英语毕业论文=英语名的取名艺术

The Naming Art for English Names

英语名的取名艺术

Abstract

The background of the thesis exists in the various environments of society. With the development of our modern society, many countries, China has already stepped into the line of the world for years. More and more people in the business or elsewhere are beginning to realize how important the English name really is.

Therefore, getting the knowledge of name culture to obtain an ideal English name is becoming the necessary for people. Therefore, people should learn the knowledge of obtaining an ideal English name; people should do some surveys in order to get a nice English name. To meet the people’s needs, the thesis concludes many methods for people to appreciate. For instance: the first part is the exploration of English name’s root, which makes more people know the additional meaning but not only the surface meaning of English names. The second part is general principle should be familiar when you are ready to obtain an English name. Just as: meaning and origin, how to match family name and indicial name well, and so on. The third part is different people with different names, which mainly deal with names’ individual character. Here exist different names for the babies, students or workers. And finally, some examples with the detail materials supplied to meet the people’s needs.

Key Words

English names; connotation; root; naming

摘　要

本篇论文的背景知识存在于这个变化无端的社会里。随着时代的发展，很多国家已经步入世界，其中以中国为首。因此，越来越多奋战于商场或其它领域的人逐步认识到英语名字真正的重要性。

因此，了解姓名文化已成为人们取一个理想的名字的必要。因此，人们应该学习一些取名知识，做一些取名的调查研究。为了迎合人们的需要，本论文包括了一些取名的理论与方法供人们参阅，例如： 第一部分是对英语姓名根源的探索，这可以帮助人们了解英语姓名的更深意思，第二部分是英语姓名的总体规则，例如项目的意义和根源，怎样结合姓与名。第三部分是姓名的个体差异, 针对小孩、学生、工作者应该取怎么样的名字做出了分析。最后，本论文列举了实例，并附以详细解释，以满足人们取名的需要。

关键词

英语名字； 内涵； 根源； 取名

Introduction

Accompanying with the flying time and developing society, China presents itself before the world with power and energy. At the same time, it is indisputable that China will communicate with other countries frequently, especially the English speaking countries. So Chinese have many chances to communicate with the world. Of course, it is the high time that people needed an English name when people went abroad to travel, study, do business and work in a foreign company, they only to find that our partner can not understand the meaning of the names or pronounce the names easily. Therefore, owning one English name has become one requirement and new vogue.

Name, as a comprehensive symbol, its direct function is to unique the name of owner from others for people to call and distinguish. So, if people want to have a nice name. It would be better to do a little research than just directly pick one name from dictionary.

As is known to all, the English name is important in a world which dominated by the language of English. Name is not just a human-being’s code; it also represents many people’s nature and connotation (including character, occupation, background, education, social status, as well as advantages and disadvantages). But not all names are created equal. Some of them carry unwanted connotations; some of them are so rare that they sound as foreign as some Chinese do---some Chinese names would draw sniggers and laughs; some of them would simply be inappropriate. Maybe, this thesis will bring people with exciting benefits of obtaining an ideal English name.

Ⅰ.The Exploration of English Name Roots

The formation of name revealed consanguinity and blood, in another word, we Chinese called it as ‘carry on the family line’ or ‘succession’. The family name succeeds generation by generation. The blood link the family member, gene show a continuation of life.

In order to select a good English name, at first, we should do some exploration of the English name’s root and also learn the content of the name’s content. Generally speaking, the root of the English name directly come from Bible, Greek, Latin, English, German, Hebrew, Irish and Spanish, etc, and English name commonly includes three parts: The first name (sometimes, we also called it Christian name or the given name), the middle name and the family name (the last name). For example: William Jefferson Clinton, William is the first name, Jefferson is the middle name and Clinton is the family name. Charles Robert Darwin, Charles is the first name, Robert is the middle name and Darwin is the family name. But the middle name will be deleted at most time. For instance: George Bush. And many people would like to replace the first name with nickname. Just as: Bill Clinton. Even now, the nickname has become the formal name.

As to the exploration of the English name, we can simply divided it into three parts: the root of the first and middle names, the root of nicknames and the root of surnames.

A. The Root of the first and middle Names

According to the custom in English-speaking countries, when a baby received the baptism, the pastor will gift the baby a Christian name (the first name or the given name). Of course, the owner also can obtain another name as the first name after 16-year-old.

As mentioned above of the individual name (the first name and the given name), I would like to introduce some relative knowledge, especially, the root of the individual name---the first name and given name.



Firstly，The name came from Bible, Roman deify, Greece deify, German and the literary masterpiece.

Secondly, people took the ancestor’s nationality, river and mountains, flowers and trees, birds and beasts, or pearls and jewels as the name.

Thirdly, many derivatives developed from the Christian name.

Lastly, the nickname became an independent name (that is the nickname instead of the first and the given name) after a long time’s usage.

B. The Root of Nicknames

English names often include the nicknames, which are relatively unfamiliar to Chinese users. Such as Catherine is the nickname of Cathy Andy, William is Bill. And the last one is not regular, just like the United States President Bill Clinton is William Clinton. Clinton declared that William Jefferson Clinton would be the formal name in his inaugural.

Nicknames sound childish sometimes. In English-speaking countries, calling a people’s nickname is just an ordinary thing. However, if a child was called Margaret Peggy, but Peggy may feels too childish and unsuitable when he was in mid-aged.

Generally speaking, it has a long history that nickname was used as a separate name. The nickname Tina Christina can be an example. According to The New American Dictionary of Baby Names, in the early of 20th century, Tina Christina has been used independently. Of course, in China, people do not understand the nickname, nor often call the nicknames. Whether is it necessary to select one nickname, it depends on every individual.

In English-speaking countries, to show the intimacy, nickname is called among relatives, friends or colleagues. The methods of forming nickname are shown below.

Firstly, keep on the first syllable as nickname, for example: Donald →Don, Timothy →Tim.

Secondly, keep on the last syllable as nickname, for example: Anthony→Tony, Beuben →Ben.





Thirdly, adding –ie or –y at the end of the name, for example: Don→Donnie, Tim →Timmy

Fourthly, divide one name into two nicknames, for example: Andrew →Andy and Drew.

Fifthly, some changes without regular pattern, such as William →Bill.

C. The Root of Surnames

In the ancient England, people’s name without surname is one common thing until 16th century. From that time on, using surname turned into popular with all walks of life. And the surnames could come from these ways as follow:

Firstly, those names directly came From Christian name, such as: Clinton, Darwin, and so on.

Secondly, some affixes could show the pedigree relation, like the prefixes: M’-, Mc-, Mac-, Fitz-, the suffixes:-s, -son, -ing, and so on.

Thirdly, some affixes could show the people’s status, and will attach to the before of the Christian name, St-, De-, Du-, La-, Le-, etc.

Lastly, some words could show the people’s profession or identity, just like Smith, Carter.

II General Principles of Obtaining an Ideal English Name

It is commonly believed that almost everyone would like to own an ideal name, and it is true that in normal social interaction, the refine and profound name often leaves deep impression on people. However, people feel repulsion for the vulgar name. A very normal thing with exquisite ornaments will receive extraordinary results. Choosing a name with historical connotation and aesthetic pleasure will be enough to decorate, super induce, color people’s life. It will be better if the name pronounce changefully and beautifully.



Naturally, we can adopt many ways to select one appropriate name. But we should

pay attention to these following points:

A. The Meaning and the Root of the Name

When people want to obtain an English name, they can ask somebody to do a favor or do it ourselves. People can find a favorite name from Bible, Roman deify, Greece deify, or the literary masterpiece.

The same as the Chinese name, the English name also play a role in our modern society for each individual of Chinese. The significance of the name is usually carrying the expectation of their parents or elders to their children. So, people can choose a name with a positive meaning, such as wisdom, hope, joy or a name full of sunshine. In our country, English names are not more considered as significance as a factor than Chinese name. Chinese name are variety, but when people call an English name, we usually confused by the meaning if we only use our ear or month. Of course, we would not pay much attention to it. When people want to make a name, please do avoid having to find a date, and do choose the one pleasing to hear.

B. The First Name and Surname’s Agreement

As to the people who were ready to obtain an ideal English name should know the basic principles--- a short name goes with a long surname, a long name matches a short surname, popular name goes with harmony with particularly surname, popular name fit with particularly surname and so on. And these principles would be good examples for Chinese users while match their Chinese surname to the English first name, and also, people should pay more attention to the two points as follow:

Firstly, due to structural differences in language and culture, people probably less sensitive to such issues below. Both the surname’s prefix and suffix are vowels should be avoidable. Such as: Eva Anderson.



Secondly, apart from the vowel, consonant sometimes also will trouble the English name. The reason is like the trouble in vowel and even sounds hard. This is the first consonant of the name is the same like the consonant of the surname. Linda Lee and Tammy Tung are the case in this point. However, recently, the popular name ---Lucy Liu is also the so-called "troubled" name. So it seems not a too serious problem! This is just for the reference only!

