人教版初中英语中考精华知识点全汇总
一.英语语法重点与难点
1 、 as … as …结构:你和汤姆是一样好的孩子。
You ’ re a boy as good as Tom.=You ’ re as good a boy as Tom.
2 、 (1)too … to 与 so … that sb. can ’ t …的句型转换:前者为简单句,主语只有一个,而后者为复合句,主语有两个,试比较:
The man was too angry to be able to speak.
The man was so angry that he wasn ’ t able to speak.
(2) too … to …与 not enough to 句型的转换:
He is too young to get married.=He is not old enough to get married.
The book is too difficult for me to read.=
The book is not easy enough for me to read.
3 、 形容词原级表示比较级含义:
约翰不象迈克那么苯。
John is not so stupid as Mike.
John is less stupid than Mike.
John is cleverer than Mike.
4 、 用比较级表示最高级:约翰是班里最高的男生。
John is taller than any other boy in the class.
John is the tallest boy in the class.
5 、 the more … .. the more … . 表示“越……越……” :
The more books you read, the wider your knowledge is.
The more food you eat, the fatter you are.
6 、 more and more … . 表示“越来……越……” :
More and more students realized the importance of a foreign language.
Our country is getting stronger and stronger.
二.中考考点 — 词组
1. after, in 这两个介词都可以表示“…… ( 时间 ) 以后”的意思
after 以过去为起点 , 表示过去一段时间之后 , 常用于过去时态的句子中 ?
如 :She went after three days. 她是三天以后走的
in 以现在为起点 , 表将来一段时间以后 , 常用于将来时态的句子中
如 :She will go in three days. 她三天以后要走
2. how long, how often, how soon
how long 指多长时间 , 主要用来对一段时间 ( 如 three days, four weeks 等 ) 提问 ? 如 :How long ago was it? 这是多久前的事了 ?
how often 指每隔多久 , 主要用来对频率副词或状语 ( 如 once a week 等 ) 提问 ? 如 : — How often does he come here? — Once a month. 他 ( 每隔 ) 多久来一次 ? 每月一次。
how soon 指再过多久 , 主要用来对表示将来的一段时间 (in an hour, in two weeks 等 ) 提问 ? 如 :How soon can you come? 你多快能赶来 ?
3. few, a few, little, a little, several, some
few 和 little 的意思是否定的 , 表示“很少”或“几乎没有” ; 而 a few 和 a little 的意思是肯定的 , 表示“有一些 , 有一点儿”
few 和 a few 修饰可数名词 ;little 和 a little 修饰不可数名词
several 用于修饰可数名词 , 语意比 a few 和 some 更肯定 , 含有“好几个”的意思
some 可修饰可数名词 , 也可修饰不可数名词 , 从数量上说 , 它有时相当于 a few 或 a little, 有时指更多一些的数量
4. the other, another
the other 指两个人或事物中的“另一个” , 表示特指 ? 如 :We stood on one side of the road and they stood on the other. 我们站在街这边 , 他们站在那边
another 着重于不定数目中的“另外一个” , 表示泛指 , 所以常用来指至少三个中的一个 ? 如 :She has taken another of my books. 她已经拿了我的另外一本书
5. spend, take, cost, pay
spend 的宾语通常是时间 ? 金钱 ? 在主动语态中 , 句子的主语必须是人 , 而且后面不能用动词不定式做它的宾语 ? 如 :She spent the whole evening in reading. 她把整个晚上用来读书
take 常常用来指“花费”时间 , 句子的主语通常是表示事物的词语 ? 如 :How long will this job take you? 你做这项工作要花多长时间 ?
cost 指花费时间 ? 金钱或力气等 , 只能用表示事物的词做主语 , 并且不能用于被动语态 ? 如 :How much does the jacket cost? 这件夹克多少钱 ?
pay 主要指主语 ( 某人 ) 买某物 ( 或为某事 ) 付多少钱 ( 给某人 )? 如 :I pay for my rooms by month. 我按月支付租金
6. among, between
between 的意思是“在……中间 , 在……之间” , 一般指在两者之间 ? 如 :There is a table between two windows. 在两扇窗户之间有一张桌子。 between 有时也表示在多于两个以上的事物之间 , 但那是指在每二者之间。如 :the relationship between different provinces and municiplities 省市和省市之间的关系 ( 这里是指每两个省市之间的相互关系 ?)
