a pedant．

d．They designated Williams as the successor；inaugurated him as principal of the school；installed him as chair- man；engaged me as a clerk．

They owned（or claimed）the child as their own．They cited many cases as evidence；gave the number as 72．

His speech stamped him as a gentleman；characterized him as a snob．

They designed the room as a kitchen；used a table as a bed．

He is bred up as a scholar；is known as John；is naturalized as an American；is regarded as a philanthropist；is established as president of the company．

这类动词之后有时用for代替as：

They branded John for a hypocrite；knew him for a villain；put him down for a fool；gave John up for a dead man；chose her for their servant；nominated（or elected）him for president；took（or mistook）the stone for a diamond；in- tended the house for a hospital．

1502 下面4句话意思相同：

He chose her a wife．He chose her as a wife．He chose her for a wife．He chose her to be a wife．

下面4句也如此：

They elected him president．He elected him as president．

They elected him for president．He elected him to be presi- dent．

1503 在这类句子中可用一个由what引起的从句作补语：

Call it what you will．

I found the city what it had been．

Consider her as what you think the best．

1504 注意把S＋FV＋N＋N和S＋DV＋N＋N分开，试比较：

We called him Shortie．We called him a taxi．

We found John a good man．We found John a job．

1505 图解：

As a paradise作为一个整体来图解，也许可以当作介词短语来图解。（参阅1511图解）



40．S+FV+N+P．N（John put everything in order．）

1506 至少有70个宾补动词用介词短语作补语。

1507 这类介词短语多数都可用在系动词后（参阅1453），作为形容词型的补语。它们对宾语加以说明，对句子的完整性至关重要。它们和用作状语修饰动词的介词短语不同，后者可以省略，例如：I thank him for the gift．He paid the rent to the landlord．中的斜体部分便是。

a．They PUT everything in order（=They made everything orderly．Cf．Everything was in order）．They put her in charge of a class（=They caused her to take charge of a class Cf．She was in charge of a class）．They put the police on the track of the thief，a thief on trial，him out of humour，me out of countenance，me to shame．They put the piano in tune，all things in shape，the machine in action，the law in force，their doctrine in practice，a new currency in circulation，everything out of order（or gear，joint），the loss out of account（or consideration）．

b．They SET the prisoners at liberty（=They made the prisoners free．Cf．The prisoners were at liberty）．They set those people at odds（or at variance）（=They made those people quarrel）．They set a person over the department，him on the right way，John against her，the machine in order，the table in a roar，a project on foot，a house on fire．

c．They PLACED it at my services（=made it serve me），a sum at my disposal，the government in their power，me in command of an army，the department under a minister，an orphan in my hands，the boy under the care（or the protection）of his uncle，me under their order．

d．They HELD the property in trust（or in pledge）（=kept the property as security），learning in esteem，the lesson in remembrance，the money in their hands（=at their disposal），themselves in readiness，him in respect（or veneration，disdain，contempt），the enemy in check（or in play，at bay）．

e．They KEPT their children in good health（=kept their children healthy），him in prison（or custody，chains，confinement），him in countenance，me in the dark，me in suspense，the house in good repairs，the school in order，the articles in stock，their own mind（or nerve）on the stretch，their own children out of harm's way，some of the mad men under restraint，the prisoners under guard （or control）．

f．They LEFT it out of account（or consideration，calculation）（=ignored it），me in the dark，the servant in charge of the house，it on deposit in the bank．

g．He TOOK them at a disadvantage，her at her word，his little children in tow，every small thing into account（or consideration，calculation），his enemy off his guard，everything she said on trust，the child under his wing．

h．He HAD four servants in his employ（=Four servants were in his employ）．He had her in his mercy，something in view（or mind），a matter in hand．

i．They BROUGHT the custom into being（=They caused the custom to exist．Cf．The custom came into being）．They brought the law into force（=They made the law effective．Cf．The law came into force）．They brought his genius into play，the machine into use，the war to an end，the country to a crisis．

j．The doctor got me on the diet，the pest under control．

k．They laughed themselves into fits（=They made them- selves convulsed with laughter．Cf．They burst into fits of laughter）．They cried（or wept）themselves into a fit； overworked（or worried）themselves into consumption （=worked or worried so much that they became ill of consumption（“肺痨”的古老字）．They drank themselves in- to their graves；smoked themselves into calmness；thought themselves into a paradise；worked themselves into a temper．They waved me into their house（=made me enter their house by waving to me）；dined him into a good humour；talked black into white；kissed a full sense into empty words．

l．He talked me to death（=He killed me by talking so much）．He swore me to secrecy；cried（or sang）himself to sleep；drank（or laughed）himself to death．

m．They laughed（or looked）her out of countenance（= made her abashed by laughing or looking at her）；

laughed（or shamed）me out of a bad habit；bought me out of my house；reasoned me out of my plan；talked money out of my pocket．He drank himself out of his job；ate himself out of house and home；ran himself out of breath；sinned himself out of salvation．

1508 下面的介词短语表示宾补动词所表示精神活动的结果。这些短语前有时可插入to be，例如：They imagined themselves （to be）out of danger．They thought it（to be）of great importance．但在C类句子中不可插入 to be：

a．I held the matter of no account（=thought the matter to be unimportant），my fortune and life at nothing，him in esteem（or respect），nobody in contempt（or disdain）．

They found their family in tears，me at work，you out of humour，everything in order．

I felt myself in the mood for singing（or at home，up to swimming）．I felt everything in order．

b．They wished the war at an end；supposed（or thought，fancied，considered，judged）it of little importance；esteemed（or counted，accounted）themselves on the right scent（or the right way）；declared（or pronounced）the report beyond belief；avowed（or confessed，professed） themselves out of contact with the times；showed（or proved，guaranteed）it of great value；showed them- selves of noble spirit．（还有一些其他动词在 1512节中列出）

c．They referred to it as of no value，looked upon him as past cure，regarded the flowers as out of place，thought （or spoke）of the news as beyond belief．

