人教新课标初高中英语衔接教材

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人教新课标初高中英语衔接教材



初高中英语衔接
同学们,为了让你们更好的适应高中阶段的英语学习,将初中和高中的英语学习有机的结合起来,特编写了以下的内容,希望对大家能够有所帮助。 一. 解读高中英语教材
目前我们用的这套教材是由人民教育出版社出版的《普通高中课程标准实验教科书 英语》(New Senior English For China),简称为人教新课标版教材。这套教材和以往的教材相比,更加符合中国学生的认知特点和思维方式。教材把话题、结构、功能和任务型活动有机地结合在一起,既符合中国学生英语学习的规律和特点,又体现了新的教育教学理念。教材系统性强,同时该教科书以话题为核心,以结构和功能项目为主线,组织和安排听、说、读、写的活动,有利于我们从整体上进行把握。
本套教材又分为必修和选修两个部分,必修部分共分为5个模块(即必修1-必修5)。高中英语课程设计为学生提供了若干模块的选修课程,学生可以根据自己的兴趣、特长和对未来发展的设计进行选修,分为两个不同的系列课程,B系列和C系列课程。
B系列课程为顺序选修课程,应在完成A系列课程后顺序选修。B系列课程的内容和结构与A系列基本相同,在继续发展学生听、说、读、写的综合语言技能的同时,重点发展学生的阅读与表达能力。共设6个模块即(即选修修6-选修11)。我们一般选修的是B系列的课程。
C系列课程又分为三种类型的课程:语言知识与技能类、语言应用类和欣赏类。其目的是为培养学生的专项语用技能,发展特长、爱好,满足兴趣和需求而开设的,为学生进一步学习或就业,特别是终身发展打好基础。由于这一系列的要求较高,我们一般不选修这一系列的课程。
本套教材的必修部分和顺序选修部分的每册中都以话题为重点,以单元为顺序进行编排,每一模块包含5个单元,每一单元又包含了一个话题。教材 Contents(目录)部分列出了每个单元的 Topics(话题),Functional items(功能项
目),Structures(结构,即语法),Reading(阅读内容),Writing(写作以及workbook(练习簿,还具体列出条目供给我们自主学习。
每一单元主要有以下及部分构成的:Warming UpPre-readingReadingComprehendingLearning about LanguageUsing LanguageSumming UpLearning Tip 八项。Workbook 中包括 ListeningTalkingUsing words and expressionsUsing structuresListening taskReading taskSpeaking taskWriting taskProjectChecking yourself 十项。当然,在平时的学习中老师会根据具体的情况对这些项目进行整合或者适当删减的。
总之,这套教科书中的语言材料基本源自当代社会生活,语言真实、地道、自然,以英式英语为主,也介绍了世界上主要英语国家的英语,如美国、澳大利亚等国家的英语,可以增进我们对英语的全面了解。相信经过我们的努力,在这套教材的帮助下,我们可以更好的感悟和体验英语,发展语言技能,进而逐步获得综合语言运用能力。
祝愿同学们在高中英语学习中取得理想的成绩! 二.高中英语学法指导
迈进高中的校门,面对全新的学习环境,同学们进入了一个新的学习阶段。学习内容及难度与过去初中有了很大的改变,因而学习方法也应当相应地有所改变。在初中阶段,英语学习主要重视对于简单英语知识和语法的学习,而到了高中阶段则侧重于培养英语的的综合能力,这就需要我们把学到的知识灵活运用到对语言、文章的理解中,不断提高分析判断能力、逻辑思维能力和语言运用能力。因此我们应当讲求学习策略,制定符合自己的学习方法和目标,力争从一开始就养成一个良好的学习习惯,使自己充满信心,学好英语。 一、学习英语首先从总体上中要注意的几点: 1、要点滴积累,不要急于求成。
记住:Rome isnt built in one day! (罗马不是一天就建成的。急于求成就可能会造成消化不良,或者一事无成的结果。急于求成往往表现为对自己提出过高的要求。这样做往往会给自己很大压力,进而对自己逐渐失去信心,失去兴趣。只有逐步的积累,才能聚沙成塔、集腋成裘,由量的积累进而实现质的变
化,从而实现英语成绩的飞跃提升和自己语言运用能力的提高。 2、要把握英语学习的规律,善于积累。
语言的学习应听、说、读、写全面发展,在开始阶段应侧重以听说为主。然后逐步加大阅读,毕竟高中英语学习阶段主要以阅读理解是主要的培养目标。成每天阅读一定的英文的好习惯会让你终身受益。
记住:Ten mimutes every day is better than ten hours in a day! 我们要尊重记忆规律,利用点滴时间,与其他学科穿插进行。特别是早晨是学习英语的大好时光。
3、要树立信心,不要妄自菲薄。
“有的同学在初中阶段英语学习的并不是很好,对高中学习也失去了信心。其实,语言学习就是一个积累的过程,只要我们在高中阶段认真学习,把握英语学习的规律,就一定能够将这一学科学好。无数的实践也反复证明了这一道理,很多在初中阶段英语基础并不是很好的同学,到了高中之后掌握了正确的学习方法并且努力学习,一样可以将英语学得很好。 4、要做到博闻强识,加强背诵。
许多语言教育专家指出:语言能力的强弱与掌握语言材料的多寡成正比。语言材料输入量越大,语言能力提高越快,其中背诵是一种强化语言材料输入的好方法,是不可缺少的语言学习环节。另外还要学会主动出击,不要坐等人教;要持之以恒,不要三天打鱼两天晒网。 二、高中阶段具体的学习方法 1、把握好课堂学习这一主阵地。
课堂上要积极参与,不能做被动的听众。提高课堂效率,珍惜每一次练习机会。要想在课堂上提高效率,那课前的预习就显得尤为重要了。在预习时,我们要结合课后的notes(注释熟读课文,了解生词在文章中的使用,标出难点。同时在课堂上要做到认真听讲,积极回答;我们还要学会记笔记,因为理解≠记住≠灵活运用。因此,对好的例句、词语辨析、常用句型、文化差异,中英文差异,习俗差异都可作些笔录。既可以在课上去记,同时课下还要进行认真的补充和整理,要将英语笔记作为我们学习英语的一笔宝贵的财富。语法的框架。

