• The new office will cover the whole of Scotland.
• 新的办事处业务遍及全苏格兰。
• She’s covering the American election for BBC television.
• 她在为英国广播公司的电视台报道美国大选。
•
• I’m going to the doctor’s tomorrow so do you think you could cover my shift for me
• 明天我要去看医生，你能替我代班吗
• Will £50 cover your expense
• 50英镑够你花了吗
• Does your travel insurance cover you against the loss or theft of cash
• 你的旅行保险金能补偿你的现金丢失或失窃吗
• We’ve got all the exits covered, so they’ve got no chance of escape.
• 我们封锁了所有的出口，使他们插翅难逃。
• He is an aggressive salesman.
• 他是个很有进取心/干劲的销售员。
• Aggressive photographers followed the princess everywhere and flooded the media with photos of her private life.
• 无孔不入的摄影师们到处跟踪王妃，使得媒体上充斥着有关她私生活的照片。
• Hitler carried out an aggressive policy after he seized power.
• 希特勒摄取政权之后，推行了侵略政策。
• 3)Every life has its roses and thorns.
• 这里把玫瑰和刺引申，译为：“每个人的生活有苦有甜。
• 5）He is in critical condition, see-sawing between life and death.
• See-saw原义是“跷跷板”，这里引申译为：他的病况危急，时好时坏，与死神搏斗。
• 1. I am afraid I can't teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I. (Noun)
• 我恐怕不能教你游泳。我想我弟弟比我教得好。
• 2. An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current affairs.
• 读一点世界史，对学习时事是有帮助的。
• 3. These rustic lassies are good singers.
• 这些乡下小姑娘唱歌唱得很好。
• 2. To them, he personified the absolute power.
• 在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。
• 3. Crying is considered to be characteristic of woman.
• 人们认为爱哭是女人的特点。
• 1. As he is a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him the necessary help.
• 他对这城市完全陌生，我希望你能给他必要的帮助。
• 3. The computer is chiefly characterized by its accurate and quick computations.
• 这台计算机的主要特点是计算准确而迅速
• 2. Can you give an accurate translation of the sentence
• 你能确切地把这句话译出来吗
The sun rose thinly from the sea.
• 一轮红日从海边淡淡升起。
• A stream was winding its ways through the valley into the river.
• 一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇到江里去了。
• Like most wildlife，deer reproduce，grow，and store fat in the summer and fall when there is plenty of nutritious food available.
• 与大多数野生动物一样，鹿在营养丰富、食物充足的夏秋两季，繁殖、生长储存脂肪。
• They are leading a happy life.
• 他们现在过着幸福的生活。
• He becomes extremely excited whenever he talks about his hometown---mountains, waters, flowers, plants, fishes and birds.
• 他一说起家乡来就很兴奋，什么山啦，水啦，花啦，草啦，鱼啦，鸟啦等等。
• Heated，water will change into vapor．
• 水如受热，就会汽化。
• Theory is something, but practice is everything.
• 理论固然重要，而实践尤其重要。
• The strongest man cannot alter the law of nature.
• 即使是最强有力的人也不能改变自然法则。
• Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be expected
• 如果对自己的错误都不认识，怎么能悔恨和改正呢
• Matter can be changed into energy，and energy into matter．
• 物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化为物质。
• In the evening , after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibition, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué.
• 晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演以后，他还得起草最后公报。
• The best conductor has the least resistance and the poorest the greatest．
• 最好的导体电阻最小，最差的导体电阻最大。
• Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice.
勇敢过度，即成蛮勇；疼爱过度，即成溺爱；俭约过度，即成贪婪。
• (增补被省掉的in excess becomes）
• There had been too much violence in that region.
• 那个地区发生了许多暴力事件。
• After all preparations were made, the planes were flown across the U.S. to San Francisco.
• 一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机就飞越美国去旧金山。
• This printer is indeed cheap and fine．
• 这部打印机真是物美价廉
•
• Can the leopard change his spots
• 豹子改不了身上的斑纹，这叫本性难移。
•
• The blond boy quickly crossed himself.
• 那个金发小男孩立刻在胸前划十字，祈求上帝保佑。
Amplification in C—E Translation
• 1. 代 词
• 活到老，学到老
• One is never too old to learn.
• 不到长城非好汉。
• He who has never been to the Great Wall is not a man.
• 大作收到，十分高兴。
• I was very glad to have received your writing.
