英语表将来的几种情况及用法
英语中一般现在时，现在进行时，一般将来时，祈使句，can系列，to do等都可以表示将来发生的情况或进行的动作。现分述如下：
1、一般现在时表将来。
一般现在时表将来，内容牵涉较广。总结如下：
1.当主句为将来时态或表示将来意义时,时间和条件的状语从句必须用一般现在时表将来： I’ll write to you when /the time /as soon as / immediately I am free. Close the windows and doors and switch off the lights of our classroom in case /on condition that/so long as/as long as /once you leave. Hurry up,or /or else/otherwise we may miss the train.
注：① 除表示时间和条件的状语从句外,表示让步、相似、比例的从句也必须用一般现在时表示将来： I’ll follow you wherever you go. Whatever you say, I won’t believe you.
Whether you help him or not, he will fail the exam. I’ll enjoy myself whether I win or lose the football game. The more you eat, the fatter you will become. ② 另外,当主句为用将来时态时,定语从句也通常用一般现在时表将来： I’ll give you all you ask for. You can have anything I find. Everyone who comes first will get a present. ③ 按照英语习惯,一个句子中若主要动词已经表明了所谈论动作的时间,那么与之相关的其他动词就不必再次指明同一时间,而往往使用一个比较简单的时态,如用一般现在时表示一般将来时等。比较： This discovery means that we will spend less on food.这一发现意味着我们将减少在食品上的花费。 This discovery will mean that we spend less on food. 这一发现意味着我们将减少在食品上的花费。 2. 在make sure(弄清楚),make certain(弄清楚),take care(注意,当心),be careful(注意,当心),mind(注意),watch(注意)等后的that从句中通常也只用一般现在时表示将来意义： Take care that it does not occur again. 注意别再发生这样的事。 We must take care that no one sees us. 我们必须注意别让人看见我们。 Make sure you come back soon. 你要保证快点回来。 Be careful that you don’t hurt her feelings. 当心别伤了她的感情。 Watch that the baby doesn’t go near the heater. 注意别让宝宝接近加热器。 Mind you read the examination questions carefully before you begin to answer them. 在答题前要注意仔细阅读考题。 注：在it doesn’t matter, I don’t care, I don’t mind 等结构(以及类似结构)后的名词性从句也通常用一般现在表示将来意义： It doesn’t matter where we go on holiday. 我们去哪儿度假都行。 Does it matter who goes first? 谁先去这有关系吗？ I don’t care whether we win or lose. 我不在乎我们是赢还是输。 Don’t you care what happens to them? 难道你不关心他们出什么事了？ 3. 在I hope , I bet, see (to it) 等后的宾语从句中通常用一般现在时表示将来意义,但有时也可直接用将来时态： I hope that you like [will like] it. I bet it rains [will rain] tomorrow.
See (to it) that children don’t catch cold. I’ll see that nobody disturbs [will disturb] you.
注：see (to it) 后的that从句通常用一般现在时表将来,直接用将来的情形较少见。 4．在as, than 引出的比较状语从句中可用一般现在时表示将来,也可直接用将来时态： We’ll get there as soon as you do [will]. 你一到,我们就到。 We’ll probably drive faster than you do [will]. 我们开车很可能比你快。 5. 表示按规定、时间表、计划或安排要发生的动作： Are you on duty next weekend? 下周末你上班吗？ The train leaves at 12:00. Where do we go now? 注：用于此用法时,句中通常有具体的时间状语。 6. 当主句为将来时态时,与之相关的by the time后接的从句要用一般现在时表示将来意义： By the time he comes, I will have left. 等他到时,我会已离开了。 The film will have started by the time we get to the cinema．我们到电影院时电影会已经开始。 7. 表示现在将要宣布某事： I declare the meeting open. We learn Lesson Ten today. 8. 表示客观性很强的将来： Today is Friday, so tomorrow is Saturday. My birthday is on a Sunday this year. 注：有时说话者对某一事实非常肯定,也用一般现在时： The future is bright. Final victory is ours.
2、现在进行时表将来。
现在进行时表将来时常用“意图”“安排”或“打算”的含义。这种现在进行时比较生动,给人一种期待感。
1.它常表最近或较近的将来,所用动词多是转移动词。如：
I’m going. I'm coming. When are you starting?