关于语法知识的学习:掌握一定的语法知识是必要的,它是基础,也是高中英语模块教学的重点。中国人学习外语应该学点语法,但是过分地研究语法是不利于能力的培养的,这也是中国人学习英语的误区。因此我们学习语法的时候,不是单纯的记忆语法的条文,而是看语法在实际语境中是如何应用的。语法会对其他能力的形成有很大的影响,缺乏的扎实的语法基础就无法读懂结构复杂的长句,阅读能力和书面表达的能力也因此而受到牵制和影响。切记:语言的意义决定语言的形式。我们在学习时一定要再具体的语境中去分析句子,认真分析并总结错题,我们就一定能够掌握好语法的。 3、注重阅读训练,提高自己的阅读能力
阅读应该是高中三年中最应重视的部分了。因为它是培养英语语感,巩固和熟悉所学知识的最有效途径。在高中阶段,我们的阅读不能仅仅满足于课文了,要做到进行大量的课外阅读。要记住,用一本教科书学英语是绝对不够的。泛读时可以选择一些与高中学习有关的书报杂志。读不同题材、体裁的文章,理解跨学科知识。读时注意对运用精妙的词汇,短语或句子做些摘抄。
除此之外,同学们也要更加重视听说能力的培养。能说出一口流利的英语,不仅培养了成就感,也促进了语言的学习。开始时可跟录音读,保证发音正确。因为许多同学听力差并不是因为掌握的语言知识不够,而是听到的正确的语音与自己所说熟悉的不正确的读音不能联系起来,因此影响了理解。
英语音标发音表
英语国际音标共48个音素,其中元音音素20个,辅音音素28个。对于初学者来说,若采用集中教学,要学会48个音素的发音并区别开。确实不易。笔者对音标的教学采用了相对集中的方法,即从字母名称教学过渡到部分音标教学。
国际音标(英语语音)
前元音
元音
单元音
中元音
[i:] [ʌ]
[i] [ə:]
[e] [ə]
[æ]




后元音 开合双元音
双元音
集中双元音 清辅音
爆破音
浊辅音 清辅音
摩擦音
浊辅音
辅音
破擦音
浊辅音
鼻音 舌则音 半元音



[u:] [ei] [iə] [p] [b] [f] [v] [tʃ] [dʒ] [m] [l] [w]


[u] [ai] [εə] [t] [d] [s] [z] [tr] [dr] [n] [r] [j]

[ɔ:] [ɔi] [uə] [k] [g] [ʃ] [ʒ] [ts] [dz] [ŋ]


[ɔ] [əu] [θ] [ð]


[a:] [au] [h]

清辅音
(浊辅音) (浊辅音) (浊辅音)




句子成分及结构 一:句子成分由词或词组充当, 英语的基本成分有七种
主语subject谓语predicate宾语object表语predicative定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial,补语(complement)。 1. 主语 S

主语 (Subject 是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。表示句子说的是什么人或什么事。但在there be结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如:
1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 名词
2.We often speak English in class. 代词
3.One-third of the students in this class are girls. 数词 4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 不定式 5.Smoking does harm to the health. 动名词 6.The rich should help the poor. 名词化的形容词
7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 主语从句
8.It is necessary to master a foreign languageit 为形式主语,不定式为真正的主语 2. 谓语 V
谓语 (Predicate 说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下: 1、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如: He practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten oclock. 2、复合谓语:
由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如: You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold.
注意:谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。 3)表语 P

表语(Predicative用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份,它一般位于系动词之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、 副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如:

1.Our teacher of English is an American.(名词) 2.Is it yours?(代词)
3.The weather has turned cold.(形容词) 4.The speech is exciting.(分词)
5.Three times seven is twenty one?(数词) 6.His job is to teach English.(不定式) 7.His hobby is playing football.(动名词) 8.The meeting is of great importance.(介词短语) 9.Time is up. The class is over.(副词)
10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.(表语从句)
注意:系动词(Linking verb用于连接主语和表语,说明主语的状态,性质特征和身份等。
1)状态系动词用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如: He is a teacher.
2)持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, remain, stay, stand, 例如:
He always keep silent at meeting.
3)感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
4)变化系动词表示主语变成什么样,主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如:
He became mad after that. 除此之外,还有prove, turn out, appear, seem等。
The rumor proved false.
His plan turned out a success 4)宾语 (O

宾语Object表示动作的对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如: 1.They visited an exhibition yesterday.名词
2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. 代词,动名词
3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. 名词,数词
4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 名词化形容词,名
5.He pretended not to see me. 不定式
6.I enjoy listening to popular music. 动名词 7.I thinkthathe is fit for his office. 宾语从句 宾语种类:
1)双宾语(间接宾语O+直接宾语O Lend me your dictionary, please. He gave me a book yesterday. 2)复合宾语(宾语O+宾补C
1. They elected him their monitor. 名词
2.They painted their boat white. 形容词 3.Let the fresh air in. 介词
4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. 不定式 5.We saw her entering the room. 动名词
6.We found everything in the lab in good order. 介词短语 7.We will soon make our city what your city is now. 从句
以上几种是句子的必要成分,不可缺少,否则句子意义就不完整。句子除了必要成分外,还可以有定语,状语,同位语和插入语。 5)定语
修饰,限制,描述或补充说明名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute 1.Guilin is a beautiful city.(形容词)
2.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.(分词) 3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.(名词)

4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.(代词)
5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.(不定式短语) 6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.(动名词) 7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.(介词短语) 8.Farmers who saw us stared at us as if we are walking skeletons. (语从句 6)状语