C. The Name’s Concision

There has been sufficient recognition of the magnitude of the name culture, but now people began to explore the name culture from a fresh perspective, based on tradition and concrete event, the blood of name culture reveal the historic function of blood in social development and social life.

The popular trend is also happened on names for every two or three decades. For example, in 1900-1950, “John” had been in the top 10 popular names, but in 1960, even after 1970, the name John was no longer a popular name! This tendency for name can be said “to catch up with the date.” But if people do not like their English name flowed in the markets, please don’t considering to take a very popular name. Otherwise, in order to tell the two “Michael”, people had to call them “Michael B” or “Little Michael”. Having a unique name is also a way to show the self-performance characteristics. But it is also easy to cause others hard to read or remember. Unique or fashion depends on the personal preferences and choices.

One useful guideline can avoid names with other connotations. This is a simple rule to say but a difficult one to apply unless people know a lot about Western culture. The connotation sometimes will not have terrible meaning, but they may change a little at times, many people would not name their children Adolf Hitler anymore after the period of Adolf Hitler. Research on the name carefully, people can use the network system or make inquiries for Westerner, which could avoid to use a famous serial killer’s name.



D. The Difference between the Man’s Name and the Woman’s Name

Like Chinese name, the English names also have the oblivious sexual features. The pronunciation of an English name sounds like a girl’s name in Chinese, may be it is the boy’s name in English. One story told like that: one Chinese named his daughter “Lennie” with feminization when pronounced in Chinese, he felt nicer till his American friend pay a visit to him. When the Chinese showed the American his daughter’s name, his friend blurts out “oh, he must be a handsome guy”.

Otherwise, there exist a good number of bisexual names in recently years, such as Chris, Pa, Carol/ Carol, Leslie/ Lesley. If one enjoys oneself in internet and hesitates to discover one’s sex, it is a good choice for one to select that kind of name.

III. Individual Characters of Names

From the names’ originator and evolution, they have buckled one county’s material life and spiritual life. The names composed intricately and comprehensively and played an important role in polity, culture, and social activities, thus becoming independent, unparalleled name culture.

Usually, people do not know what kind of English name is fit for his baby. I am a student, what kind of English name should I make? I am a worker, what kind of English name should possess by a worker? As to these questions, people should study much about the name culture from the background, development, the popularity and the future tendency. So, this part suggests that what kind of names suit for the babies, the students or the workers.

A. The Names for Babies

Name of a new life gathered the parents’ deep love and sincere expectation, the metaphors of which include different aspiration, hobby and pursuit: parents hope their children do credit to the ancestors, live a promising life, achieve object.



There is one famous motto that “favoring the offspring with treasure is inferior one skill, at the same time, which is inferior to one gratified name.” In present-day society, more and more young couple would gift their babies with not only one Chinese name to show the emotion, ambitious and sprit, vigor, but also an English name, fashion and pleasant to hear before the baby born.

Parents, besides those principles as stated above, should pay more attentation to these methods or take these references as follow.

Firstly, names of the babies relay on the hobby of parents somewhat.

Secondly, in English-speaking counties, in memory of parents, relatives, or friends, the young couples are conditioned to name their children by virtue of those people’s name.

Thirdly, it is important to select one suitable name for their offspring. By survey, parents attach importance to the name’s idiosyncrasy more than name’s traditional factors.

Finally, some parents are prone to select some traditional or classical name for their children. Of course, best of all, the name can reflect his family, culture, and religion.

And here are some referential names which are fit for the children.

The girl’s names include Adelaide, Carmel, Deirdre, Emily, Fatima, Germaine, Helena, Ingrid, Juliana, Lara, Michelle, Nadine, Octavia, Penelope, Tatiana, Wilhelmina, and so on.

The boy’s names include Abel, Barrett, Conrad, Dante, Emanuel, Felix, Garth, Hubert, Ira, Jean, Lance, Marcel, Neil, Oliver, Raphael, Saul, Thaddeus, Vito, Waldo, and so on.

B. The Names for Students

People’s names named in fashion, changed with the time, and related with social background, environment, situation and spirit. After carefully studied the evolution of names, people will find that there are also some relations among the names, politics, and

economic status. In different periods, the names are related humanistic atmosphere and value-orientation. At present society, people tend to purse their name unorthodox and unusual.

The name will be color according to the words’ various connotation; meantime, people endow different names with diverse meanings.

The student is characteristic by fashion and active. In present society, nobody would like being out just for having no English name. Therefore, to them, how can they select an English name with the tinges of times, selfhood and pleasant to hear, in the same time the name is favorite with the owner. Usually, they choose their English name according to the following two ways.

Firstly, obtaining names directly borrow from the Super Star or the name of masterpiece.

The celebrity’s names like Albert Einstein, Thomas Alva Edison, Marie Curie, and William Shakespeare and so on. People who cherished the queen or Regina can choose these names, Elizabeth, Catherine and so on. The super star’s names include Sharon, James, Jim, Jane and so on. Being worth notice, people usually only translate the family name into Chinese. So to avoid suffering from being too smart do not used the family name as the English name. It is not suitable for people named Jordan, for “Jordan” is not his full name, but the last name.

Secondly, the students often use the great frequency names.

A large number of populations of student tend to use the name of high degree of population. In Anglo-American countries, the students usually take the great frequency names.

The girls’ names include Amanda, Angela, Brittany, Christina, Danielle, Elizabeth, heather, Jennifer, Katherine, Lauren, Megan, Nicole, Rachel, Samantha, and so on.

The boy’s names include Andrew, Brian, Daniel, James, Matthew, Kyle, Sean, Christopher, William, and so on.

Some students like to name the rare English name for showing the characteristic, then, the student should consult the recommendation below.



The girl‘s names include Adina, Belle, Daria, Elke, Flavia, Hulda, Imelda, Karin, Jamila, Karin, Petra, Vita, and so on.

The boy’s names include Alonso, Barrett, Curt, Damian, Ezekiel, Fabian, Leif, Marcel, Nester, Oren, Quentin, Waldo, and so on.

C. The Names for the People in Love

In present—day society, people are pursuing not only the fashion, modern, but also the romantic. So they will take the English name into consideration, especially the youths. Meantime, the English name for the people who have fallen in love is particularly important and necessary. Here, I would like to give some examples.

︴the English name (female's name----male's name)

︴detail material

Rose---Jack

The dramatis personae in Titanic

Kate---Charlie

The dramatis personae in French Kiss

Vivian---Edward

The dramatis personae in Pretty Woman

Margie---Sass

The dramatis personae in City of Angels

Victoria---David

The famous couple in football circles

Steffi---André

The famous couple in internet circle

D. The Names for Workers

To the worker who badly desire to succeed, obtaining an English name can avoid the embarrassment when the foreign company or the client called the Chinese name, and can achieve superiority when many people invite applications for a job. Therefore,

what should be in people’s attention is to accept the common requirements to name an English name.

1. Professional Meaning Attached to Names

Every name has its own meaning. Some of names rooted from some people’s family names. Those people were engaged in some kind of work so many years that some professional meaning attached to their family names. Some of them formed from a long time’s usage. when people call or hear the name，the standing meaning will jump into the caller or the listener’s mind. For instance:

The girl’s name

︴名字

︴意义

Cabalina 女骑士 Hadya 向导 Hermione 信使 Araceli 超凡的主妇 Sharna受保护的人

Melissa 护士 Piper 乐器演奏者 Martina 音乐家 Kate 艺术家 Teresa 和平大使

The boy’s name

︴名字

︴意义

Amon 建筑者 Bailey执行官 Asaph 收藏家 Cannon牧师 Dan 法官

Chancellor办公管理人 Gradimir 建筑者 Hunter检察官 Iman 宗教领袖 Tanner 皮革制造商

2. The Same or Hostile Names Around us

It is the fault to use the same name with your colleagues around us, especially the same with the boss. Sometimes, when people heard some pairs of name will have some terrible impression from works, films, or some events. Because of the sex scandal of American president, the two names-----Bill and Monica, is not fit for using in the same company.



3. The Misunderstanding of Names

To woman, some names partake of sexy impression, just as, shelly, margarita. Some nickname partakes of ridicule meaning.

To man, those problem above also should be paid attention, besides, people should know some name partake of feminization.

Ⅳ. Names with Detail Meaning

The following is a brief explanation of the name.

1） Debbie (f.) represents the personality characteristics of honest, creative, understanding, generous, and intense. It is a short name of Deborah originally from a Hebrew name for a woman described in the Old Testament history of the Bible.

2） Lynne (f.) or Lynn (m.) represents the personality characteristics of sensitive, deeply artistic and creative, intense, and nature-lover and comes from Welsh meaning ‘lake’ or is a short form of Linda, or Belinda, both meaning ‘beautiful.’

