中考英语总复习：阅读理解“七选五”题型解题策略
“七选五”题型的命题分析
“七选五”型阅读理解题，试题模式为：给出一篇缺少五个句子的文章，对应有七个选项，要求同学们根据文章结构、内容，选出正确的句子，填入相应的空白处。《考试说明》对该题型命题目的的表述为“主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。” 该题型要求同学们从整体上把握文章的逻辑结构和内容上的联系，理解句子之间、段落之间的关系，对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征有较强的意识和熟练的把握。
七选五的解题步骤
1）在阅读过程中，要注意文章的开始与结束段落，尤其是文章的首段及末段末句，因为“开门见山”与“结尾总结”的写作方式为常见的写作方式，首段的末句一般是全文的主题所在，说明本文将探讨哪些内容，并简要指出文章的写作思路，有时甚至会以提纲的形式进行呈现。首段的末句对于快速掌握文章的主题具有重要意义，如果它是文章的主题句，就可以使读者迅速明确文章情节将如何展开，并对文章的写作主题有了整体的了解。如果末句不是主题句，则需要继续寻找。这时，可以考虑文章的写作方式是否为“结尾总结”式，如两者均可排除，则需在文章中其他段落寻找主题句，但要注意首段与末段的提示作用。
2）边读边做题，重点阅读各个问题附近的句子，圈定线索词，然后从选项中寻找相关的特征词，以确定答案。做题时可以采用代入排除法。如果一题做不出或拿不准，可先放过，继续往下读，先做容易的能做出的题，直到读完整篇文章。至此，文章的要点和主旨、各个段落之间的逻辑关系应基本清楚了。将所选项放入空白处，看看是否与上下文构成语义及逻辑上的直接关系，是否符合该处语境。能否承接前后的写作线索。使文章无论内容还是衔接上都能做到通顺。
一篇文章作为一个整体，是有其写作的线索与思路的，在选项定位中，要尤其注意文章的写作线索，文章的写作思路的连贯使文章的每个段落、每个句子甚至每个短语均融为一体。如果代入选项后，发现文章写作线索中断或是前后矛盾，应更换其它选项。
3）在完成选项定位后，应通读全文，检查文章内容是否完整，语义是否连贯合理、各段落内容是否紧扣主题，语篇结构是否通顺连贯、具有一致性、合乎逻辑，写作思路是否清晰明了，格式以及用语是否恰当贴切，从而判断选择的答案是否正确。同时，我们还应注意对相近选项的对比分析，个别干扰项由于与某个正确选项的内容相近具有很强的干扰性，这时就需要我们认真分析，仔细甄别，排除干扰，从而得出正确选项。
要特别注意，除非有充分的理由否定向前的选择，否则不要仓促更改。只要前两步投入了精力，动了脑筋，第一印象往往可信度很高。
七选五的解题策略
1）从意思上判断
在做题时最重要的是要读懂空白前后的句子，明白这几句话的确切意思，然后根据意思的连贯性或逻辑性从选项中选取正确答案。在读懂意思的基础上，再利用线索特征词等进一步确认答案。
2）从词汇上锁定线索
做题时很重要的一点是保持对一些线索词的敏感，最主要的线索特征词是空白前后的名词和动词，寻找答案时注意在选项中查找同义词、近义词、反义词或表示同一类事物的词语等。其次是代词、数词、表示时间/年代的词、地点/名称等专有名词等。尤其是在读不懂句子的情况下，利用这样的线索词寻找答案是很有效的方法。
3）从关联词上查找
由于英语的句段之间经常会运用关联词表示衔接和过渡，使文章逻辑更清楚和连贯，因此文章中和选项中表示各种逻辑关系的路标性信号词在选择答案时都是很重要的线索。 在做题时可将这三个层面的线索很好地结合起来。例如，在看到表示并列或递进关系的关联词时，一般表示前后句子的名词或句意具有同指性；而表示转折让步关系的词则往往表示前后句子的名词同指，但句意对立，或褒贬对立或肯否对立；而表示例证关系的词则意味着在举例之前或之后有表述概念或某一观点的句子，往往会有复数名词出现。常见的关联词有下面这些：
(a)并列与递进关系：and, or, also，neither…nor…,either…or…, in the same way, that is to say ,as well as, the same …as, besides, moreover, in addition to ,what is more
(b)因果关系：because, for, since, as, therefore, so, so…that, thanks to, as a result, because of, in that, for this reason, of course
(c)转折让步关系：but, however, yet, on the other hand, unfortunately, while, rather than, instead of, it is true that, of course, although, though, even though, even if