修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分。从情,时间,处所,方式,条件,对象,肯定,否定,范围和程度等方面对谓语中心进行修饰或限制,状语一般由副词充当,也可由名词,介词短语,非谓语动词,从句等充当。
1.Light travels most quickly. 副词及副词性短语 2.He has lived in the city for ten years. 介词短语
3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination. 不定式
4.He is in the room making a model plane. 分词短语 5.Wait a minute. 名词
6.Once you begin, you must continue. 状语从句 9种状语种类如下:

1. How about meeting again at six? 时间
2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.
3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 条件 4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 地点
5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care. 方式 5. She came in with a dictionary in her hand. 伴随
6.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 目的 7.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 结果 8.She works very hard though she is old. 让步

9.I am taller than he is. 比较
7)同位语(Appositive)对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释,通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任,如: This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster. We students should study hard. We all are students.
8插入语Parenthesis对一句话做一些附加的解释,通常有to be honest , I think (suppose, believe---等,如:
To be frank, I dont quite agree with you.
二:英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。 掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。 1 (主+谓) 2 (主+系+表) 3 (主+谓+宾)
4 (主+谓+间宾+直宾) 5 (主+谓+宾+宾补)

基本句型一:S (不及物动词)
1. The sun rose. 2. Who cares? 3. What he said does not matter. 4. They talked for half an hour. 5. The pen writes smoothly
此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词 都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词, 后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 基本句型二:S │V(是系动词)│ P(表语) 1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary.
2. The dinner smells good.


3. He fell in love. 4. Everything looks different. 5. He is growing tall and strong.
6. Our well has gone dry. 7. His face turned red. 基本句型 三: (主+谓+宾)
此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。
│V(及物动词)│ O(宾语) 1. Who knows the answer? 2. He has refused to help them. 3. He enjoys reading. 4. He said "Good morning."
5. He admits that he was mistaken. 基本句型 四: O (主+谓+间宾+直宾)
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语。这两个宾语通常一个指人(间接宾语一个指物(直接宾语
│V(及物)│ O(多指人) O(多指物) 1.She ordered herself a new dress. 2. He brought you a dictionary. 3. I showed him my pictures.
4. I told him that the bus was late. 5. He showed me how to run the machine. 基本句型 五: (主+谓+宾+宾补)
此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。 │V(及物)│ O(宾语) C(宾补) 1. They painted the door green.

2. This set them thinking. 3. They found the house deserted. 4. He asked me to come back soon. 5. I saw them getting on the bus. 三:Practice makes perfect. ( 选择句子结构
a,S b c,S d,S e,S 1. Please tell us a story._______ 2. She smiled.______
3. I have a lot work to do._____ 4. His job is to train swimmers._____ 5. He noticed a man enter the room._____ 6. Please look at the picture._____
(二).指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分: 1. The students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper.
3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!
5. They went hunting together early in the morning. 6. His job is to train swimmers.
7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing. 8. There is going to be an American film tonight. 9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. 10. His wish is to become a scientist. 11. He managed to finish the work in time. 12. Tom came to ask me for advice.
13. He found it important to master English. 14. Do you have anything else to say?

15. To be honestyour pronunciation is not so good. 16. Would you please tell me your address? 17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.
18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy. 19. He noticed a man enter the room. 20. The apples tasted sweet. (三)翻译下列句子
主谓结构 主语 不及物动词 1.你应当努力学习。 2.她昨天回家很晚。

3.那天早上我们谈了很多。 4.会议将持续两个小时。
5.在过去的十年里,我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。 主谓宾结构 (主语 +及物动词 +宾语 1.昨晚我写了一封信。 2.今天下午我想同你谈谈。 3.这本书他读过多次了。 4.他们成功地完成了计划。 5.那位先生能流利地说三种语言。 主系表结构 (主语 +系动词+表语 1.我的兄弟都是大学生。 2.冬季白天短,夜晚长。
3.孩子们,请保持安静。 4.树叶已经变黄了。 5.这个报告听起来很有意思。


双宾语结构 (主语+双宾动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 1 Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。 2. 奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。 3. Mary把钱包交给校长了。
4. Robinson Crusoe 给自己做了一只小船。 5. 我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗?
复合宾语结构 (主语 +动词 宾语 宾语补足语 1.我们叫她Alice. 2.我们大家都认为他是诚实的。 3.我们要使学校变得更美丽。 4.每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。 5.我们不会让她在晚上外出的。 There be 句型 1.今晚没有会。
2.这个村子过去只有一口井。
3这个学校有一名音乐老师和一名美术老师 4.灯亮着,办公室里肯定有人。 5.恰好那时房里没人。
中英语语法
一.名词 I.
名词的种类:
专有名词 国名地名人名,体机构名称
个体名词
可数名词
集体名词
普通名词
不可数名词 抽象名词
物质名词

Beijing, China gun


family


work


air









II. 名词的数:
1. 规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s-es现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:
规则
1 一般情况在词尾加-s
例词
map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days
2
s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后class-classes, box-boxes, -es
-f-fev再加-f-es
watch-watches, dish-dishes leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives,
wife-wives, half-halves chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs
3 -fe尾的词
-s
4
以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,party-parties, family-families, yi-es
story-stories, city-cities
5
以元音字母加y结尾的名词,toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, 专有名词以y结尾的,加-s
一般加-es
以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词
两者皆可
ray-rays, Henry-Henrys Negro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos
zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos
6 不少外来词加-s

7
以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s
radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos
truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,


8 -th结尾的名词加-s









2. 不规则名词复数:英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下:
规则
1
例词
改变名词中的元音字母或其他形man-men, woman-women, foot-feet,
goose-geese, mouse-mice
sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin,
trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, people, police
class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public, party
customs(海关, times(时代, spirits(情绪, drinks(饮料, 2 单复数相同
3 只有复数形式
4 一些集体名词总是用作复数
部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员)
5
6 复数形式表示特别含义 sands(沙滩, papers(文件报纸, looks(外表, brains(头脑智力, greens(青菜
表示7
“某-s
Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans
Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese
国人” 单复数同形