1509 就像系动词后的介词短语一样，宾补动词后的介词短语中有些介词（特别是of）有时可以省略（参阅1455）：

He found them the same shape；wished it a red colour；saw it no use；painted the door a green colour；made the desk a large size．

1510 上面提到的介词短语是形容词型的补语，因此是句子不可缺少的部分。下面的介词短语是修饰动词的状语，因此在语法上是可以省掉的：

He studied music on Sunday．

He passed his youth in Paris．

He pronounced every word with care．

He loved her out of pity．

1511 图解：



41．S+FV+N+to be or to have（John believed you to be honest．）

1512 约有90个表示判断的动词用“to be +补语”或“to have +过去分词”作补语。这个句型一般表示主语认为或宣布某人或某物是什么（样）或做过某事：

a．They believed（or thought，figured，maintained）him to be honest，the book to be useful，him to have been unruly，the book to have been useful．

They supposed（or presumed，assumed，allowed [dated]，conceived）him to be an expert（or an honest man），the instrument to be useless；granted this to be true．

They took（or guessed，conjectured）me to be a French- man．

I estimated the size of this room to be 400 sq．ft．

He made the cost to be a hundred dollars．

b．They suspected him to be a thief，to have stolen their things．They doubted him to be an honest man．

They considered（or held，esteemed，counted，account- ed，reckoned，made out，looked on）themselves to be lucky，the plan to be a foolish idea．

He is reputed to be a good doctor．（They repute him[to be]a good husband．陈旧用法）He is recorded to have made this canal．

They judged（or concluded，determined）him to be a fool，the plan to be of little use．

c．They construed his reply to be unfavourable．

They found（or perceived，felt，saw，discovered）the trouble to be unavoidable，their new teacher to have studied many subjects．They noted David to be too clever．

They knew（or understood，realized）the situation to be against them，their friend to be a snake in the grass．

They fancied（or imagined）themselves to be the best men in the town，the circumstance to be favourable，themselves to have been cheated．

d．They proved（or argued，bespoke）him to be worthy of promotion，it to be wrong．

They denied the rumour to be true，the accusation to be just，you to have given them any assistance．

They declared（or proclaimed，affirmed，pronounced，announced，stated，asserted，reported）themselves to be members of a secret society，the rumour to be unfounded，the diamond to have been stolen．The diamond is alleged to have been stolen．

They showed（or indicated，denoted）themselves to be trustworthy．His conduct shows him to be a great man．

e．Their accent revealed（or betrayed）them to be foreigners．

They disclosed this matter to be a conspiracy．

They professed（or claimed）themselves to be engineers； gave themselves out to be scientists；bragged of them- selves to be the richest men in the city．

They recognized（or owned）him to be their bosom friend．

They confessed（or owned，professed）themselves to be guilty（or mistaken），to have made a great mistake．

They acknowledged（or admitted）themselves to be silly，their idea to be a dream，the accusation to be just．

He warranted（or guaranteed，vouched，avouched，at- tested，ensured）it to be pure．

He certified the statement to be correct．

f．He boasted himself to be a great scientist（or to have done great things）；feigned himself to be ill．

They nominated（or named）her to be secretary；appointed John to be the supervisor；promoted him to be a general；chose（or elected）him to be the president；voted him to be a good boy．

They described me to be a mysterious person．

They apprehended their son to be in danger．

They discerned him（or made him out）to be a hypocrite．

They implied him to be honest．

They idealized her to be a perfect angel．

1513 在上面句子中，to be后面的形容词或名词表示某种特点，而在下面句子中，to be和后面的现在分词表示现在正在进行或在主要动词所表示时间当中正在进行的动作，而“to have +过去分词”表示主要动词所表示时间之前已完成的动作：

They suspected him to be playing a trick on them；believed him to be telling the truth；imagined themselves to be making great progress．

They supposed him to have seen much about the world； judged him to have stolen the watch．The wrinkles on his face represented him to have suffered much．

1514 在上述动词后只能用不定式 to be和 to have，其他动词的不定式一般不能用，但表示状态（而不是动作）的动词不定式可以用：

They knew him to go to school．（错句）

I believed John to make poems．（错句）

I considered him to read English very easily．（错句）

They knew the box to contain 20 cigarettes．（正确）

I believed the sentence to mean something ill．（正确）

I consider it to belong to another category．（正确）

I find it to have several advantages．（正确）

1515 在不少情况下，不定式 to be可以省略，这时句型变为 S+FV+N+N或 A或 PN．但“to have been”及“to be +现在分词”却不能省略（参阅1488 a，1500 a，1508，1509）：

They supposed him（to be）wrong，found it（to be）a good policy，reported him（to be）the best man for the job，be- lieved him（to be）a thief，think it（to be）of little value．

但：They believed it to have been stolen．I should guess him to be playing a trick on me．

1516 此外，上面的简单句（都是书面语或正式文体）可以变为包含一个that从句的复合句，这时句子则变为非正式文体，不过有少数宾补动词不允许作这样的改变：

They believed him to be honest．=They believed that he was honest．

I considered this trouble to be unnecessary．=I considered that this trouble was unnecessary．

He declared himself to have done his best．=He declared that he had done his best．