3) Webster (m.) represents the personality characteristics of original, inventive, friendly, positive, outspoken, and procrastinator and comes from Old English, meaning ‘water.’

4) Joe (m.) represents the personality characteristics of spontaneous, social, easy-going, warm, generous, lacking in initiative and is a short form of Joseph, originally from a Hebrew name of a famous man in the Old Testament history of the Bible.

5) Adrian (m.) represents the personality characteristics of diplomatic, friendly, lacking in energy, confidence and initiative, and a procrastinator. This name is the English form of Hadrian, the name of a Roman Emperor who built a wall across north Britain.

6) Susan (f.) represents the personality characteristics of pleasant, easy-going, friendly, patient, social, and cautious and is a short form of Susanna. It is form the Hebrew Shoshanna name for a woman in the Old Testament history of the Bible.



7) Harry (m.) represents the personality characteristics of individual, reserved, serious, stubborn, alone, loyal, and thoughtful. It is the medieval English form is Henry, the name of eight kings of English.

8) Nigel (m.) represents the personality characteristics of imaginative, creative, inconsistent, insecure, gullible, talkative and is an Italian form of Neil, or a French name meaning ‘hero.’ It is sometimes associated with the Latin Niger, meaning ‘black.’

9) Bertha (f.) represents the personality characteristics of idealistic, generous, kind, caring, possessive and comes from German, meaning ‘bright, famous’. Bertha is well known in German legends as a character who sneaks into nurseries and rocks children to sleep.

10）Pope Mel is a humorous reference, meant to show how foolish it would be to put the two names together. ‘Pope’ is a title given to the highest authority of the Roman Catholic Church in Rome. ‘Mel’ is possibly a short form of either Melvin, or Melanie or Melissa, and is a playful name which has no meaning in and o itself.

11) Julian (m.) represents the personality characteristics of patient, careful, cautious, conservative, intense and comes from Julius, the name of the last Roman emperor.

12) Pory (m.) represents the personality characteristics of practical, logical, analytical, systematic, particular, and serious and comes from the Irish, Ruaidhri, meaning ‘red king’. It is the name of last high king of Ireland who reigned in the 12th century.

13) Elmer (m.) represents the personality characteristics of shrewd, aggressive, decisive, self-centered, and independent and come from Old English, meaning ‘noble, famous’.

14) Hubert (m.) represents the personality characteristics of pleasant, diplomatic, sensitive and procrastinator and comes from German, meaning ‘bright heart’. The Saint Hubert who lived in the 8th century is the patron saint hunters.

15) Michael (m.) represents the personality characteristics of responsible, cleaver, serious. Self-confident and independent and is from the Hebrew name Michael meaning ‘who is like god’. The new testament of the bible identifies Michael as the archangel who leads heaven’s armies. He is the patron saint of soldiers.

16) Linda (f.) represents the personality characteristics of hard worker careful, patient, independent, reliable, and practical and comes from Spanish or Italian, meaning ‘beautiful.’

17) Diane (f.) represents the personality characteristics of cleaver, responsible, friendly, serious, reliable, and independent and cines from the French form of Diana, originally from the roman goddess of nature and fertility.

18) Barbara (f.) represents the personality characteristics of sensitive, artistic, unstable, and self-conscious and comes from the Greek, Barbaros, meaning ‘foreign’. Saint Barbara was a woman killed b her father who was then killed by a bolt is lightning. She is the patron of architects, geologists, stonemasons and artillerymen.

19) Carol (f. or m.) represents the personality characteristics of quiet, practical, clever, methodical, creative, inventive, analytical, studious, and moody and is an English feminine form of Carolus meaning ‘song’ or ‘hymn’ in English. Note that carol used to be a masculine name a well nit now it is for girls only.

20) Cindy (f.) represents the personality characteristics of idealistic, proactive, impressionable, receptive, candid, self-centered, sensitive, imaginative, visionary, and perfectionist. Cindy is a short form of Cynthi which comes from the Greek, ‘Kynthos’, the name of the Greek moon goddess Artemis who named after the mountain Kynthos on which she and her twin brother Apollo were presumably born.

Conclusion

As stated above, we can see that it is necessary for us to obtain an English name for communicating with other countries frequently, especially the English- speaking countries. However, in modern times, many people have no English name in business or foreign company. Thus, it is the right time for us to change this phenomenon.

After the investigation of the students on campus and the people in the street, it is commonly believed that it is not impossible for us to get an Ideal English name. But, If we learn some English name culture, we can obtain an English name easily, even an ideal English name, in order to meet people’s needs, many useful methods and examples about obtaining an ideal English name involved in this thesis, such as: firstly, the exploration of English name’s root, it makes more people know the further meaning but not the surface meaning of English name. Secondly, general principle should be familiar when you are ready to obtain an English name, just as: meaning and origin, how to match family name and indicial name and so on. Thirdly, different people with different names, it mainly deals with that what kind of name should be named for the baby, student or worker. And finally, some examples supply to those people who would like to have a nice name, it includes the detail material that could meet the people’s needs. And so on.

In a word, this is a dilemma that nobody likes to come across, when people reach out to shake hands, and he asks for the name, but a thought burst upon the mind and find that the English name would be hard for him to pronounce. So people should pause before replying, looking for an ideal English name—fashion, characteristic, simple, clear and pleasant to hear.





Acknowledgements

I would like to take this opportunity to express my heartfelt thanks to my tutor---Mr. Chen Shunjiang offers me academic and constructive advices on composing this paper. His patient help and timely encouragement are worthy of high acknowledgement. On the process of composing the paper, he also plays an important role in indicating a bright road in my future writing.

Then, I would like to appreciate the help of other teachers, who give me useful advices on finishing this paper. They are Professor Deng XingYi, Liao Hong, Tang GuoPin, Huang TianHong, and Ma Dong.etc. Their useful advices help my thesis a lot.

Moreover, my numerous thanks go to my dear friends and my lovely roommates, Zhang Tianyan, Yang Binlin, Li Jiangtao, who spend much time with me on my thesis and offer me quiet situation to compose my paper and discuss with me about my paper.

Finally, I do need to thank the persons who give me my life—my father,

my mother, for their warm care.

Last but not the least，I would like to express my thanks to those who spend their time in reading my paper, and I will be grateful if you could give me your advice.

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大学英语听力提高对策初探

The Ways of Improving Students’ Ability in College English Listening Teaching

Abstract

A number of people have frequently made the point that the total time and individual engage in communication; approximately 9% of which is devoted to writing, 16%to reading, 30%to speaking, and 45%to listening. It is therefore undoubtedly the case that listening should be given more attention in language teaching. But in the foreign language’s learning process, the people generally feel that it is difficult to foster and improve one’s listening ability. But the author thinks that these are closely relative to the complication of listening itself, the language knowledge and skill of the listeners and Chinese traditional teaching model. But from the investigation the author can see that listeners’ difficulties mainly present in following aspects: 1). The listener cannot follow the speed of the speakers, 2). The listeners cannot get the main ideas of the material, 3). The listeners are lack of certain memory techniques, 4). The listener’s understanding is beyond the material. Therefore take this as the topic to make to solve these problems, the author proposes some listening skills in pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, background knowledge, note and so on, and the goal is to provide some methods of English listening teaching for English teachers and to help the listeners to improve their listening comprehension.

Key Words

English listening; problems; solutions

摘 要

据统计，听，说，读，写在人们的语言使用中各占的时间比重一般是听45%，说30%，读16%，写9%。由此可见听力的重要性。然而，在外语的学习过程中，人们又普遍感觉听力培养和提高的艰难性，作者认为这与听力本身所涉及因素的复杂性，听者所掌握的语言知识和所具备的技能及我国传统的外语教学模式密切相关。而由调查所知，听者的困难主要体现在跟不上速度；抓不住要点；缺乏连贯的记忆能力；听不进等几方面，因此以此为题加以研究，试图从听力与语音、语法、词汇、背景知识、笔记等几方面探讨，目的是提供一些办法给英语教师和帮助听者提高他们的听力理解能力。

关键词

英语听力; 问题; 对策

Introduction

With the numerous countries’ entry into WTO, the future world economy will realize the integration, and this also requests the language integration, namely in the worldwide scale, so an international language is needed, and English is such a kind of language. It is hard to improve one’s English listening comprehension, though according to the foreign language study, 45% information is obtained from listening, 30% from speaking, 16% from reading, and 9% from writing. These data show that English listening plays an important role in English learning. Moreover, the author knows from the investigation and study that many people already begin to use modern teaching device such as the broadcast, television, radio, cassette player, VCD, computer and other multimedia tools to train their listening ability. It is difficult to learn English listening for many students. When they begin to listen to English, they will get muddled as soon as they look at the transcription. Therefore, some people feel worried about it, and they do not know how to practice English listening, on the other hand, although some students have already practice it for a long time, their achievement is very little because the teachers have not told them the knack of listening training, which results in students losing confidence in it, and even give up halfway.