-man-woman结尾的改为-men,-women 将主体名词变为复数
8
合成名词
无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 将两部分变为复数



Englishmen, Frenchwomen
sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches women singers, men servants








III. 名词的所有格:
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加’s构成,二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。 1. s所有格的构成: 单数名词在末尾加’s
一般在末尾加’
复数名词
不规则复数名词后加’s
the boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,
the teachers room, the twins mother, the childrens toys, womens rights,
s结尾的人名所有格加’sDickens novels, Charless job, the 者’
Smiths house
表示各自的所有关系时,各名词Japans and Americas problems, Janes 末尾均须加’s
表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s
and Marys bikes
Japan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father
表示"某人家""店铺",所有the doctors, the barbers, the tailor
格后名词省略


s, my uncles

2. s所有格的用法: 表示时间 2 表示自然现象 3
todays newspaper, five weeks holiday the earths atmosphere, the trees branches
表示国家城市等地方the countrys plan, the worlds population, 的名词
Chinas industry
the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory
a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples the lifes time, the plays plot
a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措
4 表示工作群体 5 表示度量衡及价值 6
与人类活动有特殊关系的名词
7 某些固定词组 3. of所有格的用法:
用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students
用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed 二.冠词
冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。 I.
不定冠词的用法:
指一类人或事,相当于a kind 1 A plane is a machine that can fly. of 2 第一次提及某人某物,非特指 A boy is waiting for you.

3
表示“每一”相当于everyone
We study eight hours a day.
4 表示“相同”相当于the same We are nearly of an age.
用于人名前,表示不认识此人A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were 5 或与某名人有类似性质的人或out
6 用于固定词组中
用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后
That boy is rather a Lei Feng.
A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time This room is rather a big one.
7
8
用于so(as, too, how+形容She is as clever a girl as you can wish to 词之后
meet.
II. 定冠词的用法: 1 表示某一类人或物
2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事
The horse is a useful animal. the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean
Would you mind opening the door? play the violin, play the guitar the reach, the living, the wounded the Greens, the Wangs
He is the taller of the two children.
3
4 用于乐器前面
5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 6 表示“一家人”或“夫妇” 7
用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前
8
用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山the United States, the Communist 川群岛的名词前
Party of China, the French

9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 10
在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代
The compass was invented in China. in the 1990s
I hired the car by the hour. He patted me on the shoulder.
11 用于表示单位的名词前 12
用于方位名词,身体部位名词,及表示时间的词组前
III. 零冠词的用法: 1
专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,Beijing University, Jack, China, 名地名等名词前
love, air
2
名词前有this, my, whose, some, I want this book, not that one. / no, each, every等限制
季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐前
Whose purse is this?
March, Sunday, National Day, spring Lincoln was made President of America.
He likes playing football/chess. by train, by air, by land
husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night
Horses are useful animals.
3
4 表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前 5 学科,语言,球类,棋类名词前 6 by连用表示交通工具的名词前 7
and连接的两个相对的名词并用
8 表示泛指的复数名词前 三.代词 I.
代词可以分为以下七大类: 1
人称主格 代词 宾格
I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them

形容词2
物主代词

my, your, his, her, its, our, their
名词性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
3 4 5 6
反身代词 指示代词 疑问代词 关系代词
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
this, that, these, those, such, some
who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever
that, which, who, whom, whose, as
one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ 7
不定代词
little/ a few/ a little,
other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either




II. 不定代词用法注意点: 1. one, someany:
1 one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为onessome多用于肯定句,any用于疑问句和否定句。
One should learn to think of others.
Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask.
2 some可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等。 Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?
3 some any修饰可数名词单数时,some表示某个,any表示任何一个。 I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.
4 some和数词连用表示“大约”,any可与比较级连用表示程度。

There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today? 2. eachevery:
each强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而every强调整体,所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。
Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.
Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. 3. noneno
no等于not any,作定语。none作主语或宾语,代替不可数名词,谓语用单数,代替可数名词,谓语单复数皆可以。 There is no water in the bottle.
How much water is there in the bottle? None.
None of the students are (is afraid of difficulties. 4. otheranother:
1 other泛指“另外的,别的”常与其他词连用,如:the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way,
the other特指两者中的另外一个,复数为the others。如: He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.
Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. 2 another指“又一个,另一个”无所指,复数形式是others,泛指“别的人或事”如:
I dont like this shirt, please show me another (one.
The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others. Some like football, while others like basketball. 5. allboth, neithereither
all表示不可数名词时,其谓语动词用单数。bothall加否定词表示部分否定,全部否定用neithernone.

All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.
Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher. 四.形容词和副词 I.形容词: 1. 形容词的位置:
1 形容词作定语通常前置,但在下列情况后置: 1
修饰some, any, every, nobody, thing, nobody absent, everything one等构成的复合不定代词时
possible
2
-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高the best book available, the 级或only修饰的名词之后
alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置
only solution possible the only person awake a bridge 50 meters long a huge room simple and beautiful
a man difficult to get on with
3
4 和空间、时间、单位连用时 5 成对的形容词可以后置
6 形容词短语一般后置
2 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序:
代词 冠词
冠词指示代前的
序数
基数
性质 状态
大小 长短 形状
数词
性状形容词
新旧 温度
形容不定代