但：

He named her to be secretary．=He named that she was sec- retary．（错句）

I count myself to be lucky．=I count that I am lucky．（错句）

1517 图解：





42．S+FV+N+I（John wanted me to do it．）

1518 约有140个宾补动词（表示“愿望”或“命令”）可以用任何不定式（包括to be）作补语。这种句型通常表示“主语+希望或请求+名词+作某事或成为什么”：

a．They wanted（or wished）him to teach their son，every- body to be a saint．They intend（or mean，desire）him to study abroad．This story is calculated（=designed）to mislead the public．They expected him to work hard．He designed the furniture to fit his room．I recommend her to learn music．

b．He asked（or told）her to（please）open the door．

She notified us to move out．

He required（or requested，needed）me to help him．

He reminded me to shut the window when I went to bed．

We urged the public to take precautions．

They caused（or got，had，occasioned）everybody to kneel down，their men to destroy the bridge，provisions to be ready，the rule to be observed．

They gave me to understand all the intrigue．

The module programs the flash to provide the right light．

c．I cannot bring myself to acknowledge the fault，to scold her，to believe the news，to leave my children hungry．I wish I could bring（=lead）you to understand it．Those gangsters compelled（or forced，constrained，coerced）me to accept the proposal．Poverty forced him to work hard．Hunger drove（or goaded）him to steal．

He condemned them to be imprisoned．

The judge sentenced him to die．

He likes（or hates，loves）his wife to dress well，summer to come．

I should prefer my daughter to study art，them to talk less．

d．He charged me to send the letter，me to keep the diamond．

He commissioned me to buy a car for him．

He set his servant to go to the market，her to cook．

He trusts me to arrange everything．

He sent me to pick grapes．

He enjoined us to obey．

I phoned（or called，wired，wrote）him to come．

He ordered（or directed，commanded）his men to get ready．

They delegated him to speak at the meeting．

He instructed the agent to sell it．

I was assigned（or scheduled）to sing．

He summoned them to appear．

e．I should not oblige you to spend your money．

I am obliged to help him．

He pressed（or urged）me to drink more．

They invited（or asked）me to spend the vacation at their country-house；him to speak，to sing，to dance．

He welcomes you to enjoy his hospitality．

f．They begged him to accompany them，me to help them．

They entreated（or besought）the mayor to pardon them，me to do something for them．

They conjured him not to criticize them．

They implored him to spare their son，the king to be mer- ciful．

I adjured him to tell me the truth．

They prayed the god to save them，the enemy to set them free．

g．He advised（or counselled，recommended）his friend to work hard，his friends to try this pill．

He persuaded his friend to work hard，me to help her．

They warned（or cautioned）me not to go out that night，me to be careful．

I pledge myself not to be unjust．

I have committed myself to support his son．

I bound myself（or him）to pay the debt．

h．He suffered nobody to touch his flowers，himself to be caught．

He allowed（or permitted）the students to play in the classroom，but other teachers forbade them to do so．

He cannot bear any man to speak with his wife．

He left the students to find it out，the readers to judge，them to sink or swim．

i．The ticket entitled the bearer to see the movie．His ability entitled him to command an army．

I empowered him to supervise the city．

The law authorized the judge to sentence him to death．

They promoted him to direct this department．

They licensed me to practise medicine．

j．His success decided me to try．

The circumstance determined him to work hard．

We programed her to sing．

We enrolled him to be a freshman．

The weather influenced him to change his mind．

The high salary disposed（or inclined）him to take the job．

God has chosen us to take land．

I selected（or picked，found）a man to teach English．

k．I induced him to accompany me．Nothing could induce him to believe it．

This matter led me to think（or him to make a discovery）．

Nothing can move him to change his mind．

He bribed them to keep silent about his crime．

Poverty might prompt（or entice，move）me to commit a crime．

They tempted him to be a playboy．

He coaxed her to give her apple to him．

He badgered his father to buy a bicycle for him．

l．He helped me（to）do everything，us（to）cook rice；aid- ed us to do it（or in doing it）．

He assisted me to prepare coffee（less common than in preparing coffee）．

His wealth enabled him to buy a big building．

Their assistance enabled me to succeed．

They prepared their students to take the exam．I have to prepare her to receive the bad news．

m．You provoked（or exasperated）him to speak rudely．

They challenged（or dared，defied）us to fight again．

This success inspired（or prompted，encouraged）me to study harder．

They excited（or incited，stimulated）the people to rebel．

n．They trained（or disciplined）him to be patient．

They educate（or teach，bring up）David to be nice．

He conditioned them to watch each other．

I must accustom myself to get up earlier．

I will trouble（or bother，thank）you to do something．

I understood（or misunderstood）him to say so．

I have（never）known him to curse，him to help the poor．

o．He used（or employed，utilized）the coconut shell to take water．

He beckoned them to approach，them to draw nearer．

They whispered us to be quiet．

He signed（or signalled）（to，for）them to wait．

He nudged her to speak．

He has paid（or hired）you to do the dirty work；bribed the police to excuse his offence；engaged（or employed） me to type．

1519 这种句型有一些变体：

a．He caused（or ordered，enabled）music to be played．（在没有必要说明谁演奏时，可用不定式的被动形式）

He allowed（or permitted）his good name to be soiled．

b．I do not want there to be another war（=another war to come）．（another was为宾语，to be there为补语。）

He likes（or wishes）there to be a picnic（=a picnic to take place）．

He held there to be no god（=that there is no god）．

He meant there to be no trouble．

He hates there to be any quarrel．

I should prefer there to be a meeting．

I hate there to be some misunderstanding between us．

I expect there to be some kind of agreement．

但注意：

I promised him to work harder（=that I would work harder；不是指 that he would work harder）．

