肾脏科
常用语
慢性肾功能衰竭(Chronic renal failure, CRF 病因(Etiology 1. Chronic glomerulonephritis 慢性肾炎[ɡlɔ,merjuləuni'fraitis] 2. Diabetes mellitus, DM 糖尿病[,daiə'bi:ti:z] ['melitəs]
3. Hypertension: Nephrosclerosis 高血压肾硬化['nefrəu,skliə'rəusis] 4. Chronic tubulointerstitial diseases 慢性小管间质性疾病 5. Polycystic kidney disease 多囊肾[,pɔli'sistik] 6. Others 其他 治疗(Treatment 1. ACE inhibitors may slow progression 血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂可能减慢疾病进展 2. Treat reversible causes 治疗可逆性病因
3. Diet:Modest protein restriction with near normal caloric intake decreases nitrogen intake and avoids catabolism[kə'lɔrik] ['naitrədʒən] [kə'tæbəlizəm]
饮食：适度限制蛋白，热量摄入基本正常，减少氮摄入，防止分解代谢。
4. Dialysis 透析[dai'ælisis]
Chronic hemodialysis (HD is the mainstay of therapy for chronic renal failure, but chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD is also an alternative. [,hi:mədai'ælisis; ,hem-] ['æmbjulətəri] [,peritəu'ni:əl]
慢性血液透析是慢性肾功能不全的主要治疗方法，同时慢性非卧床腹膜透析也是另一种选择。
透析的绝对指征(Absolute indications for dialysis 1. Uremic pericarditis with or without cardiac tamponade 尿毒症性心包炎伴或不伴心包压塞[,perikɑ:'daitis] [,tæmpə'neid]
2. Progressive motor neuropathy 进展性运动神经病变[njuə'rɔpəθi] 3. Intractable volume overload 难治性容量过负荷[in'træktəbl]
4. Life-threatening and intractable hyperkalemia or acidosis 威胁生命的难治性高钾血症或酸中毒
5. Toxins (e.g., ethylene glycol 中毒（如乙二醇等）['eθili:n] ['ɡlaikɔl]
透析的相对指征(Relative indications for dialysis 1. Fluid and electrolyte imbalances 体液和电解质紊乱 2. Volume-dependent hypertension 容量依赖的高血压 3. CNS abnormalities 中枢神经系统异常[,æbnɔ:'mælitiz]
4. Anemia and bleeding diatheses 贫血和出血体质[dai'æθisi:z] 5. Anorexia, nausea, and vomiting 厌食、恶心、呕吐[,ænə'reksiə] 6. Weight loss 消瘦
7. Pruritus and ecchymoses 皮肤瘙痒和瘀斑[pru'raitəs, -'ri:-] [,eki'məusi:z]
对话
Urinary tract infection 尿路感染 Dr.: would you tell me how you feel? 医生：请问有何不舒服？
Pt.: I piss many times, and my urine is red. I also feel pain while urination. [,juəri'neiʃən] 病人：我小便次数多，尿液呈红色，排尿时疼痛。 Dr.: do you feel any back pain? Any fever? 医生：腰痛吗？发热吗？
Pt.: Yeah. There is also some pain in the lower belly. What’s my trouble? 病人：是的，小腹也痛。我是什么病呢？
Dr.: probably you have UTI. It’s certain you have your urine examined microbiologically for the accurate diagnosis. ['maikrəu,baiəu'lɔdʒikəli] ['ækjurət]
医生：你可能患尿路感染。当然，需要做尿培养以明确诊断。 Pt.: I feel uncomfortable. May I have some medication? 病人：我很不舒服，现在能用药吗？[,medi'keiʃən]
Dr.: right after we have your urine sample. Please remember to have lots of water. 医生：送检尿培养后就可以用药。请一定多饮水。
Pt.: that’s all right. I will cooperate. Thank you very much, dr. 病人：好的，我会配合的。谢谢你，医生。
Dr.: you are welcome. Call my office anytime you feel necessary. 医生：不用客气。有事可随时找我。
Chronic glomerulonephritis慢性肾炎
Dr.: hi. I am the dr. responsible for your treatment. Would you tell me the detail of your disease? 医生：你好，我是你的管床医生。请讲讲你的发病过程。 Pt.: I feel pain in the back for 3 months. 病人：我腰痛三个月了。
Dr.: how is it? Do you feel back pain unilaterally or bilaterally? [bai'lætərəli] 医生：单侧还是双侧？ Pt.: bilateral. 病人：双侧。
Dr.: does your pain refer to any regions elsewhere? 医生：牵涉至其他部位疼痛吗？
Pt.: no. 病人：没有。
Dr.: any pain during urination? 医生：排尿时疼痛吗？
Pt.: no. 病人：没有。
Dr.: how your urine looks like? Foamy? ['fəumi] 医生：小便是什么颜色？带泡沫吗？
Pt.: it’s clear yellow, with some foam. [fəum]