代词所颜色
国籍 产地
材料 质地

有格 the
all both such
a this another your











second next
beautiflarge one four
ul good poor
short new squarcool e
black Chinesyellow
e London
silk stone
3 复合形容词的构成: 1
形容词+名词+ed
kind-hearted
6 名词+形容词
world-famous
2 形容词+形容词 dark-blue 3
形容词+现在分
ordinary-looking
7 名词+现在分词 peace-loving 8 名词+过去分词 snow-covered 9 数词+名词+ed three-egged 10 数词+名词
twenty-year
4 副词+现在分词 hard-working 5 副词+过去分词 newly-built II. 副词 副词的分类: 1
时间副soon, now, early,
finally, once, recently
5
频度副always, often, frequently, 疑问副
seldom, never
how, where, when, why
2
地点副here, nearby, outside, 方式副
upwards, above hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really
6
3 7
连接副how, when, where, why,
whether, however, meanwhile
4 程度副almost, nearly, very, 8 关系副when, where, why

fairly, quite, rather
III. 形容词和副词比较等级:
形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级,比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er-est多音节和一些双音节词前加more most 1. 同级比较时常常用 asas…以及not so(asas…如:I am not so good a player as you are.
2. 可以修饰比较级的词有:much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal
3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the morethe more…”句型。如:The harder you work, the more progress you will make.
4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如:I have never spent a more worrying day. 5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:
Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.
6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如:favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect 五.介词 I.介词分类: 1 简单介词
about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on
inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without
according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to
from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between
considering(就而论, including
2 合成介词
3 短语介词
4 双重介词 分词转化成的介词
5

6
形容词转化成的介词
like, unlike, near, next, opposite
II. 常用介词区别: 1
表示时间的in, on, at表示片刻的时间,in表示一段的时间,on总是与日at
子有关
2
表示时间的since, since 指从过去到现在的一段时间,和完成时连用,from
表示时间的in, after
from指从时间的某一点开始
in指在一段时间之后,after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中
3
4
表示地理位置的in, in表示在某范围内,on指与什么毗邻,to指在某环境on, to
范围之外
表示“在…上”on, 5 on只表示在某物的表面上,in表示占去某物一部分 in 6
表示“穿过”的through, across 表示“关于”的about, on
through表示从内部通过,与in有关,across表示在表面上通过,与on有关 about指涉及到,on指专门论述
7
8
betweenamongbetween表示在两者之间,among用于三者或三者以上区别
besidesexcept的区别
表示“用”的in, with
的中间
besides指“除了…还有再加上”,except指“除了,减去什么”,不放在句首
with表示具体的工具,in表示材料,方式,方法,度量,单位,语言,声音
as意为“作为,以…地位或身份”,like为“象…一样”,指情形相似
in通常表示位置(静态),into表示动向,不表示目9
10
11 aslike的区别 12 ininto区别

的地或位置
六.动词 I.
动词的时态:
1. 动词的时态一共有16种,以ask为例,将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下: 一般 进行
现在时 ask / asks am/is/are asking have/has asked
过去时 asked was/were asking had asked
将来时
过去将来时
shall/will ask should/would ask shall/will be asking
should/would be asking
完成 完成进行
shall/will have should/would have asked
asked
have/has been had been asking
asking
shall/will have should/would have been asking
been asking
2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:
1 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况,但和现在有联系,强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果,它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之,利用过去,说明现在。如:
I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (经看过,且了解这本书的内容
2 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态,和现在无关,它可和表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“过”,“了”等词。简言之,仅谈过去,不关现在。如:
I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了,不涉及现在是否记住 I lived in Beijing for ten years.(只说明在北京住过十年,与现在无关) 3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别:
两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时,多用现在完成时,如着重表示动作一直在进行,即动作的延续性时,则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。

I have read that book.我读过那本书了。
I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。 4. 一般将来时的表达方式: 1
将来时
用法
例句
will/shall+表示将来发生的动作或存在的状My sister will be ten 词原形

next year.
Its going to clear up. Were going to have a party tonight.
2
be going to+含有“打算,计划,即将”做某词原形
事,或表示很有可能要发生某事
He is moving to the
go, come, start, move, leave, be + doing south. 3 arrive等词可用进行时表示按计行时表示将来
Are they leaving for 划即将发生的动作
Europe?
表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作,后面一般不跟时间状
I was about to leave when the bell rang. The meeting is about to close.
Were to meet at the school gate at noon. The meeting starts at five oclock.
The plane leaves at ten this evening.
4
be about to + 动词原形
5
be to + 动词原
表示按计划进行或征求对方意见
6
一般现在时表示将来
时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情,可用一般现在时表示将
II. 动词的被动语态: 1
常用被动语态
构成
6
常用被动语态
过去进行构成
was/were being asked
一般现在am/is/are asked

2
一般过去 一般将来
was/were asked
7
现在完成 过去完成 将来完成 含有情态动词的
have/has been asked
3 shall/will be asked 8 had been asked will/would have been asked
can/must/may be asked
4
过去将来should/would be
asked
9
5
现在进行am/is/are being
asked
10
被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be
going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时,只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 如:
Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates.
Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.
汉语有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如: It is believed that
It is generally considered that It is said that
It is well known that It must be pointed out that It is supposed that It is reported that It must be admitted that It is hoped that
下面主动形式常表示被动意义:如:

The wi_ndow wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice.
The door wont shut. / The play wont act. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well. The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold. 下面词或短语没有被动态:
leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等






七.情态动词 I.
情态动词基本用法: 情态动 can
用法
否定式
疑问式与简答
could
能力(体力,智力,技能)
can not / cannot Cando?
允许或许可(口语中常用) /cant do
Yes,can.
可能性(表猜测,用于否定No,cant. couldnt do
句或疑问句中)
Maydo? Yes,may
可以(问句中表示请求) 可能,或许(表推测) 祝愿(用于倒装句中)
might
may not do may.
No,mustnt/cant. Mightdo? Yes,might not do might
No,might not.
must 必须,应该(表主观要求) must not/mustnMustdo? Yes,
肯定,想必(肯定句中表推t do 测)
must.
No,neednt/dont have to.
只好,不得不(客观的必须,have to dont have to do Yes,do.
有时态人称变化)
No,dont.
应当(表示义务责任,口语中多用should 将要,会
用于一三人称征求对方意shall

