To examine manifestations of depressive symptomatology among undergraduate students in East Asia, North and South America, responses to the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) were compared across Japanese (n=310), Anglo-American (n=377), Native American (n=353), and Argentinean (n=110) undergraduate students. Japanese reported a significantly higher level of low positive affect, leading to significantly higher total CES-D scores, whereas their negative symptoms score was comparable to scores of Anglo-Americans and Argentineans. Although Native Americans were more likely to endorse negative symptoms, their low positive affect score was comparable to those of Argentineans. Argentineans appear to suffer less from depressive symptoms. Results from a Differential Item Functioning analysis, using Anglo-Americans as the reference group, indicated that: (1) the manifestation of depressive symptoms seemed to be similar for Anglo-Americans and Argentineans, except for low positive affect; (2) Native Americans tended to favor somatic symptoms over affective (depressive) symptoms; (3) responses to positive affect questions could possibly be biased not only for Japanese but also for people in North America; i.e., the expression of positive affect might be enhanced in North American culture, while inhibited in Japanese culture.
Article Outline
? Introduction
? Methods
? Survey sites and subjects
? Measurement
? Statistical analysis
? Results
? Mean rating scores on individual items, subscales, and total scale
? DIF detection of CES-D items in comparison with Anglo-Americans
? DSF of CES-D subscales in comparison with Anglo-Americans
? Percentages of high-scorers according to scale/subscale scores on the CES-D
? Discussion
? Endorsement of depressive (negative) symptoms by race/ethnicity
? Endorsement of low positive affect by race/ethnicity
? Japanese
? Argentineans and Native Americans
? Acknowledgements
? References
Objectives
The seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in Northeastern Asia is unknown. This study was conducted to gain insight into the epidemiology of HEV that has been obscure in Northeastern China, South Korea and Japan.
Methods
A total of 1500 samples of serum were collected (300 each) from 5 groups of inhabitants over 40 years of age (Korean Chinese, indigenous Chinese, South Koreans, Koreans living in Japan, and indigenous Japanese) and screened for antibodies to HEV by the antigen–antibody–antigen sandwich Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay system.
Results
The positivity for HEV antibodies was 50.7% (95%CI: 45.0–56.3) in Korean Chinese, 47.7% (95%CI: 42.1–53.3) in indigenous Chinese, 34% (95%CI: 28.9–39.5) in South Koreans, 14.3% (95%CI: 10.8–18.8) in Koreans living in Japan, and 6.0% (95%CI: 3.8–9.3) in indigenous Japanese.
Conclusions
This result emphasizes that HEV is endemic in Northeastern Asia and tends to accumulate in developing countries. Further stu
dies are needed to elucidate the genotype of HEV circulating in these areas and its transmission route—water-borne outbreaks, smaller outbreaks or sporadic forms attributed to zoonosis—with reference to past epidemics, food culture, and sanitary conditions.
Article Outline
Introduction
Materials and methods
Statistical analysis
Results
Discussion
Acknowledgements
References
Background: Suicide is one of the leading causes of mortality in both South Korea and Japan. Aims: The study aims to compare the descriptive epidemiology of suicide over the last two decades (1985–2006) and to explore the conditions associated with the different distribution of suicides in both countries. Methods: Age-standardized suicide rates were obtained from the OECD Health Data 2009. Age-specific suicide rates for the age groups were calculated from the WHO Mortality Database. Suicide methods were identified based on ICD-10. Results: Through 1980–2000, Japan showed consistently higher suicide rates compared to Korea. However, from the mid-1990s, Korea showed an acute increase of suicides and finally surpassed Japan; the age-standardized suicide rate of Korea increased from 10.2 (per 100,000) in 1985 to 21.5 in 2006, while it slightly increased from 18.4 to 19.1 in Japan. The highest age-specific suicide rate was observed among Japanese men aged 45–64 years and Korean men aged over 64 years. The increase of elderly suicides among Korean women was notable. The gender ratio increased in Japan and decreased in Korea, respectively. The preferred suicide methods were hanging and pesticide poisoning in Korea and hanging in Japan. Because of the limited number of observations, hypothesis testing of specific risk factors was not possible. Conclusions: Age and gender distribution of suicide rates differed considerably between the two countries. Welfare protection throughout the life course in both countries, and pesticide regulation in Korea would be helpful in reducing the burden of suicide mortality in both countries, even if the social values could not be changed in a short time.