1520 图解：





43．S+IV．P+N+I（John cried to me to stop．）

1521 约有40个不及物动词后面跟特定的介词，可用作宾补动词，用不定式作补语：

a．I prayed（to）God to save me．

I telephoned（or wrote，wired）to her to come immedi- ately．

He cried（out）（or shouted）to her to stop．

The bugle called to the troops to assemble．

I motioned（or signalled）（to）them to go away．

He beckoned（to）me to follow．

He signed（to）me to take a seat．

I nodded to him to do so．

I proposed（or suggested）to John to accompany me．

We appealed to（or called upon）him to do something．

We applied to the government to assist us．

We looked to him to supply us with rice．

b．They asked for us to settle the matter．

They gestured and shouted for him to come back．

Most of us longed（or hoped）for the war to be over，but some dreaded for a peace to come．

I wished（or pressed）for it to be done at once．

I agree for him to pay me next week．

The plan provided for the rich to assist the poor．

I have arranged（or planned）for her to go to college．

We have fixed for the wedding to take place on Sunday．

We waited for them to tell us the news．

They sent for him to build the house（or the doctor to come at once）．

He didn't care for me to do anything for him．

They looked for someone to assist them．They did not look for a stranger to come at night．

The company advertised for boys to do the job．

c．We called upon him to act．

We depended（or relied，counted）upon him to help us．

Everything depends upon him not to interfere．We count on him not to know it（=count on the chance that he does not know it）．

He prevailed upon her to marry him．

They fixed on him to speak on their behalf．

d．I pleaded with him to do something for me．

They demand of me to keep a secret．

We beg of him to save our lives．

He trusts in me to help him．

He yelled at her to stop．

试和上述句子比较：

I made signs for（=signed）him to come，made an appeal to （=requested）them to help the victims．

I am anxious（or willing，impatient，in a hurry）for（= entreat）John to come．

1522 图解：





44．S+FV+N+I（John let me do it．）

1523 约有20个宾补动词用不带to的不定式作补语：

I made him study（不要用 to study）hard．I will make him stay．

He let me go（不要用 to go）．Let him come here at seven．

Let it be destroyed．

He had some accident happen to him（=Some accident happened to him）．I had many friends call on me．

I watched（or looked at，beheld，perceived，saw，observed，noticed）him come．We watched the plane fly．He found （or witnessed）her speak with someone．He heard（or overheard，listened to）her sing．I felt the pressure in- crease．He felt himself grow interested in music．

I have（never）known him tell lies．

1524 He let slip the opportunity（=let the opportunity slip），let fall a hint（=let a hint fall），let go my hand，let drop the unessential parts，let pass my mistake．

1525 在某些结构中，一些宾语可省略：

She helped（me）make my clothes．（Am．）

He has to make do（=manage）with a table for a bed．

He made believe（=pretended）not to see me．

I hear（people）say that John has died，hear（people）tell（or speak，talk）of the accident．

1526 在某些宾补动词后to可用可不用：

I will have him（to）come at once．Would you have me（to） believe it．

He'll help（me）（to）carry it．Catherine helps（me）（to） cook the dinner．（Am．）

He bade me（to）wait．

I have never known（or never knew）him（to）behave so bad- ly．

1527 不要说：

I make him studies hard．（错句）

I make him to study hard．（错句）

1528 图解：



45．S+FV+N+Prp或 S+IV．P+N+Prp（John kept me waiting．）

1529 至少有60个宾补动词可用现在分词作补语。

a．约有40个宾补动词后面不用as：

1）They kept me waiting；kept the machine running．

He left me standing outside．The news left me wondering．

I cannot have（=cannot suffer）（or won't have）them wasting their time．I will have（=insist on）you finishing it by January．We shall have the rain coming （=The rain will come）．I had many friends waiting for me（=Many friends waited for me）．

He got his son learning（=made his son learn）English，the water boiling．He got（=had）some friends wait- ing for him（=Some friends waited for him）．

2）I took her（out）shopping，hunting．

The bell brought people gathering on the square．

He sent his child tramping，begging；sent the price soaring，them packing，his enemy sprawling backwards．

He set the house burning．The story set them laughing，roaring，gasping，trembling，thinking．He started （or set）the engine running，the ball flying，the clock going，the music playing．He started（=set） me laughing．（Cf．Let us set the period as beginning on June 1．）

3）I caught him（while he was）stealing it．He caught you doing that．I met her（while she was）walking with John．He surprised her bathing in the river．

I sensed him doing something very mysteriously．I felt the house shaking，my heart beating，my end approaching；felt myself trembling in his arms．

I saw（or beheld，looked at，observed，watched，glimpsed，perceived，descried，scanned）a rat running past；noticed（or felt，found）him stealing something．I saw（or heard）him talking with her （=I happened to observe part of the action）．I saw （or heard）him talk with her（=I observed the whole action．）但：I should like to hear him talk（不用 talking）with her．

4）I heard him giving orders．

His imagination depicts（or pictures，paints）himself hovering in the sky．I imagined（or fancy）him wandering about the city like a beggar．（Cf．Imagine yourself as being respected by your friends．）

He thought himself doing the best thing．Never suppose yourself knowing everything．

I anticipated something happening．

I recollected（or recalled，remembered）her glancing at me more than once．

5）Newspapers reported him missing．

I cannot understand（or conceive）him doing such a foolish act．

I don't like（or hate，dislike，detest）my wife going out often；don't want anyone cheating me．

I saw lying on the street a dead man who seemed to have been killed several days earlier．（如果宾语太长，分词应放在宾语前面。）

He set running the engine which we had thought use- less．

1530 b．至少有20个不及物动词要求分词前加 as才能变成宾补动词：

He fancied her clothes as being made of gold；recognized me as speaking on behalf of all；accepted me as having seen much of the world；described the city as expressing a modern idea of speed；treated money as having little value；dismissed the fault as being the result of carelessness；visualized her as having pretty eyes；saw life as being a dream；struck me as being a fool．