In the history of listening teaching examination, listening was regarded as a passive skill all the time. Since 1970's, listening was treated as a skill correctly used in the teaching. Therefore it was said that listening teaching was taken for granted after several years’ experiment and demonstration. It is considered that it is not essential and important link in English teaching until recent year.

These experts made plenty of practices and proofs on listening teaching and its function. But with the development of society, listening teaching will be further developed, especially when English and Chinese are not belonging to the identical language system and there are many differences in pronunciation, intonation, vocabulary, sentence structure, which will inevitably bring great barriers to Chinese students.

The purpose of this paper is to provide some methods of English listening teaching for English teachers and to help the listeners to improve their listening comprehension. The author makes a brief analysis on the listening comprehension process, characteristics of the listening process, the common listening barriers and reasons, and ways of improving student's listening ability in pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, background knowledge, note and so on. This article is the author’s superficial understanding of the teaching practice and research, so the author attempts to invite experts to give advice on the course. Because the English listening teaching just only starts, there are many insufficiency in teaching, it needs further consummate and enhancement. At the same time, it also sincerely appealed that there are more and better listening materials that suit students and teachers being published.

The author often heard these questions involved in the listening teaching process, such as “Why the listening comprehension level is difficult to improve?” “How the students improve the level of listening comprehension?” These questions are not easy to deal with; because listening is a process that complicated perceptual knowledge is needed. Especially as a college student, they must take part in some exams, and the listening is the most important part in these exams. So it is seems that the listening is very important. The listening fostering is one of the basic trainings that contain listening, speaking, and reading, writing and translating. Rivers and Timperley (1978) indicated in A Practical Guide to the Teaching of English: In the people’s mutual communication, listening and understanding what other people said is the most important. A number of people have frequently made the point that of the total time and individual is engage in communication, approximately 9% of which is devoted to writing, 16%to reading, 30%to speaking, and 45%to listening, undoubtedly it is therefore the case that listening should be given more attention in language teaching (Wang Qiang，2000). But in the foreign language learning process, people also feel the difficulty of listening fostering and improvement. The author thinks that these are closely related to the complication of listening itself, the language knowledge and skill of the listeners and Chinese traditional teaching model.

I. Listening Comprehension Process

Noam Chomsky (1960) thinks that people in the entire of using languages experience these processes: recognition →analysis by synthesis→understanding. Likewise, listening is a kind of complicated process that people use language knowledge, common sense, special knowledge and analysis by synthesis ability to receive, analyze, comprehend, summary, choose, remember and other activities by enthusiastic and initiative attitude. To put it briefly, this process can be divided into three periods, namely, the stage of the language receiving; the stage of comprehension; the stage of general cognition.

A. The Stage of the Language Receiving

The stage of the language receiving is the first step of the listening comprehension. In this stage, listeners mainly identify some characters from objective languages pronunciation, syntax and meaning of a word, and then receive as well as analyze this information. For example, English pronunciation contains 49 phone; English words constitute of one or some phone according to regular law. A word that more than two syllables has the voiceless or accent. Constituted by the word, a sentence has continuous and rising/falling tone, but the word stress and the intonation can also express speakers’ different emotion hue, communication aim and so on. As to syntax, every language often has its own syntax law that is different from other languages. When receiving information, listeners often use these laws (such as words and some restrictions and hypothesizes that different from other languages) to arrange and analyze this information. Moreover, the change of various sorts of style should be paid attention. In China, listening material can be divided into three species: dialogue genre, narrative genre and news body. It can be changed because of the different speaker status, context and theme. These changes make the language its personality. Being familiar with these different language characters will help the listener understand the information.

B. The Stage of Comprehension

Comprehension is a complicated and multi-gradation process. It is not only a process that distinguishes pronunciation, word and sentence to comprehend the whole article, but also a process requests the coherence in the beginning and the ending, think over and over again, and a deep understand. In this stage, it demands listeners to take part in analyzing, solving, choosing and reconstructing activities about analysis by synthesis. According to context’s relation, listeners seize the key words that transmit message and infer or hypothesis these information heard by using logic and comprehensive analysis way. The listener will make all kinds of prediction, according to the material and languages and contents.

C. The Stage of General Cognition

The main task of this stage is to analyze, choose and arrange the information that heard and kept in the short-term memory, and then keep in the long-term memory, for accumulating the knowledge in listening channel. At this time, because the listeners’ capacity of the short-term memory are limited and easy to be disturbed by other factors, with the aid of some notes the listener then can seize, arrange and remember.

Landolfi (1984) thinks that, people can show the step of the listening comprehension process by the graph.

verbal, non-verbal input→short-term memory→selection of the main idea→gist core→long-term memory

In a word, listening is not a simply psychological process that absorbs the sign of sound. But it is quite a complicated and multi-gradation of the psychological process. The listener should not only master the three elements (pronunciation, syntax, vocabulary) of the language, but also need a certain degree of comprehension and general cognitive ability. It needs to be pointed out, the three periods of listening comprehension as a whole, either is indispensable or can be alternated. So it is impossible to make a clear distinction between them, and it is not scientific. The reason why divide them perfectly is for the convenience of analysis and comprehension.

Ⅱ.Characteristics of the Listening Process

From the previous section the listeners have seen that there is a great variety of situations where they need to listen to English. It is important to understand the characteristics or processes behind these listening situations so that the teachers can design appropriate activities to students develop effective listening strategies.

Generally speaking, listening in real life has the following characteristics (Ur 1996):

A. Spontaneity

While some of the things that the listeners listen to be rehearsed, e.g. radio news, television news and shows, movies, theater, and some formal lectures, most of the time during an average day the listeners listen to people speaking spontaneously and informally without rehearsing what they are going to say ahead of time.

B. Context

Both the listener and the speaker in real life usually know the context of listening. In other words, the listeners know the relationship between the listener and the speaker. Therefore, the situation helps them predict what they are going to hear.



C. Visual Clues

The listeners can frequently see the person whom they are listening to. This means the listeners can see their facial expressions, gestures and other body language as well as the surrounding environment, which is relevant when, for example, people point at objects or in certain directions. These visual clues help them understand and predict what they hear. Of course there are situations where the listeners cannot see the speaker, such as when the listeners listen to the radio or use the telephone.

D. Listener’s Response

Most of the listening in daily life allows the listener to respond to the speaker, such as in a conversation. This means the listeners can interrupt the speakers and ask for repetition or clarification.

E. Speaker’s Adjustment

In most cases, the speaker is talking directly to the listener, so he or she can adjust the way of speaking according to the listener’s reactions. For example, if the listener indicates that he or she does not understand what is being said, the speaker may rephrase or elaborate.

Ⅲ. Common Listening Barriers

Listening as an important comprehensive skill is being paid attention to and grasped by more and more people. Simultaneously people deeply feel the difficulty in grasping this skill. According to investigation and research, the author discovered that the listener's difficulty mainly displayed in the following several aspects:

A. Low Speed

The author frequently hears that listeners complain about the listening speed excessively fast, the information flashed and passed so that the human cannot understand the material. Listeners will be affected when the speed is too fast. So the listeners often have no enough time to arrange and ponder the content that heard. As a matter of fact, the English’s voiceless and accent is quite prominent in the sentence, every word and sentence all have its accent, the non-stress parts needn’t pay more attention to. Moreover, because of the adoption of liaison, assimilation, attenuation and the other pronunciation techniques, it will appear some phenomena that the word pronounces individually and pronunciation changes in the sentence. Interfered by mother language Chinese, the students in the listening process, often likely to translate English into Chinese and then comprehend. So the speed of listening comprehension is influenced.

B. Shortage of Imagination and Ability

Majority listeners try their best to understand the whole article word by word, as soon as students meet difficulties in one word, and then they miss the following sentences. So when they listen to this sentence, the following sentence has already passed, so that they have no confidence in listening to the following sentence. While such listeners’ brains became a piece of blank, so it is impossible for them to quickly react to what they listened.

C. Not Seizing the Main Points

As if some listener understood each sentence, but cannot speak out the real meaning of the whole text, because they are not good at gaining the main points and have no correct memory methods. So what kept in their mind is in a mess.

D. Lack of Background Information

We often discover that when listener hear some familiar materials, it is easy for them to obtain the real meaning, vice versa. Therefore they understood the literal meaning but the deep meaning. This mainly attribute to listener’s lack of the essential background knowledge (including specialized knowledge).