2.表将来的现在进行时除用于转移动词外,亦可用于某些非转移动词。如：
(1) I’m meeting you after class. 课后我找你。
(2) What are you doing next Sunday? 下星期你打算干什么？
(3) She is buying a new bike soon. 她不久将买一辆新自行车。
3.但偶尔也表示较远的将来。如：
When I grow up, I’m joining the army. 我长大了要参军。
4.表将来的现在进行时有时含有“决心”的意思,多用在否定结构中。如：
(1) I’m not going. 我不走了。 (2) I’m not waiting any longer. 我不再等了。
5.有时也用在肯定结构中。如：
I’m backing out. 我要打退堂鼓了。
6.用这种现在进行时与对方讲话时可变成命令,不过语气比较温和。如：
(1) You are staying. 你留下吧。
(2) Don’t forget: you are taking part too. 不要忘记：你也要参加。
7.同一般现在时一样,现在进行时也可在时间、条件或原因状语从句中表示将来。如：
(1) when you are passing my way, please drop in. 你什么时候路过我们家,请进来坐。
(2) If they are not doing it, what am I to do? 如果他们不干,那我该怎么办？
(3) She is going to the dentist tomorrow because she is having a tooth filled.
8.表示将来的现在进行时也可用在间接引语中,表示说话人相信它将是事实。如：
He said he is going tomorrow. 他说他明天走。
9.表将来的现在进行时有时从属于将来时态。如：
(1) On election night we’ll be telling you what’s happening in various places in this country. 到了选举的夜晚,我们将把全国各地的情况告诉大家。
(2) when I have time, I’ll come down to the school to see how you’re both doing.
我有空时,会来学校看你们俩的学习情况。
10.用现在进行时表示现在已安排好的未来事项,行程等活动。
I know you are arriving next Sunday.
三、祈使句表将来。
1.祈使句无主语, 主语you常省去,动词为一般现在时。 如:
Go and/to wash your hands. Be quiet, please.（Please be quiet.）
Be kind to our sister. Watch your steps. （慢慢走。）
Look out！Danger！ Keep off the grass. （勿践草坪。）
2.有的祈使句在意思明确的情况下,动词可省略。如:This way, please. = Go this way, please.
3.祈使句也常把主语“You”表达出来,使对方听起来觉得柔和些： You go and tell him, Chris.
4.否定式一般都是在句首加don't构成。如:Don't forget me! Don't be late for school!
但以Let开头的祈使句否定式有两种:“Don't + let + 宾语 + 动词原形 + 其它成分”和“Let + 宾语 + not + 动词原形 + 其它成分”。如:
Don't let him go. / Let him not go. 别让他走。 Let's not disturb him.
Don't let this type of things happen again.
It's raining now. Let's not go out until after the rain.
注意： Let除了接不带"to"的不定式外,还可以接适当的副词,如out, in, down, alone等。如：
Open the windows and let the fresh air in.
The room is too sunny. Let the blinds ( 百叶窗 )down.
Let's包括对象在内：Let's try it, shall we?
Let us不包括对方： Let us do it by ourselves, will you?
5.有的祈使句的否定形式为：No+doing。
No parking. （禁止停车。） No eating or drinking. (禁止吃喝。) No littering. (禁止乱扔垃圾。
4、can系列表将来。
Can系列包括can, may, must ,could, would, should,shall, will, ought to等。
Can you give me a hand? Could you please help me hold the ladder?
五、to do 表将来。
我们be to do sth; be about to do sth; be going to do sth．这三个短语都可表将来。
1.be to do sth．表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作,后可跟时间状语。如:
You're to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock．十点钟以前你得交上试卷。
2.be about to do sth．表示打算或安排即将发生的动作,它通常不与时间状语连用。如:
I was about to go out when someone knocked at the door．我正要出去,这时有人敲门。
3.be going to do sth．有三层含义:
①表示打算、计划或决定要做某事。
We're going to spend our holidays in Wales this year． 今年我们打算到威尔士度假。
②用以表示某事物即将发生或很可能发生。
I'm going to be twenty next month．下个月我就二十岁了。
③有迹象表明即将发生的动作或状态。
Look at those black clouds, there is going to be a storm．瞧那些乌云,暴风雨就要来了。
6、What about doing...?/How about doing...? 表将来。
What about going out for a walk after supper?
How about having a break?
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