Abbreviation(缩略法)
把一个单词或一个词组通过某种方式缩短而构成一个新词,这种构词法叫缩略法。这种方法构成的词叫缩略词,它们在科技英语和报刊英语中出现频率颇高,其常见形式有以下三种:
1. 首字母缩略词。取一个词组的各词的首字母而成,如:
Voice of America →VOA(美国之音)
British Broadcasting Corporation→BBC(英国广播公司)
Federal Bureau of Investigation→ FBI(美国联邦调查局)
Central Intelligence Agency →CIA(美国中央情报局)
2. 缩短词。将一个多音节词去掉一部分字母而构成,如:
advertisement→ad airplane→plane influenza→flu
microphone→mike doctor→dr./doc automobile→auto
3. 拼缀词。两个词各取一部分拼缀而成,如:
smoke + fog → smog(烟雾) motor + hotel → motel(汽车旅馆)
psychological war → psywar(心理战) popular music → pop music(流行音乐)
Punctuation(标点)
1. 标点符号的种类
2. 标点符号的用法
3. 附:中国学生使用英语标点符号的注意事项
标点符号的种类
1. 逗号 (,) (Comma)
2. 句号 (.) (Full Stop或Period)
3. 问号 (?) (Question Mark)
4. 感叹号 (!) (Exclamation Mark)
5. 分号 (;) (Semicolon)
6. 冒号 (:) (Colon)
7. 破折号 (—) (Dash)
8. 括号 (( )) (Brackets 或Parentheses)
9. 引号 ( " ” 或 ‘ ’ )(Quotation Marks)
10. 省略号 (…) (Dots或Ellipsis)
11. 连字号 (-) (Hyphen)
12. 撇号 (’) (Apostrophe)
标点符号的用法
1. 逗号表示最短的停顿。
a. 用于表示并列的词语、结构或句子之间,如:
Solids, liquids and gases can be changed from one to another.
He came in, took his bag, and then hurried away.
b. 不属于句子组成部分的词或词组,如称呼语、插入语、well、yes、no 等,须用逗号与句子的其它成分隔开,如:
Tom, take care!
No, I don’t think so.
Tomorrow, I suppose, it will clear up.
c. 状语置于句首时,须用逗号把它和主句隔开,如:
Actually, I’ve had enough.
On July 2, 1995, I graduated and found a teaching job in a college.
If it rains tomorrow, our party will have to be postponed.
d. 非限制性定语从句前一般用逗号,如:
She said she had been waiting for 2 hours, which was true.
2 句号表示一句话的结束,如:
Knowledge is power.
All that glitters is not gold.
3. 问号表示一句问话的结束,如:
Excuse me, could you tell me how to get to the railway station?
Are you sure?
4. 感叹号用于感叹句或表示情感的句子或词的结尾,如:
What a beautiful garden!
Look out!
Freedom!
5. 分号表示比逗号较长的停顿,如:
Tomorrow he will set out to another country; there he will spend 3 years’ studying, researching, and cooperating with his foreign colleagues.
6. 冒号用来列举事物或解释前文,如:
I can’t go on my vacation this summer. There are two reasons: first, I have no money; second, I have no time.
Here you can do whatever you want: read books, play tennis, take a walk after supper, and so on and so forth.
7. 破折号表示解释或意思的进展,如:
Man still has a lot to learn about the most powerful and complex part of his body—the brain.
He is modest, considerate, warm-hearted—he is a good man.
8. 括号用法如下:
a. 用在表示解释说明的插入语或同位语前后,如:
The book (I can’t remember the title) was about Shakespeare.
I spoke to Mary (Henry’s wife) and told her what we had decided at the meeting.
b. 用来表示句中不重要的可省去的部分,如:
What a fine day (it is)!
c. 用来标明句中可换用的部分,如:
My computer is as (so) expensive as yours.
d. 注明序号等,如:
Do the following exercises: (1) Answer the question; (2) Translate the sentences into Chinese.
9. 引号主要用来表示文中的直接引语,如:
"What the hell are you doing here?” he shouted.
10. 省略号代替句中被省略的部分,如:
"Not only ... but also ...” is a correlative conjunction.
11. 连字号用于一个词的内部,不表示停顿,其用法如下:
a. 用于部分复合词的各组成部分之间,如:
sister-in-law five-year-old
b. 用于派生词的前缀和词根或首字母缩略词之间,如:
re-collect anti-fascist H-bomb(氢弹) V-day(胜利日)
c. 用于数词的个位数和十位数之间,如:
twenty-two thirty-third
d. 双音节和多音节需要移行时,用于一行的末尾,表示这个词没有完。
12. 撇号用在一个词的内部或末尾,不表示停顿,而表示名词的所有格和字母省略,如:
a student’s bag the students’ books
I’m not a teacher.
He didn’t go there.
附:中国学生使用英语标点符号的注意事项
1. 汉语的句号为一个小圆圈(。),英语的句号是一个小圆点(.);
2. 英语里没有顿号,表示并列的词语或结构时英语用逗号(,);
3. 汉语的冒号可用于提示语后表示停顿,如:"女士们,先生们:”,但现代英语多用逗号,如: "Ladies and Gentlemen,”;
4. 汉语的引号("”)除标识直接引语外还可用来表示强调或特别说明,如:他可真 "积极”呀!英语的引号(" ”)也有这种用法,不过手段更丰富,如采用单词大写、斜体或粗体等方式,如:
The word "culture” has different meanings.
He said, "I am NOT guilty!”
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