7. beat, win
这两个词都有“获胜 , 打败”的意思 , 但其后宾语不同 ?beat 是“打败 , 优于”的意思 , 后面接人或队 ? 如 :We beat them. 我们打败了他们。
win 指“赢 , 获胜” , 后面接比赛 ? 名次 ? 如 :We won the match/game/race/the first place. 我们赢了这场比赛 ( 获得了第一名 ) 。
8. agree with, agree on, agree to
agree on 表示“就……取得一致意见” ? 如 :We all agree on (making) an early start. 我们一致同意及早出发 ?
agree with 表示“与……意见一致” , 后面既可以跟表示人的名词或人称代词 , 也可以跟表示意见。看法的名词或 what 引导的从句 ? 。如 :I agree with you without reservation. 我毫无保留地同意你的意见。 We agree with what you said just now. 我们同意你刚才所说的意见。
agree to 后面不能接人 , 只能接“提议 , 计划 , 方案”等词句 ? 如 :I agree to the terms proposed. 我同意拟议的条件。
9. bring, take, carry,fetch
这四个词都是动词 , 都含有“带”或“拿”的意思 , 但使用的场合各不相同。
bring 作“带来 , 拿来”解 ? 如 :Next time don ’ t forget to bring me a copy of your work. 下次不要忘了把一份你的作品带给我。
take 是 bring 的对语 , 作“带去 , 拿去”解 ? 如 :Take the box away, please. 请把盒子拿走。
carry 表示“运载 , 携带”之意 , 运送的方式很多 , 可以用车、船 , 也可以用手甚至用头。如 :This bus is licensed to carry 100 passengers. 这辆巴士准载一百人。
fetch 则表示“去拿来”的意思。如 :Please fetch me the documents in that room. 请到那间房间去把文件拿来给我。
10. each, every
两词都是“每个”的意思 , 但着重点不同。 each 着重个别的情况 ,every 着重全体 , 有“所有的”的意思。如 :She knows each student of the class. 她认识这个班里的每一个学生。 She knows every student of the class. 她认识这个班所有的学生。
11. no one, none
no one 指“没有人 ( 只能指人 , 不能用来指物 ) ” , 意思与 nobody 相同 , 作主语时不必跟 of 连用 , 如 :No one believes him since he is not honest. 没有人相信他 , 因为他不诚实。 No one else but I went. 除我以外 , 谁也没去。
none 指“一个也没有 ( 既可指人 , 也可指物 ) ” , 作主语时代替不可数名词 , 谓语动词用单数形式 ; 代替可数名词 , 谓语动词用单、复数都可以。但在“主 + 系 + 表”结构中 , 如果表语为复数 , 则系动词要用复数形式。如 :None of us are(is) afraid of difficulties. 我们谁也不怕困难。
12. go on doing, go on to do, go on with
这三个动词短语都有“继续做某事”的意思 , 其区别如下 :go on doing 表示“继续做 , 一直在做某事 ( 中间无间断 ) ” ;go on to do 表示“接着做某事” , 即某事已做完 , 接着做另一件事 ;go on with 也表示“继续做某事” , 其含义是某一动作一度中止后 , 又继续下去。
13. too much, much too
二者都有“太 , 非常”之意 ,much too 为副词词组 , 修饰形容词 ? 副词 , 不可修饰动词。如 :It ’ s much too cold. 天气实在是太冷了。
too much 作“太多”讲 , 有以下三种用法 ?