E. Lack of Coherent Remembering Ability

The listener can understand the word meaning, but cannot remember the contents after listening, when they listen to the following contents and then they forget the former contents, after listen to the whole material, they won’t be clear about what they have heard. This mainly because they are unfamiliar with the foreign language, so that the listener concentrates their attention in listening to tone and forget the content’s understanding and remembering. However, the practice and research indicated that remembering the content that has heard, even if it is the instantaneous memory, namely "pays attention to", its effect is much better.

Ⅳ.The Ways to Improve College English Listening

In a word, listening is the synthesis application ability of pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary. This process not only involves English pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and other elementary knowledge, but also involves the familiar degree about the related thing’s background knowledge, individual experience, and active participation and so on. For these characteristics and requests of listening, the author proposes following countermeasure in order to enhance the listening.

A. Pronunciation

The first step of listening comprehension is that accepts pronunciation information, therefore it is most important to know the pronunciation form well and to unify the linguistics’ elementary theory and practice closely to enhance the listening comprehension. Hearing the listener complain frequently that they cannot understand the material and low speed, the reason is that they do not know the listening language characteristic well. In oral English, especially in the British and American’s free conversation, it also hears some informal pronunciation, such as assimilation; this is a reason why listening becomes difficult.

At the same time, article, some pronoun, auxiliary, conjunction and some prepositions are generally not stressed in sentence from the spoken language grammar. A.C.Gimson point out that there are 19 common words are weak-read on 90% occasions in continuity conversation, such as: at, of, the, to, as, and, or, a, his, an, but, been, for, her, we, he, shall, was, them and so on（Yang Xianxiu, 1986）. In addition, it is one of the important factors that decides the listening ability is good or not with grasping English rhythm and intonation. Because of melodious intonation and different pause can express different sentiment, manner and meaning. Moreover, it usually appears the verb’s abbreviate form such as isn’t, doesn’t, can’t and so on in hearing, if they cannot listen to these abbreviations in spoken language, it can constitute a big barrier by listening and understanding English. For example:

Voice: Mary can’t come at 6:30.

In American English, there is only a different in the end of voiceless consonant /t/ between can’t /kænt/ and can /kæn/. /t/ and /k/ lose plosion together in the sentence. There is a very short pause before read /k/, so it is easy to listen to “can come”.

Thus it seems that it is essential that someone be familiar with and grasps the pronunciation forms, if they want to improve their listening level.

B. Grammar

Listening is an apprehensible skill. It is different from speaking and writing that are the expressible skills, but it cannot leave of grammar, one of the language foundations. Must understand the communicative language, it is the most important way that the listeners are familiar with grammar and the sentence structure in the sense of hearing. From the listening practice material that published, the majority materials’ practices key pay attention to grammar structure, highlight the close relation between the comprehension of content and understanding of the grammar structure. If the listener can consciously gain the significance that the material express in the listening process from grammar, and then he can easily divide the pronunciation into meaning group, and focuses rapidly in the question that the speaker asks. This kind of practice involves the basic structure of sentence, many kinds of phenomena about the verb (tense, voice, subjunctive mood and so on), as well as some habitually used sentences pattern and so on（Zhang Minlun，1993）. For example:

Voice: Bill and Mary gave Jim a present.

A. They got a present. B. Jim got a present.

C. Bill got a present. D. Mary got a present.

When the listener listen to this sentence, it needs clearly listening to Bill and Mary (subject), gave (verb), Jim (indirect object), present (direct object). Especially the listeners listen to clearly the subject part and then they can deny the answer A, C and D, so the answer is B.

For example: Voice: I wish I spoke English.

A.I can speak English. B. I cannot speak English.

C. I spoke English.

There is objective clause after “wish”, the verbs’ simple past express that it not corresponds to the present fact, so the answer is B.

For example: Voice: Charles is a better student than Paul but not than Ed.

A. Paul is the best student. B. Charles is the worst student.

C. Ed is the worst student. D. Ed is the best student.

The key point of understanding the whole sentence’s is that the listener cannot mix the three persons’ name and gain the chief sentence “Charles…better…than Paul”, so the listener can exclude the answer A and B. “but not than Ed” should be understood “but Charles not better than Ed”, so the listener can exclude the answer C, so the correct answer is D.

It seems that that the listeners are familiar with the habitually used sentences and structure from these examples; it can help everyone reduce the error in listening, and understand the purport of the sentence rapidly.

C. Vocabulary

Unquestionably, listener’s listening comprehensive ability will greatly affected, because of little knowledge of vocabulary, especially the proper noun, like a person’s name, a place name, a country's name. But what the author emphasis on is to pay attention to some methods on the basic of possession of a certain number of vocabularies. Because the characters of hearing decides that no one is possible to hear clearly and understand thoroughly each phone, syllable, word or phrase in the hearing process. In that case, how to carry on the positive word meaning association? The author thinks that before listening, listener should glance over related information rapidly, like the glossary in the material, the title of the material, the illustration as well as the attached corresponding practice, this may be helpful for everyone to have an approximate understanding about the content would be heard. For example, there is a section of short written work related to Christmas, when everyone hear the word “Christmas”, they are associated with Santa Claus, Christmas cards, Christmas trees, Christmas songs, church and other things and concepts related to Christmas. These preliminary forecasts of the content help the listeners to listen.

Moreover, in the listening process we can bump frequently into the long jump process in the semantics, because this semantic long jump has surpassed student's forecast scope, this time they may associate with the aid of the background knowledge to, makes up the incoherence between semantic. For example:

W: Tom, can you go back home the day after tomorrow?

M: The railroad workers are on strikes.

Q: What does the man mean?



In the dialogue, the gentleman has not directly replied the proposed question, but if the listener had not think of the context and background knowledge when conversation occurs, she can discover the gentleman have already answered the question. Because he knew the railroad worker strikes, he is unable to determine whether the train run normally or not, namely he cannot determine whether he will go home or not the day after tomorrow.

Obviously, to associate and infer positively through the word meaning is more advantageous in comprehending the real connotation.

D. Background Knowledge

Everyone can discover frequently, when listeners are familiar with background material, the listeners can understand it easily. On the contrary, regarding oneself non-familiar or completely strange content, achieving the similar degree is more difficult actually. The practice and research prove that words which the listener has little chance to meet, such as the idiom, proverb, slang, allusion, specific phrase and social cultural information, background knowledge and so on will disturb the listener listening comprehension. In listening practice, listeners meet frequently knowledge content about cultural background and geographical environment aspect, or some character and style in related foreign land, the background knowledge that beyond language itself. In this kind of situation, if there is no actual background and contrast between West and East, there will be no real practice of listening comprehension.

For example, following group of dialogues:

A: Where can I buy the battery for my tape-recorder this time of night?

B: Why don’t you try the drugstore?

Because the listener cannot know clearly the cultural connotation of “drugstore”, the listener is hard to make an answer. The majority person knows drugstore is "pharmacy ", but in China, the battery cannot buy absolutely in the pharmacy. However drugstore is one kind of pharmacy and grocery store, or is a completely grocery store. Likewise, the fourth class of second volume in University English Listening has a section of article which concern of US educate, there is such a sentence “After two years at a junior college, students receive an associate degree and then they can continue at a four-year college.” If the listener does not understand the US educational system, and do not know what is associate degree, so it is difficult for the listener make the correct understanding. In fact, associate degree is "accurate degree", it refers the certificate issued to the students who have received two years higher education and the student can continue his study and then gain the bachelor’s degree. There are plenty of such examples, so listeners need to be familiar to related cultural.

E. Notes

This is a task that requires the listener to take notes while listening. Usually, it is done with a guide of a table with heading given. Students need to listen to the passage carefully and fill in the information with key words under appropriate heading. For example:

2.1 listen to the radio and complete the chart.

Name Pet Pets name Reason

So he doesn’t fell lonely.

Mouse

Thomas Dingo

(Taken from Junior English, (2005) Book 13:63)

The teacher (or a student) can provide oral descriptions of a person, place, thing, action, etc. Learners write down what they think it is. One game that can be played is to ask the students to write down descriptions of them after they have learned vocabulary for height, appearance, and personalities. The teacher can collect the descriptions and then choose 10 or so to read out loud to the whole class, so that the students can write down silently who they think is being described. Then, the answers can be confirmed and anyone who guessed all of them correctly is the “winner” Another game is to have the students write down 4 or 5 clues that describe an animal after they have learned the names of several animals and some vocabulary such as colors, and some parts of the body such as eyes, feet, feathers, fins, fur, stripes, spots, etc. Then the students can take turns coming to the front of the class to read out their clues, while the rest of the students write down what animal they think it is. A variation of the animal game is to divide the class into 2-3 teams and have the team members take turns to call out what animal they think it might be after each clue is read. The sooner the animal is guessed, the more points the team can earn. For example, if the animal is guessed on the first clue, a team can earn 10 points, second clue-6 points, third clue-2 points, and fourth clue-1 point.