It is regarded（or looked upon）as（being）useless，accepted as（being）the largest，recorded as（being）the best，portrayed as belonging to a new era．He is quoted as saying that education is all important；well-known as being upright．

1531 c．有些不及物动词加介词可以用作宾补动词，后面用分词作补语。由于这类句子很少，或许可以把 S+IV．P+N+ PrP这种句型看作是和S+FV+N+PrP一样：

They heard of him living a comfortable life；told of my brother having succeeded；listened to her singing； thought of their boss planning to fire them．

I think of him as representing modern writers．They spoke of the factory as（being）the best．They looked upon him as（being）their teacher；referred to the book as teaching everything．Bad novels are sometimes referred to as poisoning the mind of young people．

1532 图解：





46．S+FV+N+PaP（John had it done．）

1533 约有30个宾补动词可用过去分词作补语：

a．She had a red dress made，a picture taken，her teeth pulled out，me put in prison．He had his watch stolen．King Charles had his head cut off．I had no breath left，no rice left，my car repaired．

（She made a red dress．=She made it herself．She had a red dress made．=Someone made it for her．He had his watch stolen．=Someone stole it．不是 He caused someone to steal it．have表示状态。）

The house has its windows broken．

b．You must get your hair cut，the rules obeyed，your house cleaned．He got his watch dislocated．If you do so，you will get yourself disliked（=become unpopular）．

（You must get your hair cut．=You must cause somebody to cut your hair．get表示动作。）

c．He could not make his voice heard．His power made him respected．He made his influence felt and recognized，the secret known，the proposal listened to，it understood that he was an honest man．

He will keep me well informed，the bitter lesson remembered，every child well fed，his mouth shut．

He left the matter undecided，it unsaid，his work half done，no means untried，no stone unturned．

d．I heard my name called．Have you ever heard Italian spoken？I've never heard this song sung．

He felt himself lifted up，insulted，hypnotized．

I must（or will）see（=ensure）the work done，her revenged．I've never seen a man hanged．He saw the village burned．

He found the work already done，his country attacked by the enemy，the house deserted，his eyes dazzled by light，himself elected president．

He watched（or perceived，noticed）the situation changed，his country occupied by foreigners．

e．He imagined himself insulted；fancied himself defeated，lost，buried．

He thought himself neglected（or honoured）by his friends．

I considered matters settled，myself discarded by men．

I want（or wish，desire）the package insured，everything finished by twelve；like it done at once，such things discussed；preferred grammar studied first．

I owned（or confessed，professed，acknowledged）myself beaten，myself mistaken．

f．He brought me acquainted with her．

He reported seven planes shot down，twenty persons killed．

He ordered them banished from the city．

I cannot bear this matter mentioned again．

1534 间或过去分词前有一个being表示动作正在（被）进行：

I saw the village burned．（=The village was burned when I saw it．）

I saw the village being burned．（=The village was being burnt when I saw it．）（更形象）

He first discovered potatoes being used as food．

I found the work being done．

I heard the song being sung．

1535 如果宾语过长，过去分词可以放在宾语前面：

He left untouched all the things to be done immediately．

He heard played again the music he had played when young．

1536 图解：



47．S+FV+it+C+I or G or CI（John made it a rule to get up early or that everyone should obey him．）

1537 约有40个宾补动词可用不定式、动名词、that从句或疑问词引起的从句作宾语，但它们都由it代表，而它们本身则移到补语后面。补语可以是形容词、名词、介词短语或分词：

1538 a．不定式作宾语：

1）He acknowledged it difficult（or troublesome）（形容词作补语）to begin any business．He considered（or esteemed，held）it convenient to come at once．He imagined（or fancied）it easy to learn a language．He supposed it wrong to tell a lie．They believed（or called）it silly to do so．I think it fit（or well）to wait here．They declared（or affirmed）it illegal to criticize the government．

2）He made it a rule（or a point，his entire business）（名词作补语）not to eat between meals．The situation rendered it a matter of difficulty to tell the truth．She judged it a useless attempt to advise him．They don't hold it a sin to steal．They pronounced it a crime to say anything against them．He accounted it fun to go to sea．He thought it no harm to smoke．

3）He took（or had）it upon himself（介词短语作补语） to settle the problem．He took it into his head to invent a translating machine．He had it in his mind（or his head，his thought）to talk with her seriously；had it in mind（or in view，in contemplation）to advise her．He had it in charge to take care of an orphan．He has it in his power to do good or evil．He wished it in his power to do good．He considered it beyond his power to help me．He put it in his head to go to sea．He has left it to me to decide．He owed it（=was under an obligation） to his boss to tell the secret（or to work hard）．He couldn't find it in his heart（or mind，conscience）to abandon her．

4）He saw（it）fit（or good）to take a rest；thought（it） fit（or right，well，proper）to wait and see（it有时省略。）He made（it）plain that we would fight on for democracy．

5）He regarded it as of great importance for you to be humble；looked upon it as useless for us to learn art．

1539 b．动名词作宾语：

1）He considered it useless（形容词作补语）discussing the matter with them．I found it tiresome doing the same thing every day．

2）He thought it a pity（名词作补语）having to let slip the chance．I don't call it living being a blind man．I think it dangerous your doing so．

1540 c．That从句作宾语：

1）I thought it likely（形容词作补语）that he would fail．He considered it important that everything should be finished by seven．He made（it）clear（or plain）that he could not help anybody．He took it amiss （or ill，unfriendly，unkindly）that I kept reticent．

2）He wished it to be understood（不定式作补语）that she is not his wife．

3）He had heard it said（过去分词作补语）that somebody would murder him．He won't have it concluded that his son is a fool．