(1) 作名词词组 如 :You have given us too much. 你给我们的太多了。
(2) 作形容词词组修饰不可数名词 如 :Don ’ t drink too
much wine. 不要饮太多的酒
(3) 作副词词组修饰不及物动词 如 :She talks too much. 她说话太多
14. happen, take place 与 occur
happen 有“偶然”的意思 , 多用于客观事物 ? 情况的发生 ? 。如 :Whatever has happened to your arm? It ’ s all swollen. 你的手臂怎么了 ? 肿得好历害!
occur 指有计划地使某些事“发生”,有时强调“呈现”于人的知觉中。如 :Did it occur to you to phone them about it? 你难道没想到就这事给他们打个电话 ?
事件作主语时 ,happen 和 occur 可以通用 ? 如 :The accident happened/occurred yesterday. 事故是昨天发生的。
take place 指事件发生 , 但常用来表示“举行”的意思 , 带有非偶然性 ? 例如 :The meeting took place last night. 会议昨晚举行。
15. in front of, in the front of
in front of 的意思是“在……前面”。如 :There is a tree in front of the house. 房子前面有一棵树。
in the front of 的意思是“在……前部” , 指在某个空间范围内的前面。如 :There is a blackboard in the front of the classroom. 教室里前部有一块黑板
16. noise, voice, sound
这三个词都作“声音”解 , 在表示“听到声音”这个意思时 , 三者可以通用,但它们又各有特定的含义。
sound 作“声音”解 , 含义最广 , 指可以听到的任何声音 , 如 :a weak sound 微弱的声
noise 作“噪音 , 嘈杂声 , 吵闹声”解 , 指不悦耳 , 不和谐的声音,它既可作可数名词 , 也可作不可数名词。如 :Another kind of pollution is noise. 另外一种污染是噪音。
voice 作“声音”解时 , 多指人发出的声音 , 包括说话声、歌声和笑声。如 :He shouted at the top of voice. 他高声呼喊。有时也用于引申意义 , 作“意见、发言权”解。如 :I have no voice in the matter. 对于这件事 , 我没有发言权。
17. arrive, get, reach
三者均可表示“到达” ,arrive 后通常接介词 at( 一般用于较小的地方 ) 或 in( 一般用于较大的地方 )? 如 :We arrived at the station five minutes late. 我们晚了 5 分钟到车站 ? 又如 :They will arrive in Paris next Monday. 他们将于下周星期一到达巴黎 ?
get 之后通常接介词 to 。如 :When we got to the park, it began to rain. 我们到达公园时 , 就开始下雨了。
reach 是及物动词 ( 较 get 更正式 ), 其后可直接跟地点名词做宾语 ( 不能用介词 ) 。如 :He reached Beijing yesterday. 他昨天到达北京。
三.情态动词
1. 考查情态动词表示“推测”的用法
[ 考点快忆 ] 表示肯定推测的情态动词有: must “一定;准是”, may “也许;可能”, might “或许”;表示否定推测的情态动词有: can't “不可能”, couldn't “不会”, may not “也许不”, might not “或许不”; can 表示推测时不用于肯定句, may 表示推测时不用于疑问句。
2. 考查情态动词引起的一般疑问句的答语
[ 考点快忆 ] 回答 must 时,肯定答语用 must, 否定答语用 needn't 或 don't have to 。回答 need 时,肯定答语用 must, 否定答语用 needn't 。回答 may 时,肯定答语用 may ,否定答语用 mustn't 或 can't 。
3. 考查情态动词的意义
[ 考点快忆 ] must “必须”; have to “不得不”; need “必须;需要”; can(could) “能;可能”; may (might) “可以;可能”; shall , will (would) “将;会;愿意;要”; should “应当”。
“ had better (not) + 动词原形”表示建议; have to / has to / had to 的否定,疑问形式要借助于助动词 do / does / did 。
四. There be 的句子结构
There be 是一个“存在”句型,表示“有”的意思,
肯定句的形式为: There be + 名词(单数或复数) + 地点状语或时间状语。
be 动词单复数的确定,看 be 后边第一个名词,当所接主语为单数或不可数名词时, be 动词形式为 is ;当所接主语为复数名词时, be 动词为 are ;当 be 动词后接两个以上主语时, be 动词与最临近主语保持数上的一致。意思为“某地有某人或某物”。如:
There is an eraser and two pens on the desk. 桌子上有一块橡皮和两支钢笔。
There are two pens and an eraser on the desk. 桌上有两支钢笔和一块橡皮。
( 1 ) there be 的否定句,即在 be 的后面加上 not 。
否定形式为: There be + not + ( any ) + 名词 + 地点状语。
There is not any cat in the room. 房间里没猫。
There aren't any books on the desk. 桌子上没书。
( 2 ) there be 句型的疑问句就是将 be 提到句首: Be there + ( any ) + 名词 + 地点状语
肯定回答: Yes, there is / are. 否定回答: No, there isn't / aren't.