The advantage to do these types of listening activities is that it personalizes the lesson so the students are more interested in listening especially if a game element is involved where the class can be divided into teams. Competition inevitably increases motivation of students! This type of activity also integrates listening with other skills, especially speaking, but also some limited writing; therefore it helps prepare students for listening situation in real life where often several skills need to be used simultaneously.

F. Multi-media

1). Issues about Traditional Listening Educational Model

Over a long time, listen to the recording material - check the answer - listen to the recording material again. This kind of listening teaching method is the characteristic of Chinese listening teaching, it is easy leading to dull class, the student fell monotonous and tasteless, gradually, the student think that the listening class has no function, it cannot satisfy their request to enhance the listening urgently, thus feels it weary even lose their interesting; On the other hand, the teacher is accustomed to duplicate the playback again and again in the traditional teaching, until the students understand. In fact, it harms enormously; it is easy to cultivate the bad habits of students’ dependent thought and absent-mind. Moreover, “Three-step Song " teaching easy to make the student estimate their listening level blindly and equate accuracy and the actual hearing level by mistake, they will consider they have owned the listening ability if their homework are correct. It’s harmful to the improving of students listening.

2). The Use of Modern Teaching Equipment

Putting multimedia and electrical audio-visual equipment to use is an important way to reform teaching method and realize teaching’s modernization. Today most schools all have the multimedia language class. The listening teacher can make full use of this superiority and transform the traditional education model that broadcast the tape to multiple models, which use many kinds of media. Multimedia refers to the visual media like projection, slide show, sense of hearing media like sound recording, broadcast as well as seeing and audiovisual media like movie, television, video recording or the laser videodisc. Making full use of multimedia equipment to teach can combine the teaching with learning well and the atmosphere is vivid. The pure English, exquisite intonation, typical pronunciation, as well as the interesting plot can stimulate the students’ interesting of study and develop students’ potential. Just like this, the students will achieve a better result.

G. Practice

Listening is a skill requiring a lot of practice. It is right that paying attention to listening skill, but once the skill separates from the practice, it just "be an armchair strategist". So the improvement of listening skills needs much practice and training. When one practices listening, it’s better to adopt the method that unites the intensive listening with extensive listening.

Intensive listening can be used in the special practice such as pronunciation, glossary, sentence pattern, number, time, place and so on. It requests that each word, each sentence can be understood. The listener should listen repeatedly, and inspect whether one really understand all through the way of inquiry, translation, repeat the sentence and so on. To heighten the listening ability in practice when extensive listening, you must overcome the psychological barriers such as wishing to understanding each word, and pay attention to primary content, the main meaning of whole paragraph and the plot and so on. The difficult or easy degree of the extensive listening material should be supposed to be higher slightly than listener’s spoken language level, but it is not too difficult to lose the confidence in enhancing listening. When practice extensive listening, it is necessary to set many item of choice questions, right and wrong topic as well as the general interrogative, special interrogative and so on. Hold the main point and comprehend the general idea of the listening material through the practice.

In brief, listening comprehension not only requests the listeners to have good language knowledge and non-language skill, but also needs the listener to transfer each language factor and the non-language factor as far as possible, such as pronunciation, syntax, word meaning, background knowledge, listening skill, individual experience and so on, of course, it takes more than one day for the rivers to freeze three feet deep. Good listening skills need massive practicing and training, just as it is impossible that one highly skilled piano master plays very well just because he learns piano theory very well.

Conclusion

In brief, listening comprehension not only requests the listeners to have good language knowledge and non-language skill, but also needs the listener to transfer each language factor and the non-language factor as far as possible, such as pronunciation, syntax, word meaning, background knowledge, listening skill, individual experience and so on, of course, it takes more than one day for the rivers to freeze three feet deep. Good listening skills need massive practicing and training, just as it is impossible that one highly skilled piano master plays very well just because he learns piano theory very well.

Therefore take this as the topic to make to solve these problems, the author proposes some listening skills in pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, background knowledge, note and so on, and the goal is to provide some methods of English listening teaching for English teachers and to help the listeners to improve their listening comprehension.

Acknowledgements

I would like to take this opportunity to thank my tutor—He Xuede, who offered me academic and constructive advice on composing this paper. His encouragement and help are worthy of high acknowledgement.

Moreover, my numerous thanks go to my dear friends and my lovely roommates, Liu Wanxia, Wang Jinfeng, who spend much time with me on my thesis.

Finally, I would like to present my sincere gratitude to those who spend their precious time in reading this thesis.

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附：写作指导

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英语专业毕业论文的写作方法

Introduction:

毕业论文或学士学位论文（thesis）是每个本科生在毕业之前最重要的一项学习任务。写作毕业论文是总结、检验、深化所学专业知识的过程，同时也可以训练学生分析和解决问题的实际能力，从而为毕业后继续学习和运用所学专业知识进行更高层次的研究奠定基础。因此，每个本科生都必须认真对待，努力写好毕业论文。

完成毕业论文，需要一定的专业知识，也需要正确的写作方法。毕业论文或学士论文是一种研究性论文（research paper）。它的语气、格调和格式不同于非正规文体，如技术报告、随笔等。毕业论文也讲究一定的学术性，但其要求与目的不同于在学术期刊上发表的学术论文。毕业论文是一种正规作文，必须遵循正规作文的规范。完成一篇毕业论文，一般要经过选择方向（论题）、确定论文题目、收集资料、研究分析参考资料、整理论据、拟订参考书目、拟订论文提纲、构思、拟写初稿、修改润色、校对和定稿等步骤。

1.1选择论题和确定论文题目

选择论题和确定论文题目，应当考虑论题的学术研究价值，并力求有自己的见解，还必须考虑自己的专业水平、写作能力以及资料来源、写作时间等客观因素。

在确定论文题目的过程中，不宜草率从事、急于求成。英语专业涉及的范围很广，包括英语语言、英汉互译、英美文学、英美文化和英语教学法。其中英语语言又包括语法、语音、词汇和修辞等领域。另外，历史研究也是也是一大方向，如英语史、翻译史、文学史等。

选择论题和确定论文题目，应以“小题大做”为原则，其要领是：先从上述范围内选择一个方向，然后逐渐缩小范围.

选择论题与确定题目，必须弄明白研究方向、论题、题目之间的关系。研究方向是一个研究领域，范围较大、较泛。论题指论文要论证的命题，而论文题目只是论题的概括。如，英语翻译技巧是一个研究的方向，而论证翻译技巧的性质、用途就可成为一个论题。

总之，确定论文题目应当在一个易于操作的小范围里去考虑。因为题目涉及的范围越小，越容易写得全面、深刻，从而使论文更有说服力。

另外，每个领域都有各自的具体内容和特点。因此，在考虑具体论题之前，先要了解特定领域的一般性知识，然后逐渐将自己的注意力集中于某个论题。

1.2收集资料、分析资料、拟定参考书目

从某种意义上说，选择与确定论题的过程首先是收集和阅读资料的过程。资料的来源主要是学校的图书馆和资料室，以及Internet的相关网站。查找、收集资料，必须熟悉掌握查阅资料的有关知识与方法。同时，在查阅资料的过程中应适时地做些记录。记录内容包括：作者名、书名能够、版本、出版单位、出版地点、出版日期和参考资料的页码等。参考资料若出自期刊，则应包括：刊物名称、期刊号、资料所在页码、文章作者、文章标题等。Internet为写作毕业论文提供了极大的方便，但网上充斥着各种各样的信息，须注意甄别是专家权威的东西还是业余爱好者的东西，在引进论文时还须说明是否是专家权威的观点，并须注明出处，以免抄袭之嫌。

确定论题之后，就是研究分析资料和拟定参考书目（working bibliography）。写毕业论文需要利用各种参考资料，但写作毕业论文决不仅仅时收集资料，或简单的“剪刀加浆糊”的工作。通常我们收集的资料都会多于实际写进论文里去的资料，论文作者必须对自己收集到的资料加以筛选和分析整理，并结合自己预想的论题，考察研究选定论题的可行性及学术研究价值，从而初步确定论文的题目。

1.3构思与拟定提纲

确定论题与题目之后，就要围绕论文的中心论点去构思了。构思就是如何如利用事先准备好的资料，去阐释或论证论文的中心论点。因此你必须事实牢记你的论文的写作目的。写论文就是决定用哪些原始资料和如何使用这些原始资料，去实现你的论文的写作目的。无论是采用演绎还是归纳的形式安排资料，都必须议论文的中心论点来贯穿全文。

为了更有效的阐述或论证中心论点，应当先有一个易于操作的论文提纲。拟写提纲本身就是一种思考与构思，其过程是对所准备的论据进行分析整理。论据一经整理，它们之间的关联就会显露出来，提纲的雏形也就形成了。粗略的提纲，应在继续分析整理论据的过程中，不断加以调整充实，事先确定的论点也可以做适当的调整、变通。