4）The trial put it beyond a doubt（介词短语作补语）that he was the murderer．He cast（or flung，threw）it in my teeth that I was a toady．He took it to heart that I called him a fool．I owe it to him that I am still alive．I have it on good authority（or by all accounts）that she will marry John．They took it for granted that a girl must marry before twenty．

5）He laid it down（地点副词作补语）that we should be more frugal．He set it about that she was to marry him．

6）He gave it as his opinion（补语前加 as）that all men are alike．You may take it as a rule that I am ready to help any friend．

1541 d．疑问句引起的从句作宾语：

1）He declared it mysterious（形容词作补语）why she should be killed．

2）He found it astonishing（现在分词作补语）how they could accomplish it．

3）I heard it debated（过去分词作补语）whether country life is good．They left it undecided who was to be the chief．He wanted it answered how the picture was drawn．（Cf．S+FV+N+PaP）

1542 试比较下面句子：

不定式、动名词、that从句或疑问词引起的从句作主语时，也常用it代表它们，本身则移到句子后面（参阅1318-20）：

It is very easy to talk nonsense．

It seems necessary that we should know many people．

1543 图解：

[=]这个符号表示里面的字句 to begin any business与符号前的it是指同一东西，也可说是它的同位语。







Ⅲ．各种谓语类型的被动结构



1544 在讨论完各种类型的谓语后，研究语态的变化是良好时机，因为这种变化在47种句型中表现得最为清楚。

在五种动词中，不及物动词和系动词不能由主动语态变为被动语态。因此谓语类型1—3及24—36均不能变为被动结构。下面例句前的数码指第18单元中谓语类型的编号。“×”这个符号表示前面的句子不能变为被动结构。“—”这个符号表示前面句子可以变为被动结构，例句放在这个符号的后面。



A．不及物动词



1545

1．Mary walked slowly．×

I dreamt last night．×

It weighs five pounds．×

2．The prisoners broke away．×

3．This story reads well．×



B．系动词



1546

24．He looks happy．×

25．He became a doctor．×

26．The storm is over．×

27．It was below notice．×

28．My aim is to help you．×

29．Seeing is believing．×

30．The problem is that the peasants are very poor．×

31．The question is，who can do it．× My question is how to do it．×

32．He is familiar with the street．×

33．He is in dread of death．×

34．He is anxious to study．×

35．I feel sure that he will fail．×

36．He seems ignorant why he failed．×

1547 及物动词及宾补动词，除了少数例外情况，都可变为被动语态，双宾动词还可变成两个或更多的被动结构。一般来说，跟有宾语的动词都可由主动语态变为被动语态，但在一些特定组合中却不能变。



C．及物动词



1548 4．They speak English．—English is spoken．

We must observe the rules．—The rules must be observed．

·但在及物动词和其宾语构成一个不可分的整体时不能变为被动语态。

He lost heart．× We gained ground．× The criminal took flight．×

·在宾语前有一物主代词和主语表示同一人或物时也不能变为被动结构：

They clapped their hands．× She did her work．×

John made his escape．×The tree lost its life．×

·在及物动词表示一种状态而不是一个动作时也不能变：

He has（or owns，possesses） a big house．× We lack（or want）good teachers．× A sentence must contain a verb．× She makes a good nurse．× Seven days constitute a week．× Words failed him．× This job suits me．× The food will last us two days．× It costs me a hundred pounds．× Two meals a day will suffice me．×

·当一个不及物动词加前缀be-成为及物动词时，也不能变为被动结构：

It doesn't become（or behove，befit，beseem） a gentleman to curse．× An accident befell him．× His dress be- speaks his character．× She bemoans（or beweeps，be-wails） the loss of her son．×

·当一个不及物动词加前缀out-成为及物动词时，也不能变：

John outlived his wife．× John outstayed the other guest．× His expenditure outruns his income．×

·有些动词，通常为不及物动词，但有时用作及物动词，这时也不能变：

He flew（or fled，roamed，ranged，roved）the country．× They walked the plank（or the streets，the hospitals，the boards）．× They stood an assault（or their ground，ill treatment）．× He sat a horse well．× They talked business（or shop）．× They went a journey．×I shall stay dinner．× He waited supper．×She wept hot tears（or blood）．× She shed（or cried） hot tears．×His eyes flashed fire and shone sparks．× He sweatedblood．× It rained dust．×

·用自身代词作宾语时不能变为被动结构：

5．He killed himself．× She has never praised herself in all her life ．×

·带同源宾语的句子有时可以变为被动结构：

6．They are living a very hard life．—A very hard life is being lived．

They fought a fierce war（or battle）．—A fierce war（or battle）was fought．

They sang some fine songs．—Some fine songs were sung．

·带有下面这类宾语的句子不能变为被动结构：

He smiled a welcome．× He nodded assent．× He breathed his last．× He tried his best．× We fought it out to the end．× We have to foot it．×

7．They gave up the plan．—The plan was given up．

The plague swept off many people．—Many people were swept off by the plague．

·以动名词作宾语时却不能这样变：

He put off going to the doctor．× John gave up per－forming the plan．×

8．She laughed at every boy that fell in love with her．—Every boy that fell in love with her was laughed at．

We all agreed to his view．—His view was agreed to．

Some one trod on his toes．—His toes were trodden on．

Nobody had slept in the bed．—The bed has never been slept in．

People can climb over this wall．—This wall can be climbed over．

·当动词表示状态而不表示动作时不能变为被动结构：

The river abounds in fish．× The house abounds with rats．× The bridge abuts on the road．× This does not accord with the rules．×This fault admits of no excuse．×This piece of land belongs to John．×