(d)时间关系： at first, at last, finally, first, firstly, in the first place, to start with，in the mean time, last, later, next, second, secondly, then, third, thirdly, to begin with以及一些具体的时间。
4. 根据试题所在的不同位置确定不同的解题策略
1)如果问题在段首
(a)通常是段落主题句。认真阅读后文内容，根据段落一致性原则，查找同义词或其他相关的词，推断出主题句。
(b)与后文是并列、转折、因果关系等。着重阅读后文第一两句，锁定线索信号词，然后在选项中查找相关特征词。通常正确答案的最后一句与空白后的第一句在意思上是紧密衔接的，因此这两句间会有某种的衔接手段。
(c)段落间的过渡句。这时要前瞻后望找启示，即阅读上一段结尾部分，通常正确答案与上一段结尾有机地衔接起来，并结合下一段内容，看所选的答案是否将两段内容连贯起来。
2)如果问题在段尾
(a)空白前的一句或两句是重点语句，重点阅读以锁定关键词。
(b)通常是结论、概括性语句。注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结等的信号词，如therefore, as a result, in a word等词语，选项中也可发现前文的同义词句。
(c)与前文是转折或对比关系。此时要注意在选项中查找表示转折、对比的关联词，同时注意选项中所讲内容是否与前文在同一主题上形成对立、对比关系。
(d)与前文是并列或排比关系。在这种情况下，通常是该段落要求补全说明本段主题的其他细节，因此根据段落一致性原则，在原文和选项中找到相关的特征词，通常在选项中会出现表示并列/递进关系的关联词或与前文类似的句式结构，或出现同义词等其他信号线索。前面的一句与正确答案的第一句是紧密相连的。要特别注意阅读这样相连的两句，通常会找到关键的线索词句。
(e)所选答案是引出下一段的内容。如果在选项中找不出与前文之间的关联，此时可考虑与下一段开头是否有一定的衔接。认真阅读下一段开头几句，看是否与选项的最后一句紧密连接起来。
(f)如果第一段的段尾是空白，要认真阅读，看此处是细节还是主题。通常文章第一段要提出文章的主题，如果在段尾提出主题，会用一些信号词如转折词引出来，正确答案中应有这样的特征词。
实战演练：
请先阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后根据短文内容从下面方框内的七个选项中，选择五个还原到文中，使补全后的短文意思通顺，结构完整。
（A）
China has experienced serious problems with wasted food in recent years. CCTV reported that the food Chinese people waste every year is enough to feed 200 million people for a year.
1 Certainly not. According to the UN World Food Program, there were 925 million hungry people around the world in 2010, especially in developing countries. 2
Chinese people are well known for being hospitable (好客的) and generous. Many even feel that they lose face if their guests have eaten all the food on the table.
3 In a restaurant in Xinjiang, the owner gives the guests who have eaten all that they ordered a card. People can enjoy a free meal when they have 10 cards. More than 750 restaurants in Beijing have begun to offer smaller dishes and encourage their guests to take leftovers (剩饭剩菜) home.
What should we do in our daily life to waste less food? Here are some tips:
Do not order too much in a restaurant. 4__ If you cannot eat all the food you ordered, take the rest of it home.
Don’t be too picky (挑剔的) about food. 5
Keep an eye on what food you have at home. Don’t buy too much, especially for vegetables and fruit.