Managing the human side of cross-border acquisitions in South Korea Original Research Article
Journal of World Business, Volume 43, Issue 1, January 2008, Pages 97-108
Fabian Jintae Froese, Yong Suhk Pak, Li Choy Chong
Close preview | Related articles | Related reference work articles AbstractAbstract | Figures/TablesFigures/Tables | ReferencesReferencesAbstract
Since the Asian financial crisis of 1997–1998, Korea has experienced a dramatic influx of foreign capital directed toward ailing Korean firms. This study shows how three Western companies integrated the human resources and organizational cultures of their Korean target firms and how Korean employees responded to the implemented changes. Data revealed that changes in human resource management and organizational culture were not only tolerated but even appreciated by the employees of Korean target firms
. However, organizational culture changes encouraging more individualism and contradicting Confucian values were negatively perceived. The paper concludes with a discussion of the study's practical implications and limitations.
Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. The literature review
2.1. Cross-border M&A integration approaches
2.2. The role of HRM in cross-border M&As
2.3. The role of culture in cross-border M&As
3. Methodology
3.1. Data collection and description
3.2. Measures
4. Results
5. Discussion
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Journal of International Economics, Volume 48, Issue 1, June 1999, Pages 71-100
Robert C. Feenstra, Tzu-Han Yang, Gary G. Hamilton
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Bo-feng Zhu, Hong-dan Wang, Chun-mei Shen, Ya-jun Deng, Guang Yang, Qing-ju Wu, Peng Xu, Hai-xia Qin, Shuan-liang Fan, Ping Huang, Li-bin Deng, Rudolf Lucas, Zhen-Yuan Wang
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Biruck Desalegn, Takumi Takasuga, Kouji H. Harada, Toshiaki Hitomi, Yukiko Fujii, Hye-Ran Yang, Peiyu Wang, STMLD Senevirathna, Akio Koizumi
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Highlights
? An exponentially increasing trend in endosulfan exposure was observed in Beijing. ? The significant increase over time for toxaphene in Seoul was remarkable. ? The concentrations of endosulfan in several samples in Korea exceeded 10% of ADI.
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Michael Orlando Sharpe
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Gansu province is located in northwestern China and is home to 45 ethnic groups including Han, Hui, Zang and others. Different ethnic groups have varying involvement with livestock and meat consumption, especially pork. To investigate the prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection and the distribution of HEV genotypes among the major ethnic groups in Gansu province, 2090 serum samples were collected from individuals from four regions and three ethnic groups, the Han, Hui and Zang. All serum samples were tested for anti-HEV IgG and IgM antibodies, as well as HEV antigen, and selected samples were then tested for HEV RNA. The data showed that the seroprevalence of anti-HEV IgG in the Hui, Han and Zang ethnic groups from the four regions was 8.9%, 18.7% and 32.9%, respectively, and these differed significantly (P < 0.05). The seroprevalence of anti-HEV antibody for each ethnic group varied among the different regions. In general, within the same region, the three ethnic groups also show differences. Genomic analysis indicated that HEV isolated from humans belonged to genotype 4, and resembled closely swine HEV isolates from Gansu province. The seroprevalence of anti-HEV antibodies was in accordance with the amount of contact with pigs in the different regions. Pigs are the primary host for HEV, so people in frequent contact with pigs may be at risk
of zoonotic infection. However, populations that have rare contact with pigs are more likely to be susceptible to HEV when exposed, suggesting that should be the target of vaccination.
Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Serum samples
2.2. ELISA for detecting anti-HEV IgM, IgG and HEV antigen
2.3. Nested RT-PCR
2.4. Sequencing of HEV strains and phylogenetic analysis
2.5. Statistical analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic characteristics of the subjects
3.2. Prevalence of HEV antigen, anti-HEV antibody in regional populations
3.3. Prevalence of HEV antigen, anti-HEV IgM and IgG in ethnic groups
3.4. Prevalence of HEV antigen, anti-HEV IgM and IgG in age groups from three ethnic groups
3.5. Analysis of nucleotide sequences in HEV RNA-positive samples
4. Discussion
Acknowledgements
References
Gansu province is located in northwestern China and is home to 45 ethnic groups including Han, Hui, Zang and others. Different ethnic groups have varying involvement with livestock and meat consumption, especially pork. To investigate the prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection and the distribution of HEV genotypes among the major ethnic groups in Gansu province, 2090 serum samples were collected from individuals from four regions and three ethnic groups, the Han, Hui and Zang. All serum samples were tested for anti-HEV IgG and IgM antibodies, as well as HEV antigen, and selected samples were then tested for HEV RNA. The data showed that the seroprevalence of anti-HEV IgG in the Hui, Han and Zang ethnic groups from the four regions was 8.9%, 18.7% and 32.9%, respectively, and these differed significantly (P < 0.05). The seroprevalence of anti-HEV antibody for each ethnic group varied among the different regions. In general, within the same region, the three ethnic groups also show differences. Genomic analysis indicated that HEV isolated from humans belonged to genotype 4, and resembled closely swine HEV isolates from Gansu province. The seroprevalence of anti-HEV antibodies was in accordance with the amount of contact with pigs in the different regions. Pigs are the primary host for HEV, so people in frequent contact with pigs may be at risk of zoonotic infection. However, populations that have rare contact with pigs are more likely to be susceptible to HEV when exposed, suggesting that should be the target of vaccination.
Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Serum samples
2.2. ELISA for detecting anti-HEV IgM, IgG and HEV antigen
2.3. Nested RT-PCR
2.4. Sequencing of HEV strains and phylogenetic analysis
2.5. Statistical analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic characteristics of the subjects
3.2. Prevalence of HEV antigen, anti-HEV antibody in regional populations
3.3. Prevalence of HEV antigen, anti-HEV IgM and IgG in ethnic groups
3.4. Prevalence of HEV antigen, anti-HEV IgM and IgG in age groups from three ethnic groups
3.5. Analysis of nucleotide sequences in HEV RNA
-positive samples
4. Discussion
Acknowledgements
References
Gansu province is located in northwestern China and is home to 45 ethnic groups including Han, Hui, Zang and others. Different ethnic groups have varying involvement with livestock and meat consumption, especially pork. To investigate the prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection and the distribution of HEV genotypes among the major ethnic groups in Gansu province, 2090 serum samples were collected from individuals from four regions and three ethnic groups, the Han, Hui and Zang. All serum samples were tested for anti-HEV IgG and IgM antibodies, as well as HEV antigen, and selected samples were then tested for HEV RNA. The data showed that the seroprevalence of anti-HEV IgG in the Hui, Han and Zang ethnic groups from the four regions was 8.9%, 18.7% and 32.9%, respectively, and these differed significantly (P < 0.05). The seroprevalence of anti-HEV antibody for each ethnic group varied among the different regions. In general, within the same region, the three ethnic groups also show differences. Genomic analysis indicated that HEV isolated from humans belonged to genotype 4, and resembled closely swine HEV isolates from Gansu province. The seroprevalence of anti-HEV antibodies was in accordance with the amount of contact with pigs in the different regions. Pigs are the primary host for HEV, so people in frequent contact with pigs may be at risk of zoonotic infection. However, populations that have rare contact with pigs are more likely to be susceptible to HEV when exposed, suggesting that should be the target of vaccination.
Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Serum samples
2.2. ELISA for detecting anti-HEV IgM, IgG and HEV antigen
2.3. Nested RT-PCR
2.4. Sequencing of HEV strains and phylogenetic analysis
2.5. Statistical analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic characteristics of the subjects
3.2. Prevalence of HEV antigen, anti-HEV antibody in regional populations
3.3. Prevalence of HEV antigen, anti-HEV IgM and IgG in ethnic groups
3.4. Prevalence of HEV antigen, anti-HEV IgM and IgG in age groups from three ethnic groups
3.5. Analysis of nucleotide sequences in HEV RNA-positive samples
4. Discussion
Acknowledgements
References
‘Nation’ and ‘ethnic group’ are distinct concepts in Western literature. But under the strong influence of the Soviet Model of ‘nationality’, China established a similar framework dealing ethnic relations since the 1950 s. This framework is different from the Chinese tradition of over 2000 years. Because the Soviet Union has disintegrated, China should rethink the Soviet model in comparison with Chinese tradition as well as the ‘nation-ethnic group relations’ in the western nations. ‘De-politicization of ethnicity’ in China might lead China to a new direction for harmonious society construction.
‘Nation’ and ‘ethnic group’ are distinct concepts in Western literature. But unde
r the strong influence of the Soviet Model of ‘nationality’, China established a similar framework dealing ethnic relations since the 1950 s. This framework is different from the Chinese tradition of over 2000 years. Because the Soviet Union has disintegrated, China should rethink the Soviet model in comparison with Chinese tradition as well as the ‘nation-ethnic group relations’ in the western nations. ‘De-politicization of ethnicity’ in China might lead China to a new direction for harmonious society construction.
Clay mineral assemblages, crystallinity, chemistry, and micromorphology of clay particles in sediments from ODP Site 1146 in the northern South China Sea (SCS) were analyzed, and used to trace sediment sources and obtain proxy records of the past changes in the East Asian monsoon climate since the Miocene, based on a multi-approach, including X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS). Clay minerals consist mainly of illite and smectite, with associated chlorite and kaolinite. The illite at ODP Site 1146 has very well-to-well crystallinity, and smectite has moderate-to-poor crystallinity. In SEM the smectite particles at ODP Site 1146 often appear cauliflower-like, a typical micromorphology of volcanic smecites. The smectite at ODP Site 1146 is relatively rich in Si element, but poor in Fe, very similar to the smectite from the West Philippine Sea. In contrast, the chemical composition of illite at ODP Site 1146 has no obvious differences from those of the Loess plateau, Yellow River, Yangtze River, and Pearl River. A further study on sediment source indicates that smectite originates mainly from Luzon, kaolinite from the Pearl River, and illite and chlorite from the Pearl River, Taiwan and/or the Yangtze River. The clay mineral assemblages at ODP Site 1146 were not only controlled by continental eathering regimes surrounding the SCS, but also by the changing strength of the transport processes. The ratios of (illite+chlorite)/smectite at ODP Site 1146 were adopted as proxies for the East Asian monsoon evolution. Relatively higher ratios reflect strongly intensified winter monsoon relative to summer monsoon, in contrast, lower ratios indicate a strengthened summer monsoon relative to winter monsoon. The consistent variation of this clay proxy from those of Loess plateau, eolian deposition in the North Pacific, planktonic, benthic foraminifera, and black carbon in the SCS since 20 Ma shows that three profound shifts of the East Asian winter monsoon intensity, and aridity in the Asian inland and the intensity of winter monsoon relative to summer monsoon, occurred at about 15 Ma, 8 Ma, and the younger at about 3 Ma. The phased uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan plateau may have played a significant role in strengthening the Asian monsoon at 15 Ma, 8 Ma, and 3 Ma.
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