·介词后跟有动名词时不能这样变：

I abstained from drinking liquor．× His reply amounts to refusing your request．×

·但“不及物动词+介词+名词”为一不可分开的整体时也不能这样变：

She burst into tears．× My son came of age．× We went to law．×

·“不及物动词+副词+介词”构成的成语有些可以变为被动结构：

9．He ran away with a million dollars．—A million dollars was run away with．

They looked back on the old days．—The old days were looked back on．

·但宾语为动名词时不能这样变：

I look forward to meeting you again．×

10．The school furnished John with books．—John is furnished with books．

We translated this poem into another language．—This poem is translated into another language．

They made fun of our children．—Our children were made fun of．

They took compassion on the old woman．—The old woman was taken compassion on．

·其他可以变为被动结构的这类动词成语有：

find fault with，give effect to，set fire to，pay heed to，bear testimony to，give chase to，take pity on，make fun ［or game，sport］of，take heed of，catch［ or get，lay，seize，take］ hold of，lose sight of，make a fool ［or a show，a victim，an example，an end］ of，make much ［or little，slight，nothing］of．

They attach（some，little，no，much，small）importance to education．—（Some，Little，etc．）importance is attached to education．

They raised objection against the measure．—Objection was raised against the measure．

·其他能这样用的成语还有：

lay siege to，give an order to， take possession of，make mention of，lay stress on，set value on，leave word of，send word of，make allowance for，make allusion to， take offence at．

They payattention to education．—Education is paid attention to．or，Attention is paid to education．（在主语attention前有much，no，little或其他形容词修饰时，用后一种被动结构就比前一种更好一些。）

They have never taken notice of this matter．—This matter has never been taken notice of．or，Notice has never been taken of this matter，（当主语前若有much，no或另一形容词修饰时，用后一种被动结构可能更好。）

·其他可用两种方式构成被动构的成语有：

make short work of，take advantage of，take care of，take exception to，have recourse to，set store by．）

·但下面成语不宜用于被动结构：

He shook hands with us．× He rubbed shoulders with workers．× He took refuge in another country．×

·其他很少用于被动结构的成语有：

give ear to，bear witness to，pay court to，keep company with，join hands with，take example by，set eyes on，set foot on，take leave of，give[or pledge] faith to，break [or violate]faith to．

11．He reconciled himself to his fate．—He was reconciled to his fate．

He engaged himself in business．—He was engaged in business．

He allied himself to a rich family．—He was allied to a rich family．

He devoted himself to music．—He was devoted to music．

·但下面成语不能这样变：

I availed myself of his offer．× He helped himself to the cake．× He applied himself to literature．× He prided himself on his new car．× He valued himself on his birth．×

12．They planned to go．—It was planned to go．

Someone offered to buy my house．—It was offered to buy my house．

They decide to reconstruct the park．—It is decided to reconstruct the park．

They meant to reconstruct the park．—The park was meant to be reconstructed．（两个被动式放在一起不算错误，但不是很好。）

13．You can't avoid making mistakes．× You must stop crying．× I dislike accompanying any woman．×

14．与第12、13句型相同。

15．They believe that the rumour is true．—It is believed that the rumour is true．或 The romour is believed to be true．

People said（or reported） that many had died．—It was said（or reported） that many had died．或 Many were said（or reported） to have died．

16．I cannot understand how，they can get married so easily．—It cannot be understood how they can get married so easily．

One wonders when war will vanish from the earth．—It is wondered when war will vanish from the earth．

We cannot tell what to to．—It cannot be told what to do．

17．We must decide upon who is to do the job．—It must be decided upon who is to do the job．

They have agreed（about） when to start the offensive．—It has been agreed（about） when to start the offensive．

18．They gave an account of how they had fought．—An ac-count was given of how they had fought．

We should take notice of what to buy．—Notice should be taken of what to buy．

但下面这类句子不能变：

He set his mind on how he could maintain his large family．×

He has no interest in which country defeats which．×

图解：



D．双宾动词



1549 19．They teach me Japanese．—Japanese is taught（to） me．或I am taught（＝learn）Japanese（保留宾语）。

They gave John everything．—Everything was given （to）John．或 John was given（＝received）everything．

·其他可把直接或间接宾语变为主语的动词有：

advance，afford，bequeath，carry，concede，deliver，do，ensure，hand，make，mete out，pass，pledge，point out，prescribe，put，read，reimburse，remit，return，sell，sing，take，telegraph，tender，throw，wire，write，yield．

This incident causes us much trouble．× He nodded me a welcome．×（其他很少用于被动结构的双宾动词有：grudge，smile，stand．）

20．She cooked me eggs．—Eggs were cooked for me．或I was cooked eggs．

He called me a taxi．—A taxi was called for me．或 I was called a taxi．

第20句型中的动词可用于被动结构，既可以直接宾语作主语，也可用间接宾语作主语。

21．He promised me a new coat．—A new coat was promised me．或 I was promised a new coat．

They set us a good example．—A good example is set us．或We are set a good example．

They served me a trick．—A trick was served（on） me．或 I was served a trick．

·可把直接或间接宾语变为主语的其它双宾动词有：

charge，forgive，forbid，guarantee，prophesy，vouchsafe．

She cast him a glance．—A glance was cast（at）him．

（但不可说He was cast a glance．）

It means me no harm—No harm is meant me．

He quoted me a proverb．—A proverb was quoted me．

·可用直接宾语作主语把句子变为被动结构的其它动词有：

bestow，bet，impose，enclose，intend，make，set，shoot，strike，wager．

They banished me the realm．—I was banished（from）

the realm，（但不可说 The realm was banished me．）

He called me names．—I was called names．

·可用间接宾语作主语把句子变为被动结构的其它动词有：

dismiss，excuse，fine，lead．

They answered me nothing．× They envy him his wealth．×

·很少用于被动结构的其它动词有：

avail，bear，bode，catch，cost，deign，drop，flash，fling，forbid，hit，kiss，last，occasion，lose，portent，sweep，take，tip，vote，work．