1._________ 2.________ 3._______ 4._________ 5.__________
（B）
"The Chinese Dream" is a hot topic of this year. Many Chinese young people are inspired by the Chinese Dream. ____1__They give us courage and confidence to keep us going through difficulties. Here is some advice on how to realize our beautiful dreams.
Never giving up is the key to make our dreams come true. _____2_____ but we can learn from failure, correct our mistakes and try again until we achieve our goals. Our life is like a long journey which is not all roses. _____3____We believe rainbows will appear after storms.
___4______Everyone likes a person who is good at cooperating with others. Besides, in our society most problems can't be solved by one person alone. Cooperation is becoming one of the most important ways for people living in the developing society.
At the same time, we should learn to examine our abilities because it helps us know our advantages and disadvantages as well as get a full control of ourselves. ____5_____
Follow the suggestions above, and our dreams are sure to come true.
1._________ 2.________ 3._______ 4._________ 5.__________
(C)
The most important exam for the students in Junior Three is coming in a month. The result of the exam will decide which high school the students will go to. Good grades must belong to the students who study hard. ___1____And so are their teachers and parents.
__2____She got good grades in the final exams last year. I hope her experience will be helpful. Here is what Li Mei said when she was interviewed:
__3__. Don’t waste any of them. I used to be poor in English in the first term of Junior 3. It was hard for me to spell the words correctly. But I didn’t give it up. I read textbooks on the bus to and from school. I worked hard at home and sometimes burned the midnight oil. _4___ During the last term, I tried my best to improve it by listening to the teacher carefully in class and going over what I had learnt after class. _5__ Because of my hard work, I got good grades in English in the big exam.
1._________ 2.________ 3._______ 4._________ 5.__________
自我检测：
A smile will tell people around you that you are a kind and friendly person. ___1____For example, one of my classmates, Mike, doesn't have very nice teeth, so that is why he seldom opens his mouth. __2___So it is very important for us to look after our teeth.
In fact, a lot of people have this problem. Some people inherit(继承) teeth problems from their parents, while others' teeth are damaged because of bad habits, like heavy smoking, eating too much sugar or not brushing teeth often. ___3___They can help improve your teeth and tell you how to take care of them.
Smiling can help you to feel more confident and make other people think of you as a more friendly person. ____4____An Indian doctor called Kataria said that young children should laugh about 300 times a day, while adults should laugh between 7 and 15 times a day. ____5____
1._________ 2.________ 3._______ 4._________ 5.__________
补充材料：（一）
Junk food is popular in the world . Why? 2._________ Second, it is fast and easy for people to eat. Third, many people, including children, like it because it tastes good. Lastly, most junk food has food additives (添加剂). So it looks and tastes better, and can be kept for a long time.
3._________It makes people overweight (超重), and brings many other health problems.
It’s OK to have junk food now and then (偶尔). 4.________you’d better not eat it or try to eat less. If you are active and play sports very often, you can have some after you have much healthy food.
Junk food still has some nutrients and is a small part of a balanced diet. 5.________ and then eat 5% of junk food.
(二)
One day, some successful men got tegether and went to visit their old teacher.
The teacher went to the kitchen and returned with a large pot of coffee and many cups—china (瓷制的) ones, plastic ones and glass ones. Some cups are good-looking and some are plain (朴素的) looking, 2.__________
Then the teacher told them to help themselves to the coffee.
When all the students had a cup of coffee in hand, the teacher said, “Can you notice that all the nice-looking expensive cups were taken by you,3._________ That is why you have stresses and problems.In fact, the cup itself can not make the coffee better.Sometimes it hides what we drink.4.__________not the cup, but you went for the best cups and then began looking at each other’s cups.”
“Now think about this： life is the coffee, and the jobs, money and position (位置) in society are the cups. 5.__________ and do not change the life. Sometimes, by caring only about the cups, we fail to enjoy the coffee. So don’t let the cups drive you, and enjoy your coffee instead.”
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