要求按提纲写作为的是增强论文的条理性和逻辑性，以及论文结构的完整性。一篇毕业论文，一般由引言（Introduction）、论文主体（Body）和结语（Conclusion）三大部分构成。

引言部分的主要作用是提出论文的中心论点或导入正题。论文主体部分是论证分析。结余部分主要用来总结全文，重申论点。开头和结尾部分可安排一两个段落，而主体部分必须分成多段。

中心论点（thesis）是对一篇论文最集中的概括，既说出了论文的论题是什么，也说出了作者要对论题发表什么意见。论文的每一个段落都是通过提供支持中心论点的详细资料来阐明中心论点的。论点与各段落的关系，犹如一个段落里的句子与主题句（subject sentence）的关系。演绎式（inductively arranged）则最后提出论点，论点还是结语的一个部分。

阐述或论证论点没有固定的方程式。用什么方式最合适，主要取决于论题和文章的目的，像“Modifications to American Democracy During the Next Twenty Years” 这样一个题目，大致有三种写法。第一种主要是提供知识、信息，如：“阐释对当代美国民主提出的种种建议”(“List and explain proposed modifications to contemporary American democracy”）。这种写法只是阐释问题，不作分析，因此适合报告一类论文，甚至篇幅较长的报告。以英语专业论，很适合写英语教学的调查和实验研究。

第二种是在阐释的同时也做出倾向性不太强的分析，如：“最近提出的修改美国民主的建议的意义何在？”(“In what ways are the recent proposals to modify American democracy significant?”)。第三种写法是倾向性强烈的论文，既要提供相关的知识、信息，也要做出细致的分析，作者还要把立论。如：“评修改当代美国民主的建议”(“uate proposed modifications to contemporary American democracy”)。

第三种写法最难，因为立论的论文必须毫不含糊地提出作者自己的观点，而且必须言之成理、令人信服。这就要求作者提出充分的证据，并反驳反面意见。

然而，富有挑战性的论题和题目能是作者更投入，只要付出足够的努力自然会有丰厚的回报。若要毕业论文有新意，有独立的见解，应该用第三种写法。

1.4拟稿

拟稿即拟写初稿，初稿虽是草稿，但必须全力以赴去写好。在拟稿的过程中，一般要注意以下几个问题：

1.开门见山，即在论文的引言部分提出论点，这是最常用的方法。另外，为了使作者思路显得缜密、中心突出，行文中应适时地重申论文的论点。提出论点要自然，避免机械生硬地提出论点，从而保持论文的完整性。

2.合理安排论文引证的材料。为避免文章显得臃肿，使行文更加流畅，应慎用省略号。引证还要注意适度，即直接引证不宜过多。有些可以用自己的话来该概括。

3.不要遗漏事先准备好引用的论据。引证时须表明出处，以免与你自己的话相混。

4.重视引言和结语（introduction and conclusion）。一篇毕业论文的开头和结尾部分，具有很强的影响力，不可等闲视之。

1.4.1引言的写法

引言部分对于引起读者的兴趣至关重要，应写得引人入胜，最主要是一点是让人读后能明白你的论文写什么，让人觉得你的目的明确。引言没有固定的程式，主要取决于论文的对象、论题和写作的方法。下面是几种最基本的方法。

1.引语:以两句引语展开讨论，这两句精妙而带煽动性的评论颇能激发读者的兴趣。接着又引用，有助于引向论文的中心。

2.回顾历史（Historical review）:有时，读者在不了解相关是历史背景的情况下不能立即抓住你探讨的问题

3.回顾论争（Review of a controversy）:回顾过去的争论或论争，是历史性回顾的一种特殊形式。

4.从一般到具体（From the general to the specific）

5.从具体到一般：掌故、实例（From the specific to the general: anecdote）：以逸事、趣闻开头，是你用来吸引读者注意力最有效的一种方法。

6.设问（Question)：作者常常通过提出一个问题或一连串的问题，来吸引读者的注意力。

7.开门见山（Statement of thesis):开门见山是最直接的引言方法，即一开头就提出论文论点。

1.4.2结语的写法

结语部分与引言同等重要，因为给读者留下最后印象的是它。 结语应总结全文，而不应当提出或转移到别的论题上去，也不能草草收场。结语部分要让读者对论文的主要精神和内容加深印象。

结语部分的作用是重申论文的论点， 最基本的一点是总结你的论点。总结不是简单的重复，而是归纳正文的内容，具有较强的理论性。切记：结语部分所占的篇幅不宜过长，力求干脆利落。以下是几种常见的结语写法。

1）说明论文的意义（Statement of the subject’s significance):讨论主体部分所论述的论题的广泛意义，给读者提供更多的理由，从而让他们更明白你的论文的价值。运用这一方法，是从一个具体、特定的范围扩展到一个更广泛的范围。必须从各种意义中挑选，不宜太泛， 应注意突出重点。

2）解答与建议（Solution/Recommendation):这种方式适合评论与阐述有争议问题的论文。这种方法的要点是：总结你的结论后，根据你的研究提供一个解决方法。为使你的方法更有说服力，必须经正文部分充分论证后提出。

3）引用别人的话（Quotation）：根据文章的论题，引用该领域的一位名人或权威的话来结束论文，是许多人偏爱的方式。引用名人或权威的话可以增加文章的说服力。但如何引用颇有讲究，最重要的是所引用的话必须切合你的论点。

4）设问（Questions）：提出问题不仅是使用的开篇方式，也是结束论文的使用方法。但是，开篇提出的问题予以提问结尾的功能不同。开篇提出的问题，是打算在接下来的部分予以解答。但结尾时提出的问题，是留给读着自己去思考。

1.5修改、润饰、定稿

初稿写出来之后，任务还没有完成，还必须经过反复修改、润色，才能定稿。初稿写好后，可以立即进行修改，但放一两天再去修改，效果可能更好。这时，你能以一种更冷静、客观的心态去评判你自己的作品。修改时，应特别注意论文的逻辑推理是否严密，还应当注意上下文的衔接，以及漏字、错别字和笔误。另外，必须仔细核查你引用的文字是否有差错，包括作者，页码等。在将初稿交指导老师之前，最好找同学给你朗读一两遍，这样就能更容易的听出论文的语言是否通顺流畅。1.6论文的格式

以英文学术论文格式论，有三种流行的格式，即“芝加哥格式”（Chicago Manual, The Chicago Manual of Style)、“现代语言学会格式” （MLA, The Modern Language Association Style）、和“美国心理学会格式”(APA, Publication Manual of the American psychological Association）。Chicago Manual格式，既有一定的权威性，又不限于某个特定学科。因此，人文科学、社会科学以及许多其他专业的本科生和研究

生写论文时，均采用Chicago Manual格式。

1.5.1引文的格式

毕业论文在行文中，往往需要引用别人著作中的原话，或其他的资料。引用方式主要有：直接引用、间接引用以及间接引用与直接引用并用。以引文摆放的位置论，又有单独排列成一段和不单独排列之分。无论采用哪一种格式，引用时必须遵循规范的引证格式。下面我们分别谈谈直接引用和间接引用的格式要求。

1.5.1.1直接引用（Direct quotation）：

直接引文即一字不差的引用原始资料。在需要再现某个权威的意见、保留原始资料说法，或强调所借用的原始资料的真实性时，实用直接引文。对于有争议的观点，或需要专家意见时，也需要直接引用，因为直接引文能提供权威性。比如，在一篇论述高等教育的学位论文里，你要论证某大学录用学生实行开放政策是为了该地区的经济，那么引用一位著名经济学家或某个本地知名商人的言论就很奏效。如果你想支持你对某个历史潮流的意义的论断，

值得注意的是：直接引文应尽量简短。过长的引文容易分散读者的注意力。因此，要舍得割爱，只引用基本部分。如果引文的长度超出半页的篇幅，显得不协调，但又必须引用那么多，可以将引文放在附录部分。

1.5.1.2直接引文的摆放

直接引文在正文中的摆放主要有两种形式：插入正文或单独排列（Quotations run into the text or set off from the text)。引用的是散文而又不超过40个字，那么应当插入正文中，并用引号引起来，如：Curtis's term "the Latin Middle Ages" covers a range of Roman legacies, including "the share of Rome, of the Roman idea of the state, of the Roman Church, and of Roman culture."1

引用的诗而又不超过两个整行，也应当放入正文中去。诗行之间用“/”隔开，符号两边留空；保留原诗中的大写，如下所示：In his "Hymn to Intellectual Beauty", Shelley personifies the immaterial, spiritual words: "The awful shadow of some unseen Power/Floats though unseen amongst us."