• 2. 冠 词
• 耳朵是用来听声音的器官，鼻子用来嗅气味，舌头用来尝滋味。
The ear is the organ which is used for hearing．The nose is used for smelling．The tongue is used for tasting．
• 3. 关 联 词
• 虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。
• Modesty helps one to go forward while conceit makes one lag behind．
• 留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。
• So long as green hills remain，there will never be a shortage of firewood．
• 4. 介 词
• 咱们校门口见吧。
• Let’s meet at the school gate．
• 你是白天工作还是夜间工作
• Do you work during day or at night
• 该地区已没什么城乡差别。
• There is little difference between town and country in this region．
• 5. 文化增词
• 三个臭皮匠，赛过诸葛亮。
• Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind．
• 别班门弄斧。
• Don’ try to show off your proficiency with the ax before Lu Ban the master carpenter．
Omission
Omission is one of the translating techniques in which some parts of the original can be omitted when they are translated so that the translation accords with target readers' descriptions.
1、 Omission of the pronoun (代词的省略)
I wash my face and brush my teeth in the morning.
我早上洗（我的）脸、刷（我的）牙。
• In her letter, she told me about her college life.
• 在（她的）信中，她给我谈了她的大学生活。
•
• He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eye but said nothing.
• 他耸了耸（他的）肩，摇了摇（他的）头，（他的）两眼看天，一句话也没说。
2. Omission of the Article （冠词的省略）
The moon was slowly rising above the sea.
• 月亮慢慢从海上升起
3. Omission of the preposition（介词的省略）
•
• Smoking is prohibited in public places.
• 公共场所，禁止吸烟。
4. Omission of the conjunction （连词的省略）
•
• He looked gloomy and troubled.
• 他看上去有些忧愁不安。
5. Omission of the Verb （动词的省略）
• When the pressure gets low,the boiling point becomes low.
• 气压低，沸点就低。
• Solids expand and contract as liquids and gases do.
• 同液体和气体一样，固体也能膨胀和收缩
6. Omission of the Impersonal Pronoun “It”（非人称代词 “it ”的省略）
• Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs.
• 外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。
Repetition
• I. For the sake of explicitness
Repetition of Noun
1. 重复作宾语的名词
• 1) They began to study and analyze the situation of the enemy.
• 他们开始研究敌情，分析敌情
• 。
• 2) Let’s discuss our studying and living conditions.
• 咱们来讨论讨论学习条件和生活条件。
2. 重复作表语的名词
• 1）He is our friend, a good friend.
• 他是我们的朋友，好朋友。
•
• 2）He is your friend and mine, too.
• 他是你的朋友，也是我的朋友。
• 3）This is my viewpoint, but not theirs.
• 这是我的观点，不是他们的观点。
3. 重复介词短语中所省略的名词
•
• 1) The story of Shenzhen is a story of development, of reform.
• 深圳的故事是发展的故事，改革的故事。
4. 重复作先行词的名词或作同位语的名词
• 1) Thank you for your help, which enabled me to get out of difficulty.
• 感谢你的帮助。正是你的帮助才使得我度过难关
• 2) They asked for promises that be cashed in one week.
• 他们要求得到承诺，而这些承诺要在一周内兑现。
• 3) Many grand hotels are named Shangri-la, the fictional, remote retreat in the Himalayas.
• 许多大酒店以香格里拉命名，香格里拉是喜马拉雅山中的虚构的一个世外桃源。
• 4) Here comes his girlfriend, a very pretty and sweet girl.
• 他女朋友来了。他女朋友可是个漂亮女孩。
Repetition of Verb
• 英语中一个动词常跟几个宾语或表语，汉译时往往重复这个动词。
•
• 1）Is he a friend or an enemy
• 他是朋友还是敌人
• 2）She has traveled widely. She has been to London, Paris, Tokyo and many many big cities around the world.
• 她游历甚广，到过伦敦，到过巴黎，到过东京，到过世界上许多大城市。
• 3）They talked about his hometown, about his family, about his work and about his future.
• 他们谈到他的家乡，谈到他的家庭，谈到他的工作，还谈到他的前程。
Repetition of pronoun
• 1)He hated failure. He had conquered it, risen above it and despised it in others.
• 他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。
• 2)Whoever breaks the law should be punished.
• 谁犯法，谁就该受到惩罚。
• 3)Whenever you are free, please come and have a talk.
