中文3215字
标题：A study of major Mobile payment systems functionality in Europe
原文：Abstract- Mobile payment is an exciting domain, which will rapidly evolve in the years to come. The key to Mobile payment acceptance is in the hands of customers. In this paper first some of the major European Mobile payment systems are introduced and on security, cost, convenes and functionality requirement criteria, then the results of past researches about the customer and merchant adoption of Mobile payment systems (mp) are reviewed and barriers and drivers from both customer and merchant view are compared. Here by, this paper tries to find shortcomings in major mp systems and presents the major barriers and drivers to wide spread adoption of mobile payment from both customer and merchant point of view.
、INTRODUCTION
With the flourishing of electronic commerce and widespread use of mobile devices, a new type of service is emerging that extends e-business using wireless technology by enabling e-commerce services on mobile devices.Mobile payments are payments for goods, services, and bills with a mobile device (such as a mobile phone, smart-phone, or personal digital assistant (PDA) by taking advantage of wireless and other communication technologies. The key to mobile payment acceptance is in the hands of customers. The most important problem to broad acceptance and usage of an mobile payment (MP) procedure is the obtainment of a critical mass. This tends to be an hen-egg-problem: On the one hand customers will not use the procedure unless a significant number of merchants accepts it, on the other hand merchants will not be willing to accept the procedure unless a significant number of customers uses it.
At present, there are many examples of successful mobile payment applications such as the mobile content market which has developed into a billion dollar business, PayPal. Wider adoption of mobile payments, however, has not been as rapid or widespread as expected and there is a long list of discontinued mobile payment services such as the Simpay initiative and the Paybox launched in several European countries.There is some debate about types of m-payments .Some parties see m-payments as a new product, whilst others see m-payments as a new service.The European Central Bank categorizes m-payments as m-payments, a new payment initiative that is accessible via mobile phones. The funds, defined as electronic money (or e-money), an electronic store of monetary value on a technical device that may be widely used for making payments to undertakings other than the issuer without necessarily involving bank accounts in the transaction, but acting as a prepaid bearer instrument," are used to pay for products and services.
III MOBILE PAYMENT SYSTEMS IN EUROPE
A. FINEID in Finland
The Finnish electronic identity (FINEID) card along with the supporting infrastructure [1] is a system maintained by the Population Register Centre (PRC) of Finland. The card is a usual microprocessor smart card accepted as a valid ID in all EU countries and several others. The card contains two Citizen Certificates: the authentication certificate of the card holder and the signature certificate of the card holder. Private keys of both certificates are generated by the card and stored exclusively in its protected memory.
Security: The Finnish National PKI infrastructure, which is used in FINLAND mobile payment system for authenticating users and for ensuring the non-repudiation of payments. Signatures produced by the FINEID card are legally equivalent to the card holder's handwritten signature .Additionally the card contains the PRC'S own Certification Authority (CA) certificate. Cost: A mobile subscription customer can request a FINEID compatible PKI-SIM card from their mobile network operator and register it at a police station. Authentication cannot be done without the participation of the mobile network operator, and naturally, operators charge both customers and service providers for authentication. Apparently, this is a major threshold for joining the system
Convenience: The current implementation of FINEID on SIM cards is based on a platform developed by Smart Trust the advantages of the Smart Trust platform include its compatibility with almost any GSM mobile phone, and the availability of all infrastructure needed. Each registered individual gets a unique Finnish Electronic User ID (FINUID). The public keys of each user can be downloaded via a search with the appropriate criteria. Moreover, a revocation list of invalid certificates is available from the FINEID directory [1].
Functionality Requirements: FINEID certificates are only available to Finnish citizens and those permanently living In Finland. At the moment, a legal entity such as a Merchant or a bank cannot obtain a FINEID certificate.
B. DINA Card in Serbia
The National credit card, Dina Card, is being issued by almost all banks in Serbia. That gave a possibility for connecting existing mobile payment system to one point National center for payment cards (further NCPC), instead of connecting it to each bank separately, which is on the other side connected to all the banks that are issuers of Dina Card. This will give opportunity to many users who didn't have a chance to use SMS top up, because their banks didn't have an agreement with mobile operator, to register and start using the service. the system covers Ec ,MC and pos scenario.