用于二三人称表示许诺、令、警告、威胁等
shall not/shant do
Shalldo? Yes,shall.
ought not Dohave to do?
Oughtto do?
ought to to/oughtnt to Yes,ought. No,do
oughtnt.
No,shant.
should
should 应当,应该(表义务责任)
not/shouldnt Shoulddo?
本该(含有责备意味)
do
will not/wont 意愿,决心
请求,建议,用在问句中do
would not/wouldnt do
(常用于否定句和疑问句dare not/daren中) 需要
t do
Daredo? Yes,dare. No,darent. Needdo? Yes,must. No,neednt. Willdo? Yes,will. No,wont.
will
would
would比较委婉
dare
need 必须(常用于否定句和疑问句中)
need not/neednt do

Usedto do?
used not/usednused to 过去常常(现在已不再) t/usent to do
didnt use to do
Yes,used. No,use(dnt. Diduse to do? Yes,did. No,didnt.
II. 情态动词must, may, might, could, can表示推测:
must为例。must + do(be是推测现在存在的一般状态进行;must + be doing 推测可能正在进行的事情;must +have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情。 1. must“肯定,一定”语气强,只用于肯定句中。
He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.
2. maymight“也许”,后者语气弱,更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。 He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task. 3. cancould“可能”,could表示可疑的可能性,不及cant语气强,用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。
The weather in that city could be cold now.
We could have walked there; it was so near.(推测某事本来可能发生,但实际上没有发生)
Can he be in the office now? No, he cant be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(语气很强,常用于疑问句和否定句中 III. 情态动词注意点:
1. canbe able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表达“某事终于成功”,而can无法表达此意。Be able to有更多的时态。另外,两者不能重叠使用。
2. used towould:
used to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯,而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好,不涉及现在。
3. needdare作情态动词和实义动词的区别:

两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为:neednt/darent doNeed/daredo?
做实义动词时可用于肯定句,否定句和疑问句。其形式为:need(needs/needed/dare(dares/dared to do, dont(doesnt/didnt need/dare to do 八.非谓语动词 I.
非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成: 非谓语形
时态和语态 to do
to be 不定式
doing to have done
过去分词
doing
动名词
having done



构成
特征和作用
否定式 复合结构
to be done to have been done
for sb. to do sth.
具有名词,副词和形容词的作用
在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语
doing having done
being done having been done
在非谓语前加not


具有副词和形容词的作
在句中做定、表、宾补和状语


done
being done having been done


sbs doing
具有名词的作用 在句中做主、宾、定和表














II. 做宾语的非谓语动词比较:

情况 只接不定式做宾语的动词
常用动词
hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen
mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, consider
只接动名词做宾cant help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, 语的动词或短语 get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to
begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue(接不意义基本定式多指具体的动作,接动名词多指一般或习惯行为) 相同
need, want, require(接动名词主动形式表示被动意义,若接不定式则应用被动形式)
意义相反
stop to do 停止手中事,去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事 remember/forget/regret to do(指动作尚未发生)
remember/forget/regret doing(指动作已经发生)
go on to do(接着做另外一件事)
go on doing(接着做同一件事)
意义不同 try to do(设法,努力去做,尽mean to do(打算做,企图力)
做)
try doing(试试去做,看有何结mean doing (意识是,意果)
味着)
cant help to do(不能帮忙做) cant help doing(忍不
住要做)




III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别:

常见动词 ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, 不定式 encourage
have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make
现在分
主谓关系。强调动作正I found her listening to the radio.
主谓关系。强调动作将I heard him call me 发生或已经完成
several times.
与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念
例句
notice, see, watch, 在进行,尚未完成
过去分hear, find, keep,
have, feel
动宾关系。动作已经完We found the village 成,多强调状态
greatly changed.
IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别:

区别
与被修饰词往往有动宾关系,一般式表示不定式
将来,进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生,完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生
举例
I have a lot of papers to type.
I have a lot of papers to be typed.
动名词
通常指被修饰词的用途,无逻辑上的任何Shall we go to the swimming 关系
pool?
现在分与被修饰词之间是主谓关系,表示动作与the boiling water / the
谓语动作同时发生
boiled water

the developing country/the 过去分与被修饰词之间是被动关系,表示动作发developed country
生在谓语动作之前,现已经完成
the falling leaves / the fallen leaves
V. 非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别:

区别
举例
My dream is to become a 多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作,做主语时可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主语交换位置,而且意义不变,并且还能用what来提问主语或表语。
teacher.
To obey the law is important.
(dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task做主语时常用

与不定式的功能区别不大,然而它更接近于名词,表示的动作比较抽象,或者泛指习惯性的动作,有时也可以用it做形式主语,做表语时可以和主语互换位置。
无名词的性质,不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质,可以做表语,多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等,可被very, quite, rather等副词修饰。
It is no use saying that again and again. Teaching is my job. The situation is encouraging.
The book is well written. (常见分词有astonishing, moving, tiring, disappointing, puzzling, shocking, boring, amusing及其-ed形式


现在分词多含有“令人…”之意,说明主语的性质特征,多表示主动,主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态,含有“感到…”之意,主语多是人。 九.定语从句 I.

定语从句起了形容词的作用,在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词,他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用,二是在从句中担当一个成分,并与先行词保持数的一致。 关系词
先行
从句成
例句
备注
who 主语
Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?
Mr. Smith is the person with whom 宾语
whom I am working
The boy (whom she loved died whom, whichin the war..
that在从I like those books whose topics 句中做宾语whose 人,物 定语
are about history.
The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate.
时,常可以省略,但介词提前时后关系代词
that
面关系代词A plane is a machine that can
不能省略,主语,宾fly.
人,物
也不可以用
She is the pop star (that I that
want to see very much.
The book (which I gave you was which
主语,宾worth $10.
The picture which was about the accident was terrible.
He is such a person as is as 人,物
主语,宾respected by all of us.
as做宾语一This is the same pen as I lost 般不省略 yesterday.

when 关系副词
时间
时间状 地点状 原因状

I will never forget the day 可用on when we met there.
which
where 地点
This is the house where I was 可用in born.
which
why


原因

I cant imagine the reason why 可用for he turned down my offer.

which

II. thatwhich, who, whom的用法区别:
情况
1
先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,1.He told me everything 等不定代词时。 2
that he knows.
2.All the books that you 用法说明
例句
先行词被all, any, every, each, offered has been given much, little, no, some, few等修饰out.
只用that3
情况
3.This is the best film that I have ever read.
先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰4.We talked about the 4
先行词既指人又指物时 5
persons and things that we remembered.
5.He is the only man that I want to see.
先行词被the only, the very修饰时 6.Who is the man that is 6
句中已经有whowhich时,为了避免重复时
making a speech?