-Is there a dog in the picture? 画上有一只狗吗
-Yes, there is. 有。
-Are there any boats in the river? 河里有船吗
-No, there aren't. 没有。
( 3 )特殊疑问句: How many . . . are there ( + 地点状语)
某地有多少人或物回答用 There be . . .
There's one. / There are two / three / some . . .
有时直接就用数字来回答。 One. / Two . . .
-How many students are there in the classroom? 教室里有多少学生
-There's only one. / There are nine. 只有一个。 / 有九个。
( 4 )如果名词是不可数名词,用: How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 地点状语
How much water is there in the cup? 杯中有多少水
五. 中考对定语从句的考查:
1 .定语从句的功用和结构
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定从句修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。例如:
This is the present that he gave me for my birthday
2 .关系代词和关系副词的功用
关系代词和关系副词用来引导定于从句,在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用,使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系待客做主语,宾语,定语,关系副词可作状语。
1. 作主语:关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。例如:
I don ’ t like people who talk much but do little.
The cars which are produced in Hubei Province sell very well.
2. 作宾语: She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday.
The book that my grandmother gave me is called “ The Great Escape ” .
3. 作定语
关系代词 whose 在定语从句中作定语用。例如:
What ’ s the name of the young man whose sister is a doctor?
The girl whose father is a teacher studies very hard.
4. 作状语
I ’ ll never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.
三 . 各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法
1. who 指人,在定语从句中作主语。例如:
The person who broke the window must pay for it.
The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever.
2. whom 指人,在定语从句中作宾语。例如:
Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate ?
Mr Lee (whom) you want to see has come.
3. whose 指人,在定语从句中作定语。例如:
The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.
I know the boy whose father is a professor.
4. which 指物,在定语从中作主语或宾语。例如:
A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.
Here is the book (which) the teacher mentioned yesterday.
5. that 多指物,有时也指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。例如:
I ’ ve read the newspaper that(which) carries the important news.
Who is the person that is reading the newspaper over there?
6. when 指时间,在定语从句中作状语。例如:
I ’ ll never forget the time when we worked on the farm.
He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left.
7. where 指地点,在定语从句中作状语。例如:
This is the house where we lived last year.
The factory where his father works is in the east of the city.
四 . 关系代词 whom , which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时,可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间,有时为了关系紧凑也可以将 whom 与 which 与先行词紧挨着书写,而将介词置于定语从句的后面,如:
That was the room in which we had lived for ten years. = That was the room
which we had lived in for ten years.
五 . 具体使用时还要注意下列问题:
1. 只能使用 that, 不用 which 的情况:
(1) 先行词是 all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代词时。例如:
All that he said is true.
(2) 先行词被 only, no, any, all, 等词修饰时。例如:
He is the only foreigner that has been to that place.
(3) 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。例如:
He was the second (person) that told me the secret.
(4) 先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。
This is the best book (that) I have read this year.
(5) 先行词既包括人又包括物时。例如:
He talked about the people and the things he remembered.
2. 只能用 which ,不用 that 的情况:
(1) 在非限制性定语从中。例如:
The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted.
(2) 定语从句由介词 + 关系代词引导,先行词是物时。例如:
The thing about which he is talking is of great importance.
考查的主要形式是单项填空、完型填空、短文填空和完成句子。阅读理解和书面表达肯定也要用到定语从句。
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