Security: All the files that are exchanged between NCPC and core of the system are encrypted by file secure program and smartcard reader. Encryption and decryption is done by authorized personnel. Personal data about registered users are firstly checked by the bank and NCPC and then imported automatically into the core database, in order to minimize the possibility of error during manual import. When new user is imported for the first time m PIN is generated and sent to his registered mobile phone number via SMS. In the database, m PIN is stored in encrypted form, and there is no possibility to view it.
Cost: Mobile payment services can be enabled to all Subscribers of mobile network operator who are owners of Dina Card Registration process starts in the bank that issued Dina Card. Convenience: Interface to applications is unified for all types of services. It is based on http and has several methods that can be used in order to realize payment, Single m PIN is used for all defined services and accounts. Mobile payment services are enabled to the user from the moment m PIN is received.
C．Mobile Payment systems in Germany
a. Pay Box
The most well-known MP procedure in Germany is Pay box. The operator of the procedure was a technology driven payment startup which falls in the category of specialized intermediaries. Having started in May 2000 the service was the first mover in its field. Pay box acted not only as a payment intermediary but also actively acquired merchants and offered them the technical solution to integrate Pay box in their systems. Within 3 years pay box 500000 enrolled more than customers and 6,500merchants. Payments were authorized using IVR (Interactive Voice Response) The particular way of authenticating payments imposed restrictions on the use of Pay box within the MC scenario. For example, Pay box could not be used for WAP services since the customer during a WAP session could not be called to conduct the authorization. Pay box was especially targeted to the stationary merchant and EC scenario.
Security: The confidential treatment of data was vouched for by Pay box .For the confirmation of payments a number of options were supported depending on the kind of transaction and on the payment scenario, including SMS and e-mail.
Cost: The annual basic fee was 10 €, transaction fees did not exist. As it can be assumed that an important part of customers enrolled with a 50-100% discount on the basic fee, the high number of customers does not allow any Inference on the acceptance of high basic fees. Pay box could be used with any mobile phone. Thus preliminary costs were low and facilitated customers' participation.
Convenience: The procedure was easy to use and understand as the customer only had to know his MSISDN and could rely on the IVR system to guide him through the transaction or authorization process. Customer experience in the handling of voice-based transactions afforded Paybox the reputation of an easy-to-use and subjectively sate system. Fast processing of transactions was possible, costs were low and facilitated customers' participation[6] .
Functionality Requirements: Bank transfers through Pay box were possible. Pico payments were technically possible yet not efficient since costs for the used debit procedure and the system's call-back function tended to outweigh transaction amount.
b. I-mode
The inherent payment procedure of i-mode is an MP procedure that can only be used within the i-mode Mcplatform. The MP procedure is limited to the MC scenario, e.g. to pay for news or the purchase of tickets.
Security：Responsibility for both the confidential treatment of data during payment procedures and the safe handling of customers' data lies with E-Plus. Customers have confidence in the well-known MNO Eplus. Thus, its reputation enhances a feeling of security in customers and the criterion of subjective security is satisfied Confirmation of payment is handled via a special confirmation page displayed on the mobile device.
Cost: The payment does not generate additional transaction fees for customers. I-mode itself can only be used if an E-Plus customer both subscribes to i-mode (monthly basic fee, minimum 5€) and purchases a special i-mode mobile phone. Subscribers from competing MNO are excluded from the service.
Convenience: The i-mode MP procedure is easy to use and understand. Payment-related data as a rule do not have to be entered. Thus, the extent of customer experience necessary to handle the system tends to be very low.
Functionality Requirements. The requirement of a capacity for the execution of a bank transfer is only partially met. Pico payments can be easily performed since these can be aggregated.
c. Vodafone m-pay
The latest MP procedure of the three is Vodafone m pay Which is Devised for the MC scenario but also usable in EC, it can up to now handle payments up to a maximum of 10€(although this is a deliberate restriction in order to gain experience with the procedure).
Costs:The use of m-pay does not entail extra costs for customers. There are neither basic nor transactions fees. This includes even the SMS being sent by the payment server within the EC scenario. Purchase of a special device other than a WAP-enabled phone is not required.
Security: Security requirements like the confidential treatment of data are met. No payment-related data are transmitted from customers to content providers or merchants during the transaction, since these data have been stored by the payment server and used only internally.
Convenience: M-pay is basically easy to use and understand. Duration of payment procedures is similar to that of i-mode within the MC scenario and thus comparatively low. In the EC scenario the procedures take slightly more time since the forwarding and entering of a TAN is required. As far as merchant participation is concerned, m-pay is.- up to now -at a great disadvantage.
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