1
在非限制性定语从句中,只能用which指代物,用who/whom指人
He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.
2
只用which, I like the person to whom 在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从who, whomthe teacher is talking.
句中,只能用which指物,whom指人。
的情况
Those who respect others 3
are usually respected by 先行词本身是that时,关系词用others.
which, 先行词为those, one, he多用who
III. aswhich的区别: 定语从 限制性定语从句中
区别
例句
He is not such a fool as he looks. Dont read such books as you cant understand.
They won the game, as we had expected.
They won the game, which we hadnt expected.
As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.
名词前有suchthe same修饰时,关系代词用as,不能用which
aswhich都可以指代前面整个主非限制句。如果有“正如,象”的含义,并性定语可以放在主句前,也可以放在后面,从句中 那么用as;而which引导的从句只能放主句后,并无“正如”的意思。
IV. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别: 类别 限制性定语从句
语法意义及特征
对先行词起修饰限制作用,如果去掉,主句意思就不完整明确,这种从句与主句的关系十分密切,写时不用逗号分开。
例句
The accident happened at the time when I left.

对先行词作附加的说明,与主句的关系不非限制性十分密切,较松散。从句和主句之间用逗定语从句 号分开, 相当于一个插入语,不能用that引导,关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。
十.名词性从句 种类
作用
在复合句中做主语,相当于主语名词,一般置谓语之前,也that, 从句 可用it作形式主语,主语whether, 从句放主句之后
表语在复合句中做表语,相当于从句 名词,位于系动词之后 宾语在复合句中做宾语,相当于从句 名词
放在名词之后(news, 同位problem, idea, 语从suggestion, advice,
常用关联词
His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.
例句
Whether he will come or not doesnt matter much.
Whoever comes here will be if, as if, welcome. as though, who, whose, which, how, when, where, why, what, whatever, whoever, He asked me which team could win the game. You have no idea how worried we are.
The fact that he lied again greatly surprised us. It looks as if it is going to snow.
thought, hope, fact wherever 表明其具体内容
十一。状语从句 种类
连接词
注意点
when, whenever, while, as, before, 主句表示将来意义时,从句须用一时间状
after, until, till, by the time, as 般现在时;while引导的从句中动soon as, hardlywhen, no sooner词一般是延续性的;until用在肯than, the moment, the minute, 定句中主句动词是延续性的,而否immediately, directly, instantly 定句中主句动词为短暂性的。
地点状where, wherever



原因状
because语气最强,since较弱,because, as, since, now that
表示大家都明了的原因,as又次之。
条件状if, unless, once, in case, as long 从句中动词时态不可用将来时,
as, on condition that
用一般时代替
so thatin order that后常接目的状so that, in order that, for fear may, should, could, would等情 that
态动词 结果状
sothat, suchthat


比较状than, asas, not so/asas, the

morethe more 方式状
as if, as though, as
though, although, even if, even though, as, no matter what, as在让步状语从句中常用倒装形as if as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。
让步状whatever, no matter who, whoever, 式;althoughthough用正常语
no matter which, whichever, no 序,可和yet连用,但不可和butmatter how, however, no matter 连用 when, whenever

十二。倒装句
倒装条件
例句
here, there, up, down, in, out, off, Out rushed the children.

away等副词开头的句子表示强调
表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首
Under the tree stood two tables and four chairs.
强调表语,置于句首,或为保持句子平Present at the meeting were 1,000
never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, not until, not等表示否定意义的副词放于句首 only和修饰的状语放于句首
students.
Hardly did I know what had happened.
Only then did he realized the importance of English.
not onlybut also连接并列的句子,Not only does he know French, but 前倒后不倒 also he is expert at it.
neithernor…连接并列的句子,前后Neither do I know it, nor do I 都倒装
care about it.
sothat, suchthat中的sosuchSo busy is he that he can not go 及修饰的成分放于句首时前倒后不倒 on a holiday.
as引导的让步状语
so, neithernor表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事。 用于表示祝愿的祈使句中 省略if的虚拟条件 十三。虚拟语气 类别
用法
例句
Child as he is, he has learned a lot.
He can play the piano. So can i. May you be in good health! Were I you, I would not do it in this way.

与现在事实相反
从句动词:过去式(bewere
主句动词:should/would/could/might+动词原形 从句动词:had+过去分词
If he were here, he would help us. If I had been free, I would have visited you.
If引导与过去事的条件从句
实相反
主句动词:should/would/could/might+have+去分词
从句动词:过去式 / should+动词原形 If it should rain 与将来事实相反
/ were+不定式
主句动词:tomorrow, we would not go should/would/could/might+动词原形 camping.
They are talking as if引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成as if they had
其它状语从句
in order that / so that引导的状语从句中动词Turn on the light can / could / may / might / would+动词原so that we can
demand, suggest, order, insist后接的从句中动词为should+动词原形
宾语从
wish后的从句中分别用过去式,过去完成式和see it clearly. He suggested that we not change our mind. I wish I could be been friends for years.
should/would+动词原形表示与现在,过去和将来情a pop singer. 况相反
主语从
It is necessary / important / strange that, It is strange It is suggested / demanded / ordered / requested that such a that 等从句中,谓语动词用should+动词原形
person should be
our friends.
It is time that…句型中动词用过去式或should+Its high time 动词原形
其它句型中
would rather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式
that we left. I would rather you stayed at home now.
If only句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式,If only our dream 表示强烈的愿望



had come true!