另外，无论直接引用的是散文还是诗歌，都应当保持原貌，包括原始资料中的各种标点和符号。

1.5.1.3间接引用（Indirect quotation)

论文中大多数的引文应是间接引用，或概述原文的主要内容。间接引用的三种格式如下:

Chicago Manual格式：Even Einstein recoiled from the implication of quantum mechanics that reality is an illusion.1

MLA格式:Even Einstein recoiled from the implication of quantum mechanics that reality is an illusion(Gribbin2).

APA格式:Even Einstein recoiled from the implication of quantum mechanics that reality is an illusion（Grbbin,1984,p.2).

引文的格式颇为复杂。就拿圆括号里作者姓氏的写法来说，也不止一种。如果作者是两个（或三个）人，则在姓氏之间加上"and"。注意"and"之间不加逗号， 如：Among the many facts about language, there stand out language is human, language is thought and activity, and the medium of language is sound (Bollinger and Sears2-3).

如果作者是三个以上，则只需写出第一个作者的姓氏，其余用“et al.”表示，气候再加上页码， 如: (Aiken et al. 288)。如果同时引证同一个作者的几部作品，就需要写出书名。

1.5.2注释的格式

Chicago Manual采用脚注(footnote)和尾注(endnote)，即在正文中用引文的地方按顺序夹注数码(superscript)。数码通常置于句末的右上方、标点外边，不留空格，不加下划线，不划圈。脚注按对应数码置于每一页的底端，尾注置于正文之后。注释包括作者（编者、译者）姓名、卷数、出版商、出版年代、引文所在页码。重复出现同一作者的同一作品时，只注明作者姓氏和引文所在页码。尾注格式与正文后的“参考书目”格式有两点不同：一是首行缩进5个英文字母的空格，即缩进5格再标明1，2等；其二是作者姓名的写法不同：尾注是名在前，姓氏在后；而参考书目是姓氏在前，名在后，中间用逗号隔开。

应当尽量减少脚注和尾注，注释的来源出处必须写明。一般而论，注释主要用于下列几种特殊情况：

1）补充相关的，但并非必不可少的资料；

2）列举供参考的书目；

3）详细说明某个程序；

4）提供一些数据等。

1.5.3参考书目的格式

“参考书目”是一篇毕业论文不可或缺的组成部分。准备论文参考书目时，在论文中引用的所有资料的出处都必须注明。一般来说，凡是没有被你引用的数目都不应该列入。每一条目开始写作者的姓，然后是名，按照英语字母的顺序排列；汉语则按照笔画或拼音顺序排列。如果你在同一篇论文中引用相同一个作者的多篇论著，那么你就必须把论著标题按英文字母顺序列出，因为第一条数目已有该作者的姓名，下一条数目只需在下一行开始空八格，加句号后按同一作者论著标题的字母顺序列出即可。每条参考书目从第二行开始要缩进五格，这主要起到醒目的作用。

1.5.4论文整体结构与格式

一篇论文的整体结构(elements of a research papers) 包括三个部分：正文前部分(the preliminaries, front matter)、正文部分(the text, body) 和正文后部分(reference materials, back matter, or end matter)。

有的指导老师要求写出毕业论文的“内容提要”(abstract)。提要的作用是简明扼要地说明你的文章讨论的问题，所研究问题的意义，以及你的研究成果和结论。Slade说: “Because the abstract is not part of the dissertation, it is neither numbered nor counted as a page.” (p.39) 由此看来，按英语的格式并不一定要写出 “abstract”.如果写了“提要”，就应当把它放在“提纲页”。

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24. 基于单片机的机电产品控制系统开发

25. 基于PIC单片机的智能手机充电器

26. 基于单片机的实时内核设计及其应用研究

27. 基于单片机的远程抄表系统的设计与研究

28. 基于单片机的烟气二氧化硫浓度检测仪的研制

29. 基于微型光谱仪的单片机系统

30. 单片机系统软件构件开发的技术研究

31. 基于单片机的液体点滴速度自动检测仪的研制

32. 基于单片机系统的多功能温度测量仪的研制

33. 基于PIC单片机的电能采集终端的设计和应用

34. 基于单片机的光纤光栅解调仪的研制

35. 气压式线性摩擦焊机单片机控制系统的研制

36. 基于单片机的数字磁通门传感器

37. 基于单片机的旋转变压器-数字转换器的研究

38. 基于单片机的光纤Bragg光栅解调系统的研究

39. 单片机控制的便携式多功能乳腺治疗仪的研制

40. 基于C8051F020单片机的多生理信号检测仪

41. 基于单片机的电机运动控制系统设计

42. Pico专用单片机核的可测性设计研究

43. 基于MCS-51单片机的热量计

44. 基于双单片机的智能遥测微型气象站

45. MCS-51单片机构建机器人的实践研究

46. 基于单片机的轮轨力检测

47. 基于单片机的GPS定位仪的研究与实现

48. 基于单片机的电液伺服控制系统

49. 用于单片机系统的MMC卡文件系统研制

50. 基于单片机的时控和计数系统性能优化的研究

51. 基于单片机和CPLD的粗光栅位移测量系统研究

52. 单片机控制的后备式方波UPS

53. 提升高职学生单片机应用能力的探究

54. 基于单片机控制的自动低频减载装置研究

55. 基于单片机控制的水下焊接电源的研究

56. 基于单片机的多通道数据采集系统

57. 基于uPSD3234单片机的氚表面污染测量仪的研制

58. 基于单片机的红外测油仪的研究

59. 96系列单片机仿真器研究与设计

60. 基于单片机的单晶金刚石刀具刃磨设备的数控改造

61. 基于单片机的温度智能控制系统的设计与实现

62. 基于MSP430单片机的电梯门机控制器的研制

63. 基于单片机的气体测漏仪的研究

64. 基于三菱M16C/6N系列单片机的CAN/USB协议转换器

65. 基于单片机和DSP的变压器油色谱在线监测技术研究

66. 基于单片机的膛壁温度报警系统设计

67. 基于AVR单片机的低压无功补偿控制器的设计

68. 基于单片机船舶电力推进电机监测系统

69. 基于单片机网络的振动信号的采集系统

70. 基于单片机的大容量数据存储技术的应用研究

71. 基于单片机的叠图机研究与教学方法实践

72. 基于单片机嵌入式Web服务器技术的研究及实现

73. 基于AT89S52单片机的通用数据采集系统

74. 基于单片机的多道脉冲幅度分析仪研究

75. 机器人旋转电弧传感角焊缝跟踪单片机控制系统

76. 基于单片机的控制系统在PLC虚拟教学实验中的应用研究

77. 基于单片机系统的网络通信研究与应用

78. 基于PIC16F877单片机的莫尔斯码自动译码系统设计与研究

79. 基于单片机的模糊控制器在工业电阻炉上的应用研究

80. 基于双单片机冲床数控系统的研究与开发

81. 基于Cygnal单片机的μC/OS-Ⅱ的研究

82. 基于单片机的一体化智能差示扫描量热仪系统研究

83. 基于TCP/IP协议的单片机与Internet互联的研究与实现

84. 变频调速液压电梯单片机控制器的研究

85. 基于单片机γ-免疫计数器自动换样功能的研究与实现

86. 基于单片机的倒立摆控制系统设计与实现

87. 单片机嵌入式以太网防盗报警系统

88. 基于51单片机的嵌入式Internet系统的设计与实现

89. 单片机监测系统在挤压机上的应用

90. MSP430单片机在智能水表系统上的研究与应用

91. 基于单片机的嵌入式系统中TCP/IP协议栈的实现与应用

92. 单片机在高楼恒压供水系统中的应用

93. 基于ATmega16单片机的流量控制器的开发

94. 基于MSP430单片机的远程抄表系统及智能网络水表的设计

95. 基于MSP430单片机具有数据存储与回放功能的嵌入式电子血压计的设计

96. 基于单片机的氨分解率检测系统的研究与开发

97. 锅炉的单片机控制系统

98. 基于单片机控制的电磁振动式播种控制系统的设计

99. 基于单片机技术的WDR-01型聚氨酯导热系数测试仪的研制

100. 一种RISC结构8位单片机的设计与实现

101. 基于单片机的公寓用电智能管理系统设计

102. 基于单片机的温度测控系统在温室大棚中的设计与实现

103. 基于MSP430单片机的数字化超声电源的研制

104. 基于ADμC841单片机的防爆软起动综合控制器的研究

105. 基于单片机控制的井下低爆综合保护系统的设计

106. 基于单片机的空调器故障诊断系统的设计研究

107. 单片机实现的寻呼机编码器

108. 单片机实现的鲁棒MRACS及其在液压系统中的应用研究

109. 自适应控制的单片机实现方法及基上隅角瓦斯积聚处理中的应用研究

110. 基于单片机的锅炉智能控制器的设计与研究

111. 超精密机床床身隔振的单片机主动控制

112. PIC单片机在空调中的应用

113. 单片机控制力矩加载控制系统的研究

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