22．He told John what I did．—John was told（=learned）what I did．

They asked me where I bought it．—I was asked where I bought it．

He reminded me what to do．—I was reminded what to do．

23．He convinced me that I was wrong．—I was convinced that I was wrong．

They told her that her sister had come．—She was told that her sister had come．

图解：

双宾动词在变为被动语态时成为不及物或及物动词。



E．宾补动词



1550 37．They found the book easy．—The book was found easy．

They drove him mad．—He was driven mad．

They certified it as correct．—It was certified as correct．

但下面句子不可改为被动结构：

He shouted himself hoarse．×

38．He laughed the idea away．—The idea was laughed away．

We declared the war over．—The war was declared over．

39．They called him John．—He was called John．

They left me an orphan．—I was left an orphan．

David chose her as a wife．—She was chosen as a wife．

但下面句子不能改为被动结构：

Alex acknowledges himself my inferior．×

40．He put everything out of order．—Everything was put out of order．

They set him on me right way．—He was set on the right way．

但下面句子不可改为被动结构：

Andy cried himself to sleep．×

41．They supposed him to be teaching English，to have taught English．—He was supposed to be teaching English，to have taught English．

They deny the rumour to be silly．—The rumour is denied to be silly．

He is said to be ill．（这个句子不能反改为主动结构）

42．He wants everyone to observe the rules．—Everyone is wanted to observe the rules．

He intends his son to study abroad．—His son is intended to study abroad．

He ordered us to spend（及物性不定式）our money more wisely．—We were ordered to spend our money more wisely．或 He ordered our money to be spent more wisely．

He caused his students to hand in their exercises．—His students were caused to hand in their exercises．或 He caused their exercises to be handed in．

He allowed them to arrest him．—They were allowed to arrest him．或 He allowed himself to be arrested．

43．He called upon them to act．—They were called upon to act．

He prevailed upon me to get married．—I was prevailed upon to get married．

We applied to them to offer（及物性不定式）us a job．

—We applied for a job to be offered．

I waited for him to remit some，money．—I waited for some money to be remitted．

但下面句子不宜变为被动结构：

I cried to her to stop．—She was cried to to stop（应避免）．

44．I make him study（没有to）hard．—He is made to study（有to）hard．

They help me carry it．—I am helped to carry it．

They let me do anything．—I was let do anything（不错，但少用）

45．They kept me waiting．—I was kept waiting．

They heard John singing Korean songs．—John was heard singing Korean songs．

46．They have a picture taken．× You must get your hair cut．× They will keep me well informed．×

47．They make it a rule to eat one meal a day．—It is made a rule to eat one meal a day．

They think it fit to wait here．—It is thought fit to wait here．

I thought it likely that he would fail．—It was thought likely that he would fail．

图解：

宾补动词变为被动语态时成为系动词。





Ⅳ．分句与从句中的谓语类型



1551 47种谓语类型不仅出现在简单句中，也可出现在分句中，还可出现在从句（名词从句、定语从句及状语从句）中。举少数例子即可说明问题。

名词从句：

I know that he came（IV）．

····knows it（TV＋N）

····dreams of flying to the moon（TV．P＋G）．

····looks for a job（TV．P＋N）．

····is fond of garlic （LV．A．P＋N）．

····makes friends with homos（TV．N．P＋N）．

····devotes himself to music（TV．R．P＋N）．

····is a good-for-nothing （LV＋N）．

····holds me dear（FV＋N＋A）．

定语从句：

He is the man who came（IV）．

····knows it（TV＋N）．

····dreams of flying to the moon（IV．P＋G）．

····looks for a job（ IV．P+N）．

状语从句：

The party was over when he came（IV）．

He cannot use this method although he knows it（TV＋N）．

He gets tired of the earth，so that he dreams of flying to the moon（IV．P＋G）．





Ⅴ．非谓语动词的谓语类型



1552 和谓语动词一样，非谓语动词（动名词、分词或不定式）可以和各类宾语及补语结合构成47种类型。举少数例子即可说明问题。



A．动名词的谓语类型



He likes talking（IV）

···playing cards（TV＋N）．

···praising himself（TV＋R）

···teaching people how to behave（DV＋N＋W-I）．　

···being in fluential（LV＋A）．

···being a high official（LV＋N）．

···seeing people suffering（FV＋N＋PrP）．

···causing his wife to cry （FV＋N＋I）．



B．分词的谓语类型



I saw him coming（IV）．

···looking on（IV．AP）．

···listening to the radio（IV．P＋N）．

···paying attention to his business（TV．N．P＋N）．

···handing her a letter（DV＋N＋N）．

···leaving his children smoking（FV＋N＋PrP）．



C．不定式的谓语类型



I advised her to try to come（TV＋I）．

····to avoid seeing him（TV+G）．

····to be careful（LV＋A）．

····to be a nurse（LV＋N）．

····to be on her guard（LV＋P．N）．

····to look upon this mistake as nothing（IV．P＋N＋ N）．

1553 这47种类型的非谓语动词都可用作谓语动词的主语、宾语、补语或修饰语：

作主语：

Reading papers（TV＋N） is interesting．

Attending to patients（IV．P＋N） ····

To take care of children（TV．N．P．＋N） ····

To teach children manners（DV＋N＋N） ····

作宾语：I like reading papers．

··attending to patients．

··to take care of children．

··to teach children manners．

作主语的或宾语的补语：

His only interest is reading papers．

My greatest joy is to take care of children．

I found him attending to patients．

I like him to teach children manners．

作修饰语：

The woman reading papers is my sister．

···attending to patients ····

···to take care of children ····

···telling them stories ····

···asking you to wait ····

···getting angry ····