英语翻译句子专项练习

1. 我们坚信什么也不能阻止历史的车轮滚滚向前。
Were sure nothing can__________the wheel of history from _______________.
2. 无论刮风下雨,我们的老师总是第一个到校。
________________windy or rainyour teacher is always the first ________ school.
3. 必须采取措施使地球免受污染。
Something ________________to ________________from being polluted. 4. 我们都坚信台湾迟早会回归祖国。

We are all sure that Taiwan will________________ the motherland________________.

5. 正是团队协作使我们越来越自信。
It is ________________ that makes us________________.
6. 本星期五晚上你能来我家吗?23点之前我有空。
_______________________________________________________________________
7. 明天星期几?明天星期三。
_______________________________________________________________________
8. 我打算明天看望我姑姑。
_______________________________________________________________________
9. 为什么不把这些生单词记在你的笔记本上?
________ _______write down the new words in your note book 10. 她很有耐心,非常适合教学。

She is very patient and she is________ ________ ________. 11. 我除了步行回家,什么也不能做。汽车站已经没有汽车了。
I could do________ ________walk home. There were no buses at the bus shop.
12. 我觉得每晚睡8小时很重要。

I think its ________________eight hours a night.

13. 他说自从2000年以来他一直当记者。

He said he ________________a report since 2000. 14. 在很多国家狗常常做向导。
____________________________________________________________________
15. 我想听音乐而不是看电视。
____________________________________________________________________.
16. 大声朗读是练习发音的好方法。
_____________________________________________________________________.
17. 孩子们被告诫不要用太多的时间玩电脑游戏。

The children were told ________________in playing computer games. 18. 他认为这部小说值得再读一遍。

He thinks this novel________________ 19. 你知道火星离地球有多远吗?

Do you think ________________ Earth?
20. 许多对我们有文献的工作将来都能由机器人来做。
A lot of work which is dangerous to us can________________


21. 这个男孩还没有到独立处理这样的难题的年龄。The boy isnt ________________such a difficult problem himself. 22. 她擅长烹饪。___________________________.
23. 我们永远不会放弃希望。___________________________. 24. 昨天的晚会会很成功。___________________________. 25. 那个奇怪的东西是用来使茶保温的。
The ________________thing is________________ tea hot. 26. 中华人民共和国是在1949101日成立的。
The PRC________________ October11949. 27. 他离开家乡大约有20年了。
He ________________his home ________________about 20 years. 28. 这瓶里装满了牛奶。The bottle ________________milk. 29. 如果你不知道一个生词如何读,应该查字典。
If you dont know________________you should________________. 30. 你应该找到自己的发展道路。___________________________. 31. 10年是相当长的一段时间。___________________________.
32. 多亏了你的帮助,我通过了这次考试。___________________________. 33. 田野被白雪覆盖。The field________________ snow. 34. 请把他的死向他的母亲隐瞒一下。

Please ________________his death________________ his mother. 35. 这本法语书有可能属于谁的?是Mary的还是Tom的?
________________the French book ________________Mary or Tom 36. 如果我要听取他的建议的话,我就不会犯这样的错误了。
If I ________________his adviceI shouldnt have ________________mistakes.
37. 我们学校学生的数字已经增加到5000多人了。
The __________of the students in our school ________________over 5000 people.
38. 作为一名学生我们应该好好利用时间。___________________________. 39. 今日事今日毕。___________________________.
40. 汤姆不能去聚会,他得准备化学考试。 _____________________. 41. 一个16岁的女孩放弃了她的学业。
A________________ girl_______________ _her_______________. 42. 我来这儿已有两周了。I ________________two weeks. 43. 他不但会说日语,而且还会说法语。
He can ________________Japanese ________________French.
44. 在市冲浪比赛中,我获得头等奖。
I________________ already ________________the city.

45. 我喜欢住在南方,特别是夏天。I like_____________________ ________summer.
46. 无论什么样的天气,你总是可以看见他在踢足球。
__________the weather____________you can always find him _________ football.
47. 别称赞他,他会骄傲的。 Dont________________.He________________. 48. 我们的朋友遍天下。We ________________the world. 49. 我起床后要进行运动。I ________________after I get up. 50. 我们不允许在学习日外出。 We are not allowed to go out on________________
51. 我们过去常常在周末看电影。We often ________________on weekends. 52. 了不起!他能用好几种方法解答这道练习题。
How great! He can work out the problem in several ________________ways.
53. 星期五下午我们通常要做两个小时的作业。We usually do our homework ________________on Friday afternoon.
54. 昨晚街上没什么人。___________________________. 55. 如果有问题,请举手。___________________________.
56. 你有什么有趣的事要告诉我们吗?___________________________. 57. 你还有别的什么忘在家里了吗?Do you have anything________________

58. 孩子们将那猴子团团围住,然后抓住它,送它到了动物园。
The children ________________the monkey, ________________and sent to the zoo.
59. 你最好在他改变注意之前把机票费帮他付了。
Youd better _______________the air ticket for him before he________________.
60. 图书馆仅这个月就借给学生两千多本书。

Only this___________the library has lent over ________________ to the students.
61. 自从我们上次见面以后,已经有10个多月了。
It has been ________________we met last.
62. 布鲁斯太太对我们非常亲切,以至于学生们把她当作自己的母亲。
Mrs Brucc was_____________her students so that they_______________ their mother.
63. 在网页顶端,打上网址。___________________________.
64. ___________________________.
65. 请告诉我那是不是一辆快车。___________________________.
66. 无论冬夏,海南岛都是个值得去的地方。___________________________. 67. 我有一个大眼睛的漂亮妹妹。___________________________. 68. 费兰克在业余时间去钓鱼或者去划船。
Frank goes ________________fishing ________________boating in his spare time.
69. 虽然他没多少钱,但还是给她买了礼物。
He ________________gift for her________________he was no much money.

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