一、英语中的句子成分分析
I met my best friend Tom at the ststion yesterday.
主语 谓语 定语 宾语 同位语 状语
1、主语：是一句的主体，是全句诉说的对象，常用名词、数词或代词担任（是全句谈论的中心话题）。例：
(1) Students syudy.（名词）
(2)We are fridends.（代词）
(3)To go to good university is his first goal.（不定式）
(4)Doing morning exercise is good for your health.（动名词）
(5)Jane is good at playing the piano.
(6)She went out in a hurry.
(7)Four plus four is eight.
(8)To see is to believe.
(9)Smoking is bad for health.
(10)The young should respect the old.
(11)What he has said is true.
2、谓语：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或动词词组担任，放在主语的后面（主语做什么了、怎么了）。例：
(1)Students study.（实意动词）
(2)We are friends.（be动词）
(3)We love China.
(4)We have finished reading this book.
(5)He can speak English.（复合谓语）
(6)She seems tired.
(7)I saw the flag on the top of the hill.
(8)He looked after two orphans.
3、宾语：表示行为的对象，常由名词或代词担任，放在及物动词或代词之后（动作的对象，目标；位于及物动词之后）。宾语分为间接宾语和直接宾语。直接宾语指物，间接宾语指人。例：
(a)He gave me some books.
间接宾语 直接宾语
(b)Please pass me the book.
(c)He bought me some flowers.
(1) They are teachers.
(2) I play with him.
(3) We love watching football games.
(4) He is dong her homework now.
(5) I like my job.
(6) I love you.
(7) He wanted to leave here.
(8) They enjoyed playing football games.
注：位于介词之后的成分也称之为宾语。
4、宾语补足语：是对宾语进行补充说明，宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。例：
(1)I found the book interesting.
(2)Do you smell something burning?
(3)He made himself known to them.
(4)She asked me to lend her a hand.
(5)Please make yourself at home.
(6)Please keep the dog out.
(7)We must keep it a secret.
主动语态变成被动语态后，宾语补足语变成主补。例：
(1)I last saw him playing near the river.→He was last seen playing near the river.
(2)The teacher caught the student cheating in the exam.
→The student was caught cheating in the exam.
(3)We made him monitor.→He was made monitor.
(4)He pushed the door open.→The door was pushed open.
5、定语：是用来说明或者限制名词的成分，常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任（是用来说明名词或代词性质特点的词）。形容词放在名词前，相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词之后。例：
(1)This is a red sun.
(2)The black bike is mine.
(3)He is a tall boy.
(4)She is a chemistry teacher.
(5)The man in bllue is my brother.
(6)The girl playing the piano is my younger sister.
(7)The lady who is wearing red dress is our new teacher.
6、状语：是用来说明动词，形容词，副词、介词短语或整个句子的成分，常由副词担任。修饰动词的可以放在动词之前，也可以放在动词之后；修饰形容词或副词的放在它们之前。例：
(1)The students study hard.
(2)I often write to him.
(3)The bag is too heavy.
(4)I will be back in a while.
(5)They are playing on the playground.
(6)He was late because he got up late.
(7)He got up so late that he missed the train.
(8)I waited to see you.
(9)He often went to school by bus.
(10)His parents died,leaving him an orphan.
(11)Please call me if it is necessary.
(12)This book is very interesting.
(13)He went to school in spite of his illness.
(14)He always comes late to school.
7、表语：系动词后的部分就是表语，表语是用来说明主语的性质或状态。一般由名词或者形容词担任。
常见的系动词有：
be(am,is,are,were,was),aapear,look,seem
feel,smell,taste,sound,keep,turn,become,get,grow,come,go etc.系动词不用于被动语态。例：
(1) This table is long.
(2) The apple tastes sweet.
(3) The war was over.
(4) They seem to know the truth.
(5) Time is precious.
(6) I’m not quite myself today.
(7) Who was the first?
(8) He is out of condition.
(9) The book is what I need.
通常情况下，主语和宾语前的成分是定语，谓语前的成分是状语，时间作状语放在句子的后面。
（定语）主语（状语）谓语（定语）宾语（状语）。
(1)(The tall)boy(often)go(to the big)zoo.
(2)(The happy)child-went(his)home yesterday.
英语句子成分歌：
英语句子八呀八大块， 主谓宾表真呀真实在；
补语跟着宾语标语跑， 定语同位（语）专把名词踹。
状语的位置它自由自在，忽右忽左随心所欲摆。
浑身的毛病真呀真不少，前后乱窜它还会加塞。
英语五种基本句型： 基本句型一：S+V （主+谓）
基本句型二：S+V+P (主+系+表)
基本句型三：S+V+O (主+谓+宾)
基本句型四：S+V+o+O (主+谓+间宾+直宾)
基本句型五：S+V+O+P (主+谓+宾+宾补)
英语五大基本句型及练习
基本概念：与汉语相似，英语句子是由主语(subject), 谓语动词(verb),宾语(object), 表语(predicative),状语(adverbial),宾语补足语(object complement)等成分组成，按照这些成分的组合方式英语句子可分为五种基本句型。句型一：主语+不及物动词（主+谓语） 不及物动词本身就可以表达完整的意念，不需要宾语及补语，但有时可有副词，介词短语等状语修饰语。e.g. The rain stopped . The old man walks in the park .
句型一的扩展：1.主语+不及物动词+状语e.g. The machine works smoothly. (机器运转正常。) 句型二(主+系+表)：主语+系动词+表语系动词本身不能表达完整的意念没，需要形容词，名词，介词短语等来补充说明主语，也叫主语补语。e.g. My sister is a nurse . I feel quite hungry . The ball is under the desk .