• 你什么时候有空，就什么时候来说说话。
英语中常用some…and others…/some…others结构，汉译时常用谓语连用“的字结构”，有时也可以用 “有的…有的…”句式
• 1）On Sundays, some review their lessons and others go window-shopping.
• 星期天，复习功课的复习功课，逛街的逛街。
•
II. For the sake of emphasis
1. 英文中有重复的词，译文也重复同样的词。
• 1) Gentlemen may cry peace, peace,---but there is no peace.
• 先生们尽管高喊和平，和平，但是依然没有和平。
•
• 3）“Day by day we are moving closer to Baghdad. Day by day we are moving closer to victory.
• “我们一天天逼近巴格达，我们一天天接近胜利。”（乔治·W·布什 2003，04，01）
• 4) Blood must atone for blood.
• 血债要用血来还
•
英语对仗句式前后两部分常有词的重复，译成汉语时尽可能保持同样词的重复。
• 1) Eye for eye, tooth for tooth.
• 以眼还眼，以牙还牙。
• 2) Out of sight, out of mind.
• 眼不见，心不烦。
2. 英文中词的重复，汉译时用同义词重复之。
• 1) She would read and re-read the letter.
• 她总要把那信一遍又一遍地反复读。
• 2) “I know you dislike me and I dislike you, then we’d better part right now.”
• “我知道你讨厌我，我也不喜欢你，我们最好现在就各走各的路吧。”
III. For the sake of vividness
• 1）There have been too much publicity about her affair with the manager.
• 她与经理的桃色事件已是满城风雨，人人皆知了。
• 2）The then Hitler was extremely arrogant and ambitious.
• 那时的希特勒可说是不可一世，野心勃勃。
(二) 运用词的重叠
• １）I was completely honest in my replies, withholding nothing.
• 我的回答是坦坦荡荡，直言不讳的。
• ２）His children were as ragged and wild as if they belonged to nobody.
• 他的孩子穿得破破烂烂，粗野不堪，就象没有父母似的。
• ３）With his tardiness, carelessness and appalling good humor, we are sore perplexed.
• 他老是磨磨蹭蹭，马马虎虎，脾气又好的惊人，我们都对他毫无办法。
(三) 运用四字对偶词组
• Negation and Affirmation
• The world today is far from peaceful.
• 今天的世界还很不安宁。
• Please tender exact fare.
• 恕不找零。/ 不设找零。
• Keep in lane!
• 不准变更车道！
•
• Keep off the lawn!
• 请勿践踏草地
•
• I couldn’t agree with you more.
• 我完全同意你的看法。
• Just make yourself at home.
• 不要客气。/别见外
• Did I get your name right
• 我没有弄错你的名字吧
• That man is a total stranger to me.
• 我根本不认识那个人。
• He was the last man to say such things.
• 他绝不会说这样的话
• They are non-local laborers in Beijing.
• 他们是在北京打工的外地民工。
• Only three customers remained in the bar.
• 酒吧里只有三名顾客还没有走。
• We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life.
• 我们要永远对生活抱乐观的态度。
• Do you know why she is always trying to avoid you
• 你知道她为什么老是不想见到你
• I do think that it is beyond his power to fulfill the task.
• 我的确认为要完成这项任务是他力所不及的。
• I believe that my students will prove worthy of my trust.
• 我相信学生们不会辜负我的信任。
• I’ll be here for good this time.
• 这一次我再也不走了。
•
• Wait, he is serious.
• 等等，他不是说着玩儿的。
• Now, Clara, be firm with the boy!
• 听我说，克拉拉，对这孩子可不能心软。
negative→affirmative
• 1. Verb
– Don’t forget to lock the door.
– 记着锁门。
• 3. Adverb
– You are writing carelessly.
– 你写得潦潦草草、马马虎虎的。
•
• 4. Noun
– Everybody has his likes and dislikes.
– 各人有好恶。
•
• Isn’t it funny!
• 真逗！
•
• If you take part in it, there can be no further questioning of your courage.
• 如果你参加，那就足以说明你是有勇气的。
• Suddenly he heard a sound behind him, and realized he was not alone in the garage.
• 他突然听见背后有声响，便立即意识到车库里还有别人。
• The thought of returning to his native land never deserted him.
• 归国的念头始终萦绕在他的心中。
• Don‘t lose time in posting this letter.
• 赶快把这封信寄出去。
• Some people can eat what they like and get no fatter．
• 有些人爱吃什么就吃什么，照样瘦。
• Such flight couldn’t long escape notice.
• 这类飞行迟早会被人发觉的。
• The post office is at the next corner; you can’t miss it．
• 邮局就在下个路口，你会找到的。
affirmative→negative
• 1. Verb
– Hold on please.
– 请别挂断。
• 2. Adj.
– The plan is final.
– 那个计划没的商量
• 3. Adverb
– I know him slightly.
– 我对他不太了解
• 4. Noun
– It’s all Greek to me.
– 我对此一窍不通。
• 5. Prep.
– It’s beyond expectation.
– 真是难以想象。
•
• 6. Conj.
– It’s more than I can describe.
– 我形容不出/无法形容。
•
• Mind your own business.
• 别多管闲事。
• He was 75, but he carried his years lightly.
• 他七十五岁了，可是并不显老。
John was a fool for danger.
约翰是天不怕地不怕的。
His speech leaves much to be desired.
他的讲话很不如人意。
He is anything but a bright student.
无论如何，都算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。
Appearances are deceptive.
外貌是靠不住的。
There are always more books than one can read.
书是永远也读不完的。
It was beyond his power to sign such a contract.
他无权签订这种合同。
I have read your article. I expect to meet an older man.
拜读了你的大作，没想到你这样年轻。
He dived into the water fully clothed and rescued the boy．
他没脱衣服就跳进水里救出了孩子。
double negation
• It never rains but it pours.
• 不雨则已，雨必倾盆。
• There is no rule that has no exception.
• 所有的规则都有例外。
• There is not any advantage without disadvantage.
• 有一利必有一弊。
• It is impossible but that a man will make some mistakes.
• 人不会不犯错误。
transferred negation
• think，believe，not…because
I don’t think we need waste much time on this.
• 我想我们不必在这个问题上浪费许多时间。
She didn‘t believe that such things mattered much.
她认为这种事情无关紧要。
I don’t like teaching just because my parents are both teachers.
• 我喜欢教书，并不仅仅因为父母都是老师。
Some Traps in negative structures
• 1) not… because
• 2) cannot… too
• 3) all… not
• 4) both…not
1) not… because
• The engine didn’t stop because the fuel was finished.
• 引擎并不是因为燃料耗尽而停止运转的。
•
• In that city we had never suffered discrimination because we were Jews.
• 我们在那座城市从未因为是犹太人而遭受到歧视。
2) cannot… too
• You cannot be too careful in proofreading.
• 校对时，越仔细越好
•
3)all… not
• All that glitters is not gold.
• 发光的不一定都是金子。
• Both the instruments are not precision ones.
• 这两件东西不都是精密仪器。
• A new idea suddenly occurred to / struck him.
• 他突然想到了一个新主意。
• Old habits die hard.
• 积习难除。
• Still he failed to understand me.
• 他仍然没有弄懂我的意思。
Translation of Passive Voice
I. The Passive Voice in E-C Translation
The passive voice is converted into active voice.
1) the original subject unchanged
The whole country was armed in a few days.
几天之内全国就武装起来了
The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never been totally eradicated.
他在青少年时期留下的自卑感还远远没有完全消除
The picture was painted by Professor Smith.
这幅画是史密斯教授画的。
2) changing original object into subject
By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization.
大战结束时，这个组织拯救了800人。
• Communications satellites are used for international living transmission throughout the world.
• 全世界都将通信卫星用于国际间的实况转播。
3) Adding a Proper Subject to make the Chinese version smooth
•
• To explore the moon’s surface, rockets were launched again and again.
• 为了探测月球表面，人们一次又一次地发射火箭。
It is known that smoking is harmful to the health.
众所周知，吸烟对人体有害。
2. The passive structure converted into a sentence without a subject.
The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end to.
必须立即终止这种讨厌的噪音。
3. The passive structure remaining unchanged
1) rendering into Chinese by using “被…”or : “给…”
If the scheme is approved, work on the project will start immediately.
如果方案被批准，这项工程将立即动工。
Any minute we would be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the airfield.
我们随时都会被出入机场的敌机发现。
2) rendering into Chinese by using “遭…”、“受…”
• Our foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world.
• 我们的对外政策受到全世界人民的支持。
He was set upon by two masked men.
他遭到两个蒙面男子的袭击。
Everyone was fed up with her gossip.
人人都受够了她的流言蜚语。
• 3) rendering into Chinese by using “为…所”
• Such conduct will be looked down upon by all with sense of decency.
• 这种行为将会为一切有良知的人所蔑视。
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