句型三：主语+及物动词+宾语(主+谓+宾)
及物动词本身需要一个动作的接受者（宾语），才可以表达一个完整的意念。e.g. We are learning English .Do you know him ?Your radio needs repairing .She hopes to see her uncle.
句型四：(主+谓+间宾+直宾)
主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语有些及物动词需要两个宾语才能表达一个完整意念。e.g. Her mother bought her a skirt. Give me the book, please.特别提醒 A. 在此句型中，通常是间接宾语（人）在前，直接宾语（物）在后，有时直接宾语和间接宾语可以对调，这时间接宾语前应加上适当的介词。e.g. Her mother bought a skirt for her . Give the book to me , please . B. 如果直接宾语为人称代词那么必须把直接宾放在间接宾语前，且间接宾语前要加上适当的介词。e.g. I handed it to our teacher . 不能说：I handed our teacher it .
句型五：(主+谓+宾+宾补)
主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语及物动词本身需要一个宾语外，还需要一个名词，形容词，副词, 动词不定式，分词来补充说明宾语，才能表达一个完整的意念。e.g. We elected Li Yang our monitor. The news made us sad. She saw the thief steal into the shop . The teacher asked me to answer the question . I found the man stealing the money . 特别提醒：在let(让)，make(使得)，have（请，让，使得），see(看)，hear(听到)，watch(观看)，feel(感觉到)，listen to (倾听)，look at (看到)，notice(注意到)等动词后的宾语补足语如果为不定式，则省掉”to”,但变为被动语态时，则要带”to”.e.g. We hear her sing next door.She is heard to sing next door .C. 此句型变为被动语态时，只有一种情况。e.g. They saw him steal the old man’s money. He was seen to steal the old man’s money .
强调句和倒装句
倒装是一种语法手段。
在英语中，主语和谓语的语序通常是主语在前，谓语在后。但有时谓语的全部或一部分却提到主语的前面，这种语序叫做倒装。倒装的原因，一是语法结构的需要，一是为了强调。
强调句为了使句子的某一个成分受到强调，改变句子结构。
第一节 知识点概述
一、强调句
为了突出某一部分重要信息，常常借用语法中的变换句子的正常语序，将某个成分置于句首或句末，或者通过词汇手段突出句子的某个成分。
1. it 为先行词的强调结构
It was Li Ping who told me the news. (强调人时才能用who)
It was in the park that I met him. (强调地点不能用where，只能用that)
It was yesterday that I saw him off at the airport. (强调时间不能用when，只能用that)
2. 助动词do 的强调作用
在行为动词作谓语的句子中，常用“助动词do或did” + 谓语“动词原形”表示强调语气。
例如：She did go to see him yesterday.
We do have four lessons in the morning.
二、倒装句
句子的排列顺序，通常是主语在前，谓语在后。倒装语序，谓语在前，主语在后。陈述句一般都是自然语序，一般疑问句都是倒装语序。
例如：He speaks English.(陈述句，自然语序)
Does he speak English?(疑问句倒装语序)
倒装语序：
全部倒装，整个谓语放在主语之前。
部分倒装，谓语中需要强调的是一部分放在主语之前，其他部分仍放在主语之后。
倒装语序的作用，着重强调部分放在句首，引人注目。变化句子，使句子生动活泼。
例如：The bus comes home.(自然语序)
Here comes the bus.(倒装语序)
第二节 实战演练
一、复习时需注意的要点
only在句首要倒装的情况
例如：Only in this way, can you learn English well.
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.
只有当Not only…but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only…but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。
例如：Not only you but also I am fond of music.
二、历届高考试题分析
例1、The old couple have been married for 40 years and never once ________with each other.
A. they had quarrelled B. they have quarrelled
C. have they quarrelled D. had they quarreled
【解析】 考部分主谓倒装。否定句(如该句中的never)在句首时，应用部分主谓倒装。这类副词有：never ,hardly ,seldom ,scarcely，little等。这句话的意思是：那对老夫妇结婚已经四十年了，连一次架也没吵过。
例2、Never before ____ in greater need of modern public transport than it is today.
A. has this city been B. this city has been
C. was this city D. this city was
【解析】 表示否定含义的副词never 放句首用部分倒装。
例3、Only in this way_________ to make improvement in the operating system.
A. you can hope B. you did hope C. can you hope D. did you hope
【解析】 在含有only+状语的句子中，谓语动词要进行倒装。这句话的意思是：只有用这种方法，才能改善操作系统。
例7、So difficult ________it to live in an English-speaking country that I determined to learn English well.
A. I have felt B. have I felt C. I did feel D. did I feel
【解析】 以“so+形容词”开头的句子要倒装。此句变为不倒装句为：I felt it so difficult to live in an English country that I determined to learn English well.这句话的意思是：在一个说英语的国家里生活那么困难，我决定学习英语。
例8、_______can you expect to get a pay rise.
A. With hard work B. Although work hard
C. Only with hard work D. Now that he works hard
【解析】 Only+介词短语(副词、状语从句)+部分倒装。
例9、Only when the war was over ________to his hometown.
A. did the young soldier return
B. the young soldier returned
C. returned the young soldier
D. the young soldier did return
【解析】 only+状语或状语从句作状语时主句要进行倒装。本句是only+时间状语从句，所以后接的主句要倒装。这句话的意思是：直到战争结束后，这个年轻的战士才得以